Vol 7, No 11 (2017)

Research Article

a

November

2017

Computer Science and Software Engineering

ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-11)

A Survey on Intelligent Car Parking System for Smart Cities

Saumya Shah

Computer Science & California State Uniersity, Sacramento, United States

Dhruvil Modi

Computer Engineering & LJIET, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Abstract— The primary goal of the intelligent parking systems is to find, allocate, and reserve the ‘best’ available car parking lot for a user who is driving a car in a particular area, and to provide him/her with navigation instructions for reaching this lot.

Keywords— smart city; parking; efficient; management; IOT

I. INTRODUCTION

It is predicted that about 70% of the world’s population will start living in cities and surrounding regions by 2050. In order to efficiently manage the critical infrastructure and services of a city, these need to evolve into a ’smart city’.[5] In the great majority of cities it is difficult and hardly expensive to create more parking spaces for vehicles since they have almost reached its full occupancy. Combining this problem with an inefficient use of parking spaces leads to congestions due to aggregation of parking seekers and regular drivers. Studies show that 28 to 45% of traffic congestion in urban areas is due to drivers looking for a place to park. Intelligent car parking services are an important part of the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) with a primary purpose to find, allocate, reserve, and provide the ‘best’ car parking lot for each individual user/driver. This directly adds value to the car parking business, which is a stimulus for the development of intelligent car parking services for smart cities.[1][2]

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Few techniques being used for Intelligent Car Parking Services are listed below and discussed in this paper briefly. This will give overview about the structure and different approaches towards the system.

A. A Cloud-Based Intelligent Car Parking Services for Smart Cities.

B. By using context information of a Smart City we can make Parking easier. C. Intelligent Parking Solution Based on Internet of Things.

D. Car Park Management with Networked Wireless Sensors and Active RFID.

E. Parking Availability Prediction for Sensor-Enabled Car Parks in Smart Cities.

Figure-1 The Intelligent Parking Sub-System in the Smart City[1]

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 66-71

At the application layer, an information center provides cloud based services. An IoT management center administrates the smart city via an IoT integrated service portal. Number of business services at the bottom, explore interfaces to the sensor layer. These include a car parking locator service, a car parking supervision service, a car parking information service, GIS/GPS services, a vehicle license plate patrolling service, a vehicle tracking service, etc. These services will be collecting and sending the data periodically to the cloud. Cloud stores the data which will be accessed by other services like information services, so it can be displayed to the user to show nearest available slot. GPS and car locator services will be storing and accessing the respective data from the cloud. Communication layer includes various wireless technologies provide connection between the application- and the sensor layer, based on the ABC&S communication paradigm. Basically a bridge that can send the data received from sensors to the cloud for further operations. Different sensing technologies could be utilized at the sensor layer, such Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for embedded parking solutions, e.g. car parking access control; laser, passive infrared, microwave radar, ultrasonic[1]. Such a system could be implemented very efficiently on regions such as University Campuses, schools etc.

Figure-2 Solution deployment architecture [2]

Another approach discussed in [2] includes smart server, smart object and smart device as their core components can be utilized in larger context which is shown in Figure-2. Here smart server takes charge of the collection and processing of the data, system management and service execution. It adapts to the changing physical environment of the city. Smart object acts as a bridge for transmission of data from sensors to smart server. The most interactive component here is smart device. It receives inputs from the users, sends it to smart server via smart object and provides the core functionalities like prebooking the parking, find route to nearest parking etc. to the users. Smart Object can be implemented in form of a mobile application as shown in Figure-3.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 66-71

We need to consider some fixed parking states to implement the system successfully. We can categorize the parking states as the following for its efficient use. Available parking space - that which can be freely used by any driver, Reserved parking space - prebooked space using some platform, In use parking space - occupied by a valid user and Load/Unload parking space, temporary reserved for quick goods delivery. Considering only these states it is possible to implement more accurate system with wider scope. These states will be responsible for providing further functionalities to the user. Following elements shown in [2] gives the brief idea about the whole system and its functionalities:

1. Parking application server:

Maintains several databases handling a lot of information about parking spaces availability in the city, user’s bookings, payments, searches, and real time city context information.

2. Vehicle-detection sensors:

Long-life battery powered devices reporting whether a certain parking place is free or not.

3. Signaling system:

Signals the state of availability of each single parking space.

4. Gateways:

Gather vehicle detection sensors inputs, communicate with the Parking application server via a cellular interface, operate the lighting system, and provide diverse ways for collecting user information as for example an

NFC channel.

5. User devices:

Connect users with the parking system using standard web browsers or specific mobile applications.

To provide more flexible and reliable environment, Software System Architecture given below should be referred. It consists of four parts, each of them having very precise and clear role are shown in figure-4.

Figure-4 Software System Architecture [3]

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 66-71

Android as underlying operating system. Further, the interface of application is constructed using an XML file, which allows for an SDK (Software Development Toolkit) that provides a graphical help interface for their construction. The paradigm of web services is based on a components’ architecture which uses Internet protocols to manage the communication between components, interact with a database, make the link between an external application and the database, and provide access to content while keeping it safe. Due to its stateless architecture REST (REpresentational State Transfer) has been chosen that generally runs over HTTP. REST involves reading a designated Web page that contains an XML file. The XML file describes and includes the desired content. Database server, MySQL, is defined as a management system database. A set of APIs for the development of business-oriented applications is used. The J2EE architecture is based on the Java language that allows the deployment of components on various platforms, independently of the programming language. The API that is used in the application are Servlet and JSP. WEB server used here is Apache Tomcat to compile and execute Servlets and JSP. It contains a Java virtual machine, and associated elements to provide a complete development environment for Java.[4] Figure-5 depicts the overview of framework that is used to implement the system.

Figure 5 An overview on Parking Car Framework Prototype [4]

To quantitatively investigate the impact of proposed framework, number of experiments and simulations are conducted in terms of engineering and economic efficiency in [4]. Engineering Efficiency is expressed in terms of the energy that is consumed by sensors for the tasks like locating parking spots, as well as to gather the data and send it to base station. To justify the use of clustered sensors, having a mutual battery to power all the sensors with close proximity is feasible solution. It would be more practical and easier task to replace the battery for clustered sensors, rather than replacing individual sensor nodes. This feature will reduce the wires to be used for connecting bunch of sensors during deployment. Economic Efficiency is expressed in terms of financial cost of the deployment. Cost of monitoring a number of parking spots is usually a major parameter for calculating the cost. The proposed approach using a bunch of nodes is compared with standard approach which uses wireless mote per spot. Here very small number of nodes is taken into consideration while experiments but, obviously the difference will increase with number of nodes. Figure-6 and Figure-7 depicts the results of comparison of the two approaches for engineering and economic efficiency.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 66-71

III. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Sr. No. Paper Title Method Used Advantages Disadvantages

1 A Cloud-Based Intelligent Car

Parking Services for smart cities Intelligent Transport System(ITS) Low cost, Time Saver

It can be applied to smaller areas

2 Parking easier by using context

information of smart city

TsmarT Platform

Can be applied to larger areas,

Functionalities like

prebooking are available.

Much expensive,

Difficult to implement

3 Research and Application on

Intelligent Parking Solution

Based on Internet of Things

IPL System

Architecture

Can create an account on the server,

Pay per parking lot

Can’t indicate free

parking lot

4 Car Park Management with

Networked Wireless Sensors and Active RFID

Wireless

Sensors and

Active RFID

Easy to implement, Time saver,

Less Complexity

Network must be

connected,

Requests must be done

5 Parking Availability Prediction

for Sensor-Enabled Car Parks in Smart Cities

Prediction for

Sensor-enabled

Completely free parking zone,

No request should be sent

Someone can’t depend on it surely, It may not indicate the parking lot.

IV. RESEARCH GAP ANALYSIS

Sr. No. Paper Title Publication Research Gap

1 A Cloud-Based Intelligent Car Parking

Services for smart cities

IEEE 2014 The detailed, dynamic data that can be

collected.

2 Parking easier by using context

information of smart city

IEEE 2013 Smart car parking scenarios based on real

time car parking information.

3 Research and Application on Intelligent

Parking Solution Based on Internet of Things

IEEE 2013 With the development of sensor

technology, many modern cities have been deploying various IOT devices.

4 Car Park Management with Networked

Wireless Sensors and Active RFID

IEEE 2015 Maximise the productivity and reliability

of urban infrastructure.

5 Parking Availability Prediction for

Sensor-Enabled Car Parks in Smart Cities

IEEE 2015 Analysing parking data in terms of

predicting parking lot availability has received.

V. CONCLUSION

A driver may spend a large amount of time looking for a car park with available spots. Once such a car park is found, he may still waste time there looking for a free park spot. This results in high fuel consumption, increased traffic congestion, and dramatic impacts on the environment, drivers’ health and well-being. Thus it’s necessary to implement this kind of system. Eventually, the advanced techniques which are discussed in [5] will be helpful to develop more accurate and precise systems in future.

REFERENCES

[1] ZHANLIN JI1, IVAN GANCHEV1*, MÁIRTÍN O’DROMA1 AND XUEJI ZHANG2 A Cloud-Based

Intelligent Car Parking Services for Smart Cities ©2014 IEEE

[2] JUAN RICO, JUAN SANCHO, BRUNO CENDÓN, Parking easier by using context information of a Smart

City 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops [3] Yanlin YIN , Dalin JIANG Research and Application on Intelligent Parking Solution Based on Internet of

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 66-71

[4] ElMouatezbillah Karbab 1, Djamel Djenouri 1,∗, Sahar Boulkaboul 1, Antoine Bagula 2 Car Park Management

with Networked Wireles Sensors and Active RFID ©2015 IEEE.

[5] Yanxu Zheng, Sutharshan Rajasegarar, Christopher Leckie Parking Availability Prediction for Sensor-Enabled