Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology

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[DOI: 10.24214/jecet.A.10.2.14659.]

Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and

Engineering & Technology

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology

Available online at www.jecet.org

Section A: Environmental Science

Research Article

246 JECET; March 2021- May 2021; Sec. A; Vol.10. No.2, 246-259. DOI:10.24214/jecet.A.10.2.24659.

Morpho biometric characterization of goats (capra hircus)

in the city of Kindu and its hinterlands

Brakus YUMA BRAHIMU

1

_{, Défi AMURI ASSANI}

1

_{, Lingot BULEDI AMURI}

1

_,

Freddy OKITAYELA ONAWOMA

2

1_{Kindu University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Kindu} 2_{University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Kindu}

Received: 25 April 2021; Revised: 24 May 2021; Accepted: 28 May 2021

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6.09cm, PP = 25.177 ± 2.30cm, HG = 51.751 ± 2.99cm and HS = 54.170 ± 2.92cm. Observations relating to zoo technical indices have shown that Kindu goats are mainly short-lined of the rectangular type, small in size (heliometric), close to the ground, with a rectilinear dorsal line, diverse coat color, horn tilted backwards (ibex ) and erect ears.

Keywords: Breeding, goat, measurement, barometry, phenotypic. INTRODUCTION

In the Democratic Republic of Congo in general, particularly in Maniema, more precisely in

the City of Kindu and its hinterland, the knowledge of goat genetic resources remains a

thorny problem to this day. The animals exploited are local breeds with poor production

performance

[1]

.Morphobiometric characterization remains a means of verification based on

the morphological characters of each of the goat populations found in the study area.

Globally, goat farming is generally oriented towards meat production, whether in Asia or

Africa because goat meat is part of the meat diet appreciated by the population. Goat meat

would even be the first meat consumed in quantity on a planetary scale: it represents nearly

63% of the red meat consumed in the world

[2]

..

In certain regions, the goat remains the animal which plays a primordial role in the diet of the

populations, and the value of the goat has proved to be capital

[3]

. More than 600 million

vulnerable people depend on livestock-related activities for their survival

[4]

. In fact,

domesticated for nearly ten thousand years, goats have the ability to adapt very easily to the

plants available in their environment. They can therefore survive in arid, semi-arid and

mountainous regions by feeding on what they find, which sheep or cattle cannot. Its rapid

reproduction (thanks to its early sexual maturity, its great prolificacy) and its great

adaptability are serious assets for its breeding

[5]

.

In Togo, animal husbandry remains the second activity practiced by 93.4% of farmers

[6]

. It

performs multiple functions in the life of breeders. In DR Congo, the animal population (not

including poultry) is estimated at 17 million, including 7 million goats or 41.1%, 5 million

pigs or 29.4%, 4 million sheep or 23.5% and 3 million cattle or 17.6%. The evolution of these

herds in the province of Maniema is 242,228 including 1,876 cattle (i.e. 0.7%), 49,019 sheep

(i.e. 20.2%), 177,577 goats (i.e. 73.3%) and 13,756 pigs (i.e. 5 , 6%)

[7]

It should be noted that the goat farming system is of a traditional type: no feeding, no

reproduction monitoring, no adequate housing, etc. The consequence of this mode of conduct

has resulted in a dispersion and erosion of the genetic capital of breeds and a drop in

livestock yields. The medium-term risk is the absorption of certain breeds for the benefit of

others, and the loss of certain characteristics which make the specificity of local breeds

[8]

.

One of the difficulties in conserving a genetic resource is the lack of its characterization

[9,10]

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differences in growth and maturation rates (reproduction, fertility) and other physiological

aspects.

In the city of Kindu, the goat comes from all the territories. To date, the morpho-biometric

parameters of the Maniema goat are not known. It appears urgent to highlight them in order

to consider the conservation of animals with good characters for later use in animal

production. Thus from the goats reared in Kindu, we can build up a genetic capital of animals

with good production parameters.

Phenotypic characterization is an important step in a conservation program, for identifying

and classifying breeds so that farming communities can be linked

[9,10]

.

Our working hypothesis is based on the following elements:In terms of genetics, to date, very little data is available to make the different breeds and local genetic types more reliable, morpho-biometric characterization would be an important conservation step for the identification of goat breeds.For a better understanding of our goat populations, our study set itself the following objective: To know the morpho-biometric characteristics of each of the populations found in the study area and to propose the most important criteria to characterize these populations. This work seeks to meet the following specific objectives:

 Find out the morpho-biometric parameters of goats in the town of Kindu and its surroundings;

 Establish the relationship that exists between metric measurements, weight, age and sex of goats.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Study Environment

2.1.1. Geographic location: Kindu, capital of the Province of Maniema, is the only town in the Province. The city of Kindu is located on both banks of the Congo or Lualaba river. Its geographical position is at 2 ° 57 ′ 00''South, 25 ° 55 ′ 00 East on an elevation of approximately 450 m (1,500 feet) above sea level and an altitude of 472 m, it is served by the RP508 road 1,820 km east of the capital Kinshasa.The city of Kindu is located almost in the center of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is located between the 2nd and 4th parallels (south latitude) below the Equator and at a longitude between the 25th and 27th East Meridian.

The city is bounded:

 To the north by a vertical straight line going towards the Mesobo river, on the Kindu-Kalima road (right bank) passing through the village Keka downstream of the Congo river and on the left bank, from the Kindu airport runway up to its intersection with the Kindu-Lokando road;

 To the South: by a straight line starting from the source of the Mikondo river to its mouth upstream of the Congo river going from the right bank to the left bank passing by the rail road until the crossing of the Kindu-Kibombo road ;

 East by a straight line starting from the source of the Mikonde river to its intersection with the bridge of the Misubu river;

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 Our work was carried out in two communes of the city of Kindu, namely Kasuku commune covering an area of 4630 ha (i.e. 46.3 km²) and Mikelenge commune with an area of 3000 ha (i.e. 30 km²) [13] .

Figure 1: The city of Kindu[13]

2.2. Equipment

2.2.1. Animal material: The Study involved local breed goats ranging in age from ten months to four years. A total of 121 animals were subjected to morpho-biometric measurements (24 Males and 97 Females) of various colors.

2.3. Work methods:

2.3.1. Choice of sites and sampling: The choice of sites was guided by the number of goats available on family farms. As recommended by Fao[14], we used adult animals reared in their production environments. We considered 11 sites distributed as follows:

 Municipality of Kasuku: 7 sites including 3Z, Basoko, Marché, Mission, Omata, RVA, and Salama;

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Table 1: Distribution of the number of goats according to the sites

Rearing area Rearing site

Number of goats M F Total Kasuku 3Z 2 4 6 Basoko 2 8 10 Marché 4 20 24 Mission 1 2 3 Omata 5 14 19 RVA 5 14 19 Salama 0 18 18 Total 19 80 99 Mikelenge Tokoloté 1 4 5 Brazza 1 9 10 Cité 2 4 6 Lumbulumbu 1 0 1 Total 5 17 22

2. 3.2. Observed parameters and precautionary measures: Quantitatively, ten (10) baryometric parameters were measured on each animal in a plumb position[15]_{, using a tape measure according to} the cited by Malam[15] and on the basis of studies by Karimou[16], Fao[14], Sahi et al. [17], and Manallah and Dekhili [18]. It is:

 Head length (LT): Distance between the nape of the neck and the tip of the nose

 Horn length (LCorn): length of the horn (in centimeters) on its outer side, from its root on the back of the neck to the tip.

 Ear lengths (LO): Measured from the base of the ear to the lower end

 Scapulo Ischial Length (LSI): this is the length measured between the point of the shoulder and the point of the rump;

 Pelvic Length (LB): distance between the points of the hips and the points of the buttocks

 Chest circumference (TP): Measurement passing vertically behind the withers and at the level of the strap passage

 Chest Depth (PP): Estimated when the strap passes through the back of the forelegs

 Height at the Withers (HG): Distance from the top of the withers to the ground

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251 JECET; March 2021- May 2021; Sec. A; Vol.10. No.2, 246-259. DOI:10.24214/jecet.A.10.2.24659.  Live weight: weight gain is done as follows:

We present, by way of illustration, the different measurements on photo No. 1

Photo 1: the different body measurements of the goats studied in Kindu

Photo 2: Animal weighing at Kasuku farm.

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2.3.3. Zootechnical indices: Zootechnical indices have been used as indicators of race, origin and relationships within species [17] and barymetry, a method of estimating live weight from certain measurements taken on the living animal[19].

When collecting the data, we followed the following guidelines:

Record animal categories using the appropriate codes (eg for 1 = male, 2 = female, 3 = castrated); Collect early in the morning to prevent the animal's measurements and conformation from being affected by the consumption of water or food;

Avoid taking measurements from nervous or sick animals. 2.3.4. Analysis of collected data

a) Descriptive statistics: Multivariate analysis makes it possible to move to a level of analysis by comparing the different distributions in order to analyze precisely the interactions between the selected variables and to try to highlight more or less systematic combinations of variables and to identify them. components that structure the populations studied. The study methods for all traits are based on the principles of multidimensional statistical analysis [20] .

b) Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Analysis of variance and factor analysis are techniques for determining whether one or more dependent variables (variables to be explained) are related to one or more so-called independent variables (explanatory variables). On the set of quantitative variables we must determine if there is a significant difference between the individuals by their location (localities), by the types that constitute them and by the races existing in the region, that is to say the influence of environment, population and races on these quantitative variables [20]. The data collected was entered on a model developed for this purpose in an EXCEL 2010 spreadsheet. Body measurements were analyzed with Ri 386 software. 4.0.3.

c) Principal component analysis (PCA): This is one of the most classic techniques in multivariate statistics. According to Sarra,[20]_{, its objective aims, by a linear transformation of the variables} (changes of coordinates) to: Simplify the correlation structure; Decrease the size of the dataset (in order to visualize, simplify analyzes, etc.). However, it should be remembered that this method applies to a set of quantitative variables[21]. The PCA deals with tables crossing the individuals (rows) and the numerical variables that characterize these individuals (columns) [21]_{. The principal component} analysis is carried out with the XLSTAT 2020 software.

3. RESULTS

The results of this study are presented in the form of tables and figures and followed by comments throughout the work to allow a good understanding.

3.1. Qualitative Characters Of Goats

After descriptive analysis of the data collected, the results of the qualitative characteristics are as follows:

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Table 2: Number of goats by farming area and sex

Number / breeding area Sexe Total % M F Kasuku 19 80 99 81,8 Mikelenge 5 17 22 18 Total 24 97 121 100,00

The table above shows that a large number of goats are reared in Kasuku Commune, ie 81.8%; including males (15.5%) and females (65.6%) while 18% other goats are reared in the Municipality of Mikelenge. Kasuku Commune has a large number of neighborhoods compared to Mikelenge Commune. Also geographically, it has enough space for fodder feed for goats.

3.1.2. Numbers of goats by sex, age and weight: The average weights of goats in the city of Kindu are presented according to age, sex, average weight in the table below:

Table 3: Average weights of goats according to sex, age and weight

Sexe Ages (an) Effectif Poids (𝑿̅±𝜹) kg P-value

F 1 16 19,812 ± 3,25 * 2 15 26,766 ± 3,023 * 3 30 26,333 ± 3,922 * 4 17 32,282 ± 3,683 * 5 19 35,158 ± 4,916 * Total 97 27,242 ± 5,955 * M 1 14 17,678 ± 2,764 * 2 6 22,833 ± 0,516 Non 3 3 26 ± 2,598 * 4 - - 5 1 33 - Total 24 20,65±4,68 *

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consumed during religious festivals and others. Here, young billy goats are preferred over old ones, which give off a rather strong characteristic odor.

The weight of same-sex goats varies with the age of the animal. He shows that for the same age the weight of female (35.158 ± 4.916kg) is higher than that of male (33 kg for five-year-old goats). Analysis of variance indicates a significant difference between the weights of males and females (p <0.05). This variability could be due to the origin of the different races; the females would belong to a different race than that of the males.

3.1.3. Numbers of goats according to sex, coat color, body shape, ear orientation and horn shape and presence: The following table gives the distribution of goats according to sex, coat color, animal body shape, ear orientation and the shape and / or presence of horns.

Table 4: Numbers of goats according to sex, coat color, body shape, ear orientation and horn shape and presence.

Character Variable Number Percentage

M F M F

Dress color Gray-black-white 0 2 0,00 2,06

Gray-white 0 5 0,00 5,15 Black 2 6 8,33 6,19 Black-white 5 25 20,83 25,77 Black redhead 15 21 62,50 21,65 Redhead 0 3 0,00 3,09 Redhead-black-white 2 35 8,33 36,08

Horn Iva ibex 22 95 91,67 97,94

Semi-spiral 0 2 0,00 2,06

Absent 2 0 8,33 0,00

Hear Upright 11 57 45,83 58,76

Horizontal 13 39 54,17 40,21

Semi-drooping 0 1 0,00 1,03

Body shape Rectangular 24 81 100,00 83,51

Trapezoidal 0 16 0,00 16,49

In light of the above table, 62.50% of males are red-black and 36.08% of females are red-black-white followed by 20.83% of males and 25.77% of females. black and white goats then 21.65% of red and black goats. It also follows that 91.67% of bucks and 97.94% of goats presented the backward sloping horns of the ibex type and that the absence of horns was observed only in the bucks (8.33 %) while semi-spiral horns were observed only in females. These differences are thought to be caused by the diversity of goat breeds in the local population.

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255 JECET; March 2021- May 2021; Sec. A; Vol.10. No.2, 246-259. DOI:10.24214/jecet.A.10.2.24659. 4. DISCUSSION

41. Qualitative Characters of Goats

4.1.1. Sex ratio: The results of our study indicated that there are many more females (70.25%) than males (29.75%) in the farms of the town of Kindu. Indeed, as in most farms, the males are eliminated to keep only the females for reproduction. Similar results were observed in DRC (84.46% males and 15.54% females), Algeria (83.33% females and 16.67% males) and Niger (84.03% females). and 15.97% male) respectively by Kalenga et al. [22], Traoré et al. [23],, Malam et al. [15], and Sabah [24] . 4.1.2. Qualitative characteristics and zootechnical indices of goats: Compared to the qualitative characteristics and zootechnical indices, no difference was observed depending on the place of breeding. This could be explained by the fact that in the town of Kindu all goats are raised in the traditional system. Animal feed is mainly fodder, without the contribution of feed concentrates. Indeed, the body development of animals can be influenced by the management and feeding system. Kalenga et al.[22]_{, 2015 also noted this finding by studying the body measurements of goats reared in} Lubumbashi.

Our results have shown that Kindu goats are mainly short-breed. In fact, 62.50% of males and 71.13% of females are short-lined, rectangular type, small in size (heliometric) comparable to the Fouta-Djalon goat [25].

Contrary to the work of Djagbala et al. [26], goats reared in Kindu are close to the ground (56.70% of bucks and 56.70% of goats) with a straight dorsal line (62.50% of males and 59.79% of females). This situation can be attributed, in part, to climatic conditions as it concerns goats reared in the Sahelian zone. The dwarf goat or Djallonké is of metric format and the North East Algerian goats are midline, of square type and of metric format [18].

4.2. Quantitative Characters of Goats

4.2.1. Body weight: On average, the weights of males (20.62 ± 4.68 kg) are comparable to those of Djallonké goats (20-25 kg) [30]. Males are lighter than females (28.10 ± 6.33 kg). The females present weights comparable to those of the Sahel goat (27.056 ± 3.930 kg) [28] . These results are also comparable to those observed by Djagbala et al. [29] in agro-ecological zones of Togo (15.83 ± 4.43 kg in goats and 17, 71 ± 4.4 kg in goats) . We can also mention that Ojedapo et al. [31] Found in Nigeria that the different body measurements were in favor of females.

Moreover, these results are contrary to those carried out by Habbi, [32] and Sabah [26] in the Ouargla region and in the Hadj ira area in Algeria. The males are heavier than the females with the averages of the males and females corresponding to 32.36 ± 2.788 kg and 29.8 ± 2.134 kg in the Ouargla region and 28.74 ± 0.97 kg and 24.10 ± 2, 01 kg in the area of Hadj will go to Algeria.

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(31kg) and the Maridi of Niger (26.5 kg). They are slightly heavier (26.62 ± 6.72 kg) than goats from Lubumbashi (22.13 ± 6.83 kg) according to the work of Kalenga et al. [24]. They are also heavier than Djallonké goats according to the average (17.56 ± 4.32 kg) reported by the study by Djagbala, et

al.,[29]_{while they are less heavy than goats from Algeria studied by Sahi et al.}[18]_{., with the average} weight rising to 30.0 ± 12.2 kg. As in the work of Kalenga et al., [24] and Djagbala et al. [29],.

4.2.2. Height at withers: The height at the withers is correlated with the age of the animal (R² = 0.905). This statement is also demonstrated by Kalenga et al. [24] in their work on the analysis of the measurements of the local goat population in Lubumbashi (R² = 0.66). By this the second hypothesis announced, saying that the highest animals are also the heaviest according to their respective ages is affirmed as also proved by Habbi in 2014 in his end of studies thesis on Phenotypic characterization of the goat population of the Ghardaïa region. In males, the height at the withers is 50.61 ± 3.49cm; a value comparable to the goat close to the Djallonké goat (53.25 ± 4.5cm) Mbaïndinga, [30] while in females have a height at the withers of 52.03 ± 2.80cm slightly higher than the Djallonké goat 49.25 ± 3.09 cm [30] but less than the Sahel goat 70-85cm at the withers according to Mbaïndinga [30].

4.2.3. Head length: Head, horn and ear length measurements are not useful in production but serve as parameters to characterize the animal in its breed [34]_{. The average head length (15.53 ± 1.13cm) is} less than the Sahel goat (18.433cm) Aliou, 1997.

4.2.4. Horn length: The length of the horns of the male (12.40 ± 4.14cm) is almost the same as that of the females (12.12 ± 2.89). This observation was observed on the Sahel goat by Mbaïndinga [29] .The mean value of the length of horns found in this study (12.173 ± 3.157cm) is greater than that found by Djagbala et al.[29]_{(6 , 52 ± 2.22 cm) for the Djallonké goats in 2019 in the Maritime region} and those found by Malam et al.[16]_{, (10.6 ± 4.4cm) in Niger on the black and red goat of Maradi.} 4.2.5. Ear length: No indicative difference between the mean ear lengths of bucks (12.23 ± 0.3cm) and goats (12.80 ± 0.89) (p> 0.1) was observed. These values are comparable to those found by Koanda on the Sahel goat in Mali (12.5cm) in 2005 in Burkina-Faso.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

In order to highlight the potential of the local goat, a study was carried out in Kindu, capital of the province of Maniema. It focused on the morpho-biometric parameters of goats reared and sold to Kindu. The qualitative and quantitative characters as well as the body indices were analyzed on a goat population made up of 121 goats including 97 goats and 24 billy goats reared in the Municipality of Kasuku and Mikelenge from August 30 to March 30, 2021.

The results obtained made it possible to identify the following elements:

 The scapulo-ischial length and the chest circumference are the best indicators of the weight of Kindu goats; goats reared in Kindu are close to land with a straight dorsal line in both males and females; Biometric indices have shown that goats are mainly short-lined, rectangular type, small in size (heliometric);

 The diversity of phenotypic characters within the goat population reared in Kindu linked to crossbreeding or uncontrolled crosses of different strains.

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257 JECET; March 2021- May 2021; Sec. A; Vol.10. No.2, 246-259. DOI:10.24214/jecet.A.10.2.24659. To researchers:

 To continue the characterization work of Maniema goats by integrating the different territories in order to highlight the different aptitudes of local goats.

To goat breeders:

 Promote breeding in plots to reduce uncontrolled mating and the risk of loss of genetic traits;

 To set up a collaborative structure, by municipality or sector, to promote the breeding of small ruminants.

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* Corresponding Author: Dr. Brakus YUMA BRAHIMU,

Université de Kindu, Facultés des Sciences Agronomiques

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