Research Ethics Research Ethics
The American Psychological Association Guidelines The American Psychological Association Guidelines Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects
Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Fraud in Science Fraud in Science Plagiarism Plagiarism Ethical Reports Ethical Reports
What are research ethics?
What are research ethics?
Research Ethics
Research Ethics
Research ethics
Research ethics are a framework of valuesare a framework of values within which we conduct research.
within which we conduct research.
Ethics help researchers identify actions we Ethics help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the
consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make
principles by which we make responsibleresponsible decisions in actual situations.
What are research ethics?
What are research ethics?
Research Ethics
Research Ethics
Research ethics
Research ethics are a framework of valuesare a framework of values within which we conduct research.
within which we conduct research.
Ethics help researchers identify actions we Ethics help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the
consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make
principles by which we make responsibleresponsible decisions in actual situations.
What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Research Ethics
Research Ethics
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Institutional review boards (IRBs),, whichwhich are composed of laypeople and researchers, are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure
evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards.
What is its purpose?
Research Ethics
IRBs protect the safety of research participants. Their first task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants risk of in!ury since psychological research can cause physical
What is its purpose?
Research Ethics
#s researchers, we must accurately estimate the degree of risk in our research. $e typically do this by reading the literature and consulting with colleagues.
IRBs will also help researchers estimate the degree of risk involved in their studies.
What do "at risk" or at "minimal risk” mean?
Research Ethics
%tudies that place sub!ects at risk increase the chance of harm compared with not
participating in the study.
Minimal risk studies do not increase the likelihood of in!ury.
When should an IRB approve an "at risk" study?
Research Ethics
IRBs should approve an &at risk' study when a risk/benefit analysis determines that risks to participants are outweighed by gains in
knowledge.
( #nother important task of IRB is to safeguard the rights of individuals by making certain that each sub!ect at risk gives informed consent to participate.
Informed )onsent
Informed consent means that the sub!ect agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study.
Aspects of informed consent:
*. Individuals must give their consent freely, without the use of force, duress or coercion.
+. They must be free to drop out of the experiment at any time.
Informed )onsent
.
Researchers must give the full explanation of the procedures to be followed and offer to answer any -uestions about them.. Researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the experiment.
/.Researchers must provide assurances that all data will remain private and confidential.
0. %ub!ects may not release the researchers from their liability or to waive their legal rights in the case of in!ury.
Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1!) emphasie?
Research Ethics
The Belmont Report proposed three principles1 *. Respect for persons1 individuals have
the right of self2determination 3basis of informed consent4.
Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1!) emphasie?
Research Ethics
+. Beneficence1 minimi5e harm and maximi5e potential benefits 3basis of risk"benefit analysis4.
. ustice1 fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research.
What is in#ormed consent?
$he %&% 'uidelines
# sub!ect or guardian agrees in writing to the sub!ects participation after relevant details of the experiment have been explained.
This description may include risks and benefits, but does not extend to deception or the
What is in#ormed consent?
$he %&% 'uidelines
6erhaps the most important principle built into
ethics codes is the right of a participant to refuse to be in the study or discontinue participation.
Ethical researchers, therefore, cannot coerce participants to agree to be in the study or
Who is tareted y %&% ethical uidelines?
$he %&% 'uidelines
#6# ethical guidelines apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice.
E*plain %&% uidelines on deception+
$he %&% 'uidelines
!eception may be used when it is the best way to obtain information.
7eception may not be used to minimi5e the participants perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits.
Which steps must researchers take i# deception is used?
$he %&% 'uidelines
%ub!ects must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time and should never face coercion to remain.
The experimenter should provide debriefin" 3full disclosure4 after either their personal
participation or the completion of the entire study.
What does derie#in involve and when is it re,uired?
$he %&% 'uidelines
7ebriefing involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment.
7ebriefing is an essential component of good experimental research. $e must offer our
participants a full explanation of our study any time that we use deception.
What is a con#ederate? Why is the use o# a con#ederate deceptive?
$he %&% 'uidelines
# confederate is an experimenters accomplice. 8se of a confederate is deceptive because
sub!ects are led to believe that the confederate is another sub!ect, experimenter, or bystander, when he or she is actually part of the
What is the principle o# #ull disclosure?
$he %&% 'uidelines
#ull disclosure means explaining the true
nature and purpose of the study to the sub!ect at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.
-ow does derie#in accomplish this?
$he %&% 'uidelines
In debriefin" , an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the sub!ect and solicits sub!ects -uestions at the end of the experiment.
E*plain the di##erence etween anonymity and con#identiality+
$he %&% 'uidelines
Anonymity means that sub!ects are not identified by name.
$onfidentiality means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the sub!ect.
-ow do researchers achieve these oals?
$he %&% 'uidelines
Researchers achieve anonymity by collecting data without names and assigning code
numbers.
They achieve confidentiality by storing data in a locked safe and only using the data for the purposes explained to the participants.
-ow do psycholoists protect the wel#are o# animal su.ects?
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
Animal welfare is the humane care andtreatment of animals.
Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an Institutional Animal $are and %se $ommittee (IA$%$) to evaluate animal research before it is conducted.
-ow do psycholoists protect the wel#are o# animal su.ects?
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
The I#)8) must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have
documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.
What does animal rihts mean?
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
Animal ri"hts is the position that sensatespecies 3those that can feel pain and suffer4 have e-ual value and rights to humans.
What is scienti#ic #raud? What motivates #raud?
0raud in /cience
&cientific fraud involves falsifying or fabricating data.
# researchers graduation, tenure, promotion, funding, or reputation may motivate researchers to commit fraud.
What are the main lines o# de#ense aainst #raud?
0raud in /cience
The peer review process filters submitted manuscripts so that only */2+9: of articles are printed.
Replication, where researchers attempt to
reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.
What are the main lines o# de#ense aainst #raud?
0raud in /cience
$ompetition by colleagues for scarce resources, while a cause of fraud, is the third line of defense.
What is plaiarism? Why is it wron?
&laiarism
'la"iarism is misrepresenting someones &ideas, words, or written work' as your own. 6lagiarism is a form of fraud, in which an
individual claims false credit for anothers ideas, words, or written work.
Which ethical issues may e involved in research reports?
Ethical Reports
#uthorship credit should only be given to those who made a ma!or contribution to the research or writing.
Researchers should not take credit for the same research more than once.
