JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology
Available online at www.jecet.org Environmental Science
Research Article
JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144 139
Phyllody Caused By Plo's: An Alarming Disease in Sesame
D. M. Pa thak1, N. S . Jo shi1, M.S. Dulawat and N. V. Pa tel2
1 Subj ect Mat t er Speci al i st , 2a gr i cul t ur al Of f i cer , K r i shi V i gyan K endr a, J unagadh A gr i cul t ur al Uni ver si t y,
J unagadh - 36 2 001 .Gu j ar at
Received: 5 January 2013; Revised: 6 February 2013; Accepted: 11 February 2013
Abstra ct: Sesa me o r T i l ( Sesamu m i nd i cu m L.) bel on gs t o f ami l y Pedal i aceae i s one o f t he pr i nci pal oi l seeds i n co mmon use i n Indi a.
A mo n g t he sever al di seases i nf ect i ng sesa me, ph yl l od y see ms muc h pr eval ent i n Guj ar at and especi al l y i n Saur asht r a r egi on. T he i ncidence of ph yl l od y dur i n g khar i f and summer seasons r anged f r o m 0 t o 1.5 per cent and 0 t o 4.7 per ce nt r espect i vel y, i n sc at t er ed man ner and s pr ead of di sease was ver y sl ow and f i r st af f ect ed pl a nt was o bser ved at 4 0 days and maxi mu m at 75 da ys a f t er sowi n g.
K ey w ords: Sesamum i ndi cum, Ph yl l od y, Sa ur asht r a, sur ve y
INTRODUCTI ON
A mo n g t he edi bl e annual gr oup of oi l seed cr ops, sesa me pl a ys an i mpor t ant r ol e i n t he oi l seed econo my t hr o u gh out t he wor l d. It co nsi der ed as " Queen of Oi l seeds" . In Guj ar at , t her e ar e t hr ee di st r i ct s vi z. Mehsana, Ah m edabad and K ai r a, whi l e i n Saur ast r a r egi on t her e ar e f i ve di st r i cts vi z. A mr el i , J unaga dh, Bha vna gar , Raj ko t and Sur endr ana gar
JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144 140 r egi ons account s 3.72 l akh hect ar es ar ea wi t h an annual pr oduct i on of 1.70 l akh t onnes.
Maj or f act or s t hat l imi t i t s pr oduct i vi t y besi des nar r ow genet i c base ar e ext r eme suscept i bi l i t y t o bi ot ic and abi ot i c st r esses. T he phyl l od y i s caused by mycopl as ma – l i ke or gani s m ( P h yt op l asma) and t r ans mi t t ed by l eaf hopper ( Or osi us al bi ci nct us Di st ) i s an i mpor t ant di sease o f sesa me1.
In Sa ur asht r a r e gi on of Guj ar at st at e l at ely t he ph yl l od y has ga i ned beco me al ar mi n g l evel especi al l y i n su mmer cr op. Loo ki n g t o t he i mpor t ance of di sease at t e mpt s made t o conduct a r o vi n g sur ve y was car r i ed out and t hi s paper r epor t s t he r esul t s of such exper i ment s.
MATE RI ALS AND METHO DS
Sur ve y of ph yl l od y di sease i n Saur asht r a ar eas. A r o vi n g sur ve y was co nduct ed i n l eadi ng sesa me gr o wi n g di st r i ct vi z., J unagadh, P or ban dar , A mr el i , Raj ko t , Sur endr ana gar an d J amna gar d ur i n g K har i f – 200 8 & 09 and Su mmer – 20 08 & 0 9 t o assess t he pr esent l evel of i nci dence of p hyl l od y di sease i n sesa me. T o assess t he per cent age i nci dence o f ph yl l od y di sease , t w o f i el ds wer e sel ect ed at r ando m i n a vi l l a ge or pl ace w her e sesa m e was gr own i n mor e t han 10 ha. In each f i el d, hundr ed pl ant s f r o m f our di f f er ent l ocat i ons chosen at r and o m wer e o bser ved and t he nu mber of pl ant s showi n g t he s ympt o m s wer e c ount ed a nd t h e per cent a ge i nci denc e was r ec or ded o n per cent basi s. T he cr op was vi si t ed at t he a ge of 7 t o 8 wee ks. Inf or mat i on was al s o gat her ed on t he i nt ensi t y of t he di sease i n the popul ar var i et i es gr own i n t he r espect i ve ar eas.
Assess ment of l osses due t o sesa me ph yl l o d y. T he ef f ect of sesa me ph yl l od y on gr o wt h char act er i st i cs and see d yi el d i n sesa me ( c v. Guj T i l -2) was st u di ed, under f ar mer 's f i el d condi t i ons( mor e t han one hact er sowi n g ar e a) on a cr op r ai sed at a di st ance of 45 x 15 c m dur i n g t wo seasons vi z, khar i f 2008 & 0 9 and su mmer 2008 & 09. Pl ant t aggi n g was i ni t i at ed as soon as t he f i r st di seased pl an t s wer e seen and t a gg i ng cont i nued unt i l 5 0 per cent f l ower i ng at wee kl y i nt er val . At ha r vest i n g, obser vat i ons l i ke hei ght , nu mber of br anches, capsul es, nu mber of gr ai ns/ pl ant s, and gr ai n wei ght / pl an t wer e r ecor ded o n 20 i nf ect ed pl ant s t hat w er e t agged at di f f er ent per i ods af t er so wi n g. Si mi l ar obser vat i ons wer e r ecor ded on eq ual nu mber of r and o ml y sel ect ed heal t h y pl ant s. Reduct i on i n gr o wt h par a met er s and gr ai n yi el d o ver co nt r ol was wor ked usi n g t he f ol l owi n g f or mul a.
Reduct i on o ver cont r o l ( per cent ) =
Mean of heal t h y pl ant – Mean of di sease d pl ant
X 100 Mean of heal t h y pl ant
RESULTS AND DIS CUSSIO N
T he i nci dence of sesa me ph yl l od y di sease i n Por bandar , J unagadh, J a mna ga r , Sur endr ana gar and A mr el i di st r i ct s sur ve ye d dur i ng K har i f and S u mmer seaso ns of 200 8 and 2009 ar e gi ven i n Tabl e 1 ( F i g. 1 & 2) . T he di sease i nci dence r anged f r o m 0 t o 1.5 i n K har i f season and 0 t o 4.7 i n su mmer se ason. T he t abl e dat a s howed t hat t he di seas e i nci dence was l ow dur i ng K har i f 2008 as compar e t o K har i f – 2009. Fur t her , t her e was var i at i on i n t he di sease i nci dence f r om pl ac e t o pl ace whi ch was par t i cul ar l y ob vi ous i n su mmer seasons of bo t h t he year as t he i nci dence was r el at i vel y mor e.Sesa me i s gr o wn ext ensi vel y al most t hr ou ghout Saur asht r a . P h yl l od y di sease appear s e ver y year wher e ver sesa me i s cul t i vat ed i n K har i f as wel l as summer season i n Saur asht r a r egi on.
It has been o bser ved d ur i ng sur ve y t hat sesame cr op so wn ear l i er , i .e., Ma y end t o mi d -
JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144 141 J une, al ways exhi bi t e d hi gher i nci dence as co mpar ed t o t hat f r om J une or ear l y J ul y.
Whi l e assess ment of l osses wer e r ecor ded i n Tabl e 2- 6.
Tabl e- 1: Inci de nce of phyl l ody di sease of sesam e i n Saur asht ra regi on
Di st r i ct s Season No. of
f i el ds sur ve ye d
Inci dence of ph yl l od y of sesa me ( per cent ) Por bandar K har i f – 2008
K har i f – 2009 Su mmer – 2008 Su mmer – 2009
10 10 10 10
0 t o 0.8 0 t o 1.5 0 t o 4.1 0 t o 4.7 J unagadh K har i f – 2008
K har i f – 2009 Su mmer – 2008 Su mmer – 2009
10 10 10 10
0 t o 1.0 0 t o 1.7 0 t o 4.4 0 t o 4.6 J amna gar K har i f – 2008
K har i f – 2009 Su mmer – 2008 Su mmer – 2009
10 10 10 10
0 t o 1.1 0 t o 1.9 0 t o 3.1 0 t o 4.4 Sur endr ana gar K har i f – 2008
K har i f – 2009 Su mmer –200 8 Su mmer – 2009
10 10 10 10
0 t o 0.8 0 t o 1.5 0 t o 4.1 0 t o 4.7 A mr el i K har i f – 2008
K har i f – 2009 Su mmer –200 8 Su mmer – 2009
10 10 10 10
0 t o 1.6 0 t o 2.2 0 t o 4.0 0 t o 4.3 Tabl e- 2: Ef f ect of phyl l ody app earance at di f f erent grow t h st ages on
num ber of capsul es p er pl ant
A ge at s ympt o ms appe ar ( days) Nu mber of capsul es( *) Reduct i on i n No. of capsul e o ver heal t h y ( % )
50 11.5 79.39
55 22.2 60.21
60 35.4 36.55
65 47.5 14.87
Heal t h y 55.8 0.00
( * ) A v e r a g e o f f i v e p l a n t s
Tabl e- 3: Ef f ect of phyl l ody app earance at di f f erent grow t h st ages on seed Y i el d per pl ant
Age at symptoms appear (days) Seed yield (g) Reduction in seed yield over healthy (%)
50 0.23 94.65
55 1.10 74.41
60 2.30 46.51
65 3.90 9.30
Healthy 4.30 0.00
( * ) A v e r a g e o f f i v e p l a n t s
JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144 142 Tabl e- 4: Ef f ect of phyl l ody app earance at di f f erent grow t h st ages on n um ber of
branches prod uced p er pl ant A ge at s ympt o ms appe ar
( days)
Nu mber of br anches ( *)
No. of br anches decr e ase or i ncr ease i n o ver heal t h y ( % )
50 2.3 -34. 29
55 3.3 -5.7 1
60 3.5 8.57
65 3.8 20.0
Heal t h y 4.2 0.00
( * ) A v e r a g e o f f i v e p l a n t s
Tabl e- 5: Ef f ect of phyl l ody app earance at di f f erent grow t h st ages on pl a nt hei ght
Age at symptoms appear (days) Plant height (*) (Cm) Reduction in height over healthy (%)
50 69.4 41.56
55 90.72 23.61
60 104.4 12.09
65 113.4 4.51
Healthy 118.76 0.00
( * ) A v e r a g e o f f i v e p l a n t s
Tabl e- 6: Ef f ect of phyl l ody app earance at di f f erent grow t h st ages on Test w ei ght of seeds
A ge at s ympt o ms appe ar ( days)
T est wei ght ( g) ( *) Reduct i on i n t est wei ght o ver heal t hy ( % )
50 0.476 82.90
55 0.667 75.32
60 1.139 59.08
65 1.644 40.94
Heal t h y 2.784 0.00
( * ) A v e r a g e o f f i v e p l a n t s
Hi gher i nci dence of p hyl l od y i n t he ear l y s own sesa me cr op has al so been r ecor de d b y sever al w or ker s i ncl ud i ng2 , 3. In a ddi t i on, i n ci dence of ph yl l od y i s mor e i n su mmer so wn cr op, dur i n g su mmer mont hs i ncubat i on per i od of t he di sease agent i n t he host pl ant as wel l as i n t he l eaf h o pper vect or i s ob vi o u sl y sh or t ened dur i n g su mmer mo nt hs due t o t he co mpar at i vel y hi gher t e mper at ur e pr e va i l i ng t he m. Pr e vai l i n g t e mper at ur e dur i n g di f f er ent seasons have a pr onounced af f ect on t he i ncubat i on per i od of t he sesame ph yl l od y a gent bot h i n t he i nsect vect or and t he pl ant host . Dur i n g su m mer mont hs , t he di sease a gent u nder goes and i ncubat i on pe r i od of 15 t o 23 da ys4 - 7. V ar i at i ons i n t he i nci dence of t he sesame phyl l od y di sease dur i ng di f f er ent seasons have been r epor t ed b y Sel l a mmal et al8 .
JECET; December 12- February 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 139-144 143 .
F i gure 1: F i el d survey i n sum m er seaso ns.
A= Severe i nf ect i on; B =General vi ew of sum m er f i el d; C=Typi ca l sym pt om s;
D= I nf ect ed f i el ds
F i gure 2. F i el d surve y i n K hari f seasons.
A= General vi ew of Khari f f i el d; B =Typi cal sym pt om s; C= I nf ect ed f i el ds
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*Correspondence Author: D. M. Path ak; Subj ect Mat t er Speci al i st K r i shi V i gyan K endr a, J unagadh A gr i cul t ur al Uni ver si t y, J unaga dh - 362 001 .Guj ar at
