Participle Clauses

(1)

1. in

1. in programmes.programmes. ByBy films Society, and you televisionfilms Society, and you television The participate Research joining Military Roman can

The participate Research joining Military Roman can By joining

By joining The Roman Military Research Society, you canThe Roman Military Research Society, you can

participate in films and television programmes.

2.

2. species.species. conditions, Neanderthals toughconditions, Neanderthals tough HavingHaving aa inhospitable were lived through

inhospitable were lived through Having lived

Having lived through inhospitable conditions,through inhospitable conditions,

Neanderthals were a tough species.

3. family

3. family WhenWhen advisable your work advisable your work backwards.backwards. it isit is to history exploring

to history exploring When exploring

When exploring your family history it is advisable to work your family history it is advisable to work

backwards.

Participle Clauses

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Participle Clauses

•

• They give more information, or describe the time, They give more information, or describe the time, manner ormanner or

result of the event in the

result of the event in the main clause.main clause. Noticing the door was open,

Noticing the door was open, I walked in.I walked in.

[= I noticed the door was open, and I walked in].

•

• When placed before the main clause, it refers to its subject.When placed before the main clause, it refers to its subject.

Walking up the street,

Walking up the street, I heard a bell ring.I heard a bell ring.

[= I was walking up the street and I heard a bell ring].

•

• When placed after the main clause, it refers either to itWhen placed after the main clause, it refers either to itss

subject or object (if there is one). subject or object (if there is one).

•

• We saw JimWe saw Jim walking up the streetwalking up the street..

[= We saw Jim while he was walking up the street].

•

• The boat struck a rock,The boat struck a rock, throwing the crew into the seathrowing the crew into the sea..

[= When the boat struck a rock, the crew was t

[= When the boat struck a rock, the crew was thrown into thehrown into the

sea].

(3)

One Action Before Another

Same Subject

•

• Both present and past forms are possible:Both present and past forms are possible: •

• LeavingLeaving the parcel on the doorstep,the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away.he drove away.

•

• Having leftHaving left the parcel on the doorstep,the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away.he drove away.

•

• Attention to the position of ‘not’:Attention to the position of ‘not’: •

• NotNot having an umbrella,having an umbrella, I got really wet.I got really wet.

•

• Having decidedHaving decided notnot to stay longer,to stay longer, I went home.I went home.

•

• Past FormPast Form used to talk about consequence:used to talk about consequence:

Having forgotten

Having forgotten my keys,my keys, I had to climb in the window.I had to climb in the window.

•

• Present Form + [upon] [on]Present Form + [upon] [on] used to talk about reason:used to talk about reason:

On [upon] noticing

On [upon] noticing a policemen coming down the street,a policemen coming down the street, hehe

ran off.

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•

• Only passive participles can sometimes be shortened:Only passive participles can sometimes be shortened: •

• Having beenHaving been introducintroduceded to the presidentto the president, he could think of, he could think of

nothing to say.

•

• IntroducedIntroduced to the presidentto the president, he could think of nothing to, he could think of nothing to

say.

Time Phrase [after / before / since / when /

while] + Present Participle

•

• AfterAfter readreadinging the letterthe letter, she burst into tears., she burst into tears.

•

• Clean it with warm soapy waterClean it with warm soapy water beforebefore ususinging it for the firstit for the first

time. time.

•

• SinceSince talk talk inging to Mr. Ashtonto Mr. Ashton, I’ve changed my mind about, I’ve changed my mind about

my career.

•

• WhenWhen tak tak inging this medicationthis medication, avoid drinking alcohol., avoid drinking alcohol.

•

• WhileWhile waitwaitinging for the trainfor the train, we had a meal in the station, we had a meal in the station

restaurant.

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Time Phrase [on / in] + Present Participle

•

• OnOn hearhearinging a noise at the windowa noise at the window, I looked out., I looked out.

[ON = an event immediately followed by another]. [ON = an event immediately followed by another].

•

• InIn trytryinging to adjust the heating systemto adjust the heating system, I managed to break it, I managed to break it

completely.

[IN = one event causes a consequence]. [IN = one event causes a consequence].

Manner Phrase [by] + Present Participle

By

By ususinging the Internetthe Internet, it’s possible to save money., it’s possible to save money.

Reason Phrase

Being

Being afraid to go on my ownafraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go with me., I asked Sam to go with me.

[= Because I was afraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go [= Because I was afraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go

with me]. with me].

[Being = ‘because / as + be’]

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Extra information about the subject

a noun

or a participle

•

• HisHis earsears burstburstinging from the water pressurefrom the water pressure,, hehe rose to therose to the

surface.

•

• AllAll three goalsthree goals were excellent,were excellent, the first onethe first one bebeinging the bestthe best,,

I think.

Passive Voice

Past Participle

Having been

Having been offeroffereded a higher salarya higher salary, I took the job., I took the job.

[= I was offered a higher salary, so I took the job]. [= I was offered a higher salary, so I took the job].

It or There + Present Participle

•

• ThereThere bebeinging no further time todayno further time today, the meeting will, the meeting will

continue in the morning.

•

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With [without] + Present Participle

•

• WithWith blood pourblood pouringing from his woundsfrom his wounds, he staggered into the, he staggered into the

room.

•

• WithoutWithout mak mak inging a sounda sound, she opened the door., she opened the door.

Reduced Adverbial Clauses

•

• WhileWhile (she was) at the shops(she was) at the shops, Helen lost her wallet., Helen lost her wallet.

•

• WhereWhere (it is) indicat(it is) indicateded, use one of the screws labelled A., use one of the screws labelled A.

•

• She waved her arms about,She waved her arms about, as ifas if (she was) swatt(she was) swattinging a flya fly..

•

• ThoughThough (he was) feel(he was) feelinging illill, he was determined to play., he was determined to play.

•

• AlthoughAlthough (I was) feel(I was) feelinging ill, I went to the meeting.ill, I went to the meeting.

•

• IfIf (you are) study(you are) studyinging full-timefull-time, expect to spend 20 hours a, expect to spend 20 hours a

week on lectures.

•