Analog Signal Conditioning

Analog Signal Conditioning

2

Analog and Digital Electronics

Electronics

Digital Electronics

Analog

Electronics

Analog Electronics

Operational Amplifiers

Transistors

TRIAC

Thyristors

3

Analog Electronics

• 741

• LF351

• TL084

• LM324

• 2N2222

• 2N3906

• BC517

• TIP 122

•TIP 126

• BTA600.40A

Analog Signal Conditioning

Types

• Passive circuits - Does not need power

- Resistance to voltage convergence - Filtering

• Active circuits

- Requires outside power - Amplifications and filtering - Level shift

- Filtering

Passive Circuits Amplification

Potential Divider

• Convert the change in resistance into change in voltage

• A load resistance is used to achieve the above goal as well as to limit the current

t l

s

R R

I V

 

t t l

s

t

R

R R

V V

 

min max

t l

s

R R

I V

 

Active Circuit Amplification

Operational Amplifiers (op-amp)

The primary purpose for the analog signal conditioning circuitry is to

modify the transducer or sensor output into a form that can be optimally converted to a discrete time digital data stream by the data acquisition system. Some important input requirements of most data acquisition systems are:

• The input signal must be a voltage waveform. The process of converting the sensor output to a voltage can also be used to reduce unwanted signals, that is noise.

• The dynamic range of the input signal should be at or near the dynamic range of the data acquisition system (usually equal to the voltage

reference level, Vref, or 2Vref). This is important in maximizing the resolution of the analog to digital converter (ADC).

• The source impedance, Zs , of the input signal should be low enough so that changes in the input impedance, Zin, of the data acquisition system do not affect the input signal.

• The bandwidth of the input signal must be limited to less than half of the sampling rate of the analog to digital conversion.

741 Op Amps pin-out

The ideal operational amplifier model

The op amp model: (a) open loop; (b) closed loop; (c) ideal.

The ideal op am model is based on the following assumptions:

• it has infinite impedance at both inputs, consequently there is no current drawn from the input circuits; I- = I+

• it has infinite gain, hence the difference between the input and output voltages is zero. This is denoted by short circuiting the two inputs; V- = V+

• it has zero output impedance, so that the output voltage is

independent of the output current.

10

Operational Amplifiers

V_out = A(V₂ – V₁)

V_out = Output voltage.

A = Open-loop gain.

V₁ = Inverting input.

V₂ = Noninverting input.

14

Inverting Amplifier

V_out = -V_in ( R_f / R_i )

The inverting amplifier can amplify the signal with certain gain but with inverting the polarity of the input signal.

Inverting Amplifiers

Non-inverting Amplifiers

The non-inverting amplifier can amplify the signal with

certain gain with the same polarity of the input signal.

Unity Gain Buffer

• If RF=0 and Ri = 0 and is open (removed), then the gain of the

non-inverting amplifier is unity.

18

Buffer

Vout = Vin

The buffer can be used to keep the voltage level constant but increasing the current (take the current from the power supply circuit)

The summing amplifier

The difference amplifier

The instrumentation amplifier

• Finite, accurate and stable gain, usually between 1 and 1000.

• Extremely high input impedance.

• Extremely low output impedance.

• Extremely high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

• CMRR is the ratio of the gain of the amplifier for differential- mode signals (signals that are different between the two

inputs) to the gain of the amplifier for common-mode signals

(signals that are the same at both inputs).

Integrator amplifiers

The differentiator amplifier

Comparator

• It takes analog sensor voltage and compares it to a threshold voltage, Vref.

• If the sensor's voltage is greater than the threshold, the output of the circuit is maximum (typically 5 V).

• If the sensor's output is less than the threshold, the output of

the circuit is minimum (usually OV).

28

Comparator

V

= 5v if v+ > v- = 0v if v+ < v-

The comparator can compare the input signal from a

sensor with a certain threshold to get 0v or 5v.

30

Comparator

V

= 5v if v+ > v-

= 0v if v+ < v-

Effect of Noise

Sample and hold amplifier

The purpose of sample and hold circuitry is to take a snapshot of the sensor signal and hold the value. An ADC must have a stable signal in order to accurately perform a conversion.

The switch connects the capacitor to the signal conditioning circuit once every sample period. The capacitor then holds the measured voltage until a new sample is acquired. Often, the sample and hold circuit is

incorporated in the same integrated circuit package as the amplifier.

Problems with sample and hold amplifiers

• Finite aperture time: The sample and hold takes a period of time to capture a sample of the sensor signal. This is called the aperture time. Since the signal will vary during this time, so the sampled signal can be slightly inaccurate.

• Signal feed through: When the sample and hold is not

connected to the signal, the value being held should remain constant. Unfortunately, some signal does bleed through the switch to the capacitor, causing the voltage being held to

change slightly.

• Signal droop: The voltage being held on the capacitor starts to

slowly decrease over time if the signal is not sampled often

enough.

Logarithmic Operational Amplifier

Antilog Operational Amplifier

Filters

Types of filters

1- Low-pass filter

2- High-pass filter

3- Band-pass filter

4- Band-reject filter

Low-pass filter

High-pass filter

Active filters

The low-pass active filter

The high-pass active filter

The band-pass active filter

Voltage-to-current converter

i

= v

/ R i

= output current

V

= input voltage

Current-to-voltage converter