Objectives
Upon completion of Section 3,
students should be able to:
◆summarize how Romania’s
economy has changed since
the end of Communist rule;
◆identify the signs of Bulgaria’s
economic growth;
◆
describe the effects of foreign
investment on Albania;
◆explain why internal tensions
challenge the people of the
Balkan nations.
National Geography
Standards
The following National Geography
Standards are highlighted in this
section: 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17
Bellringer
Note that the roots of many of the
ethnic conflicts in the Balkans today
are more than 100 years old. Ask:
What events and patterns within
the United States have created
ongoing ethnic conflict?
(Civil
War, slavery, reactions to
immigra-tion) Compare these conflicts with
the conflicts in the Balkans.
L E S S O N P L A N
1.
Focus
Ask students to
imag-ine that they are members of a
minority group in a newly
inde-pendent nation. The official
lan-guage is not their native lanlan-guage.
Members of their ethnic group
who live in a different region
at-tack the nation. Explain that this
happened in Yugoslavia.
2.
Instruct
Ask students to turn
to the list of Reading Focus
ques-tions at the beginning of the
sec-tion. As they read the section,
have them write answers to each
question.
3.
Close/Reteach
Ask:
How
has the physical geography of
the Balkans contributed to
the region’s ethnic diversity?
(Mountains isolated communities;
ethnic groups from other regions
met in its central location.)
I
I
n 1918, a new term crept into the English language: balkanize. The word balkanize means “to break up into small, mutually hos-tile political units.” It is what took place in the Balkans over time. The term grew out of the complex cultural patterns and political geogra-phy of the Balkan Peninsula.Perhaps the one thing that the Balkan na-tions share is their historical experience. The peoples of this region have all known the ordeal of foreign domination. For 500 years they were ruled by the Turks, whose influence can be seen there to this day.
Today, the Balkan Peninsula is divided into many small nations. Most of them fell under Com-munist control by 1948, but anti-ComCom-munist revolutions overturned the governments of those states in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Internal strife and conflict between nations have never-theless continued to affect the region.
Romania
Nearly 23 million people live in Romania. Most belong to the Romanian ethnic group. They speak a language derived from Latin, and most people practice the Eastern Orthodox faith.
Romania possesses broad plains with fertile soils along the Danube River. Farther north, the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains hold many minerals. Despite these natural resources, the Romanian people have been impoverished in re-cent decades.
Romania’s first Communist leader oversaw a Soviet-style industrialization. The second leader, Nicolae Ceausescu (NIH kah lie chow CHESS koo), gradually led the nation to economic chaos. En-ergy was so scarce that television aired only two hours each night. In 1989 Ceausescu was forced from office and executed. Ineffective governments in the 1990s led the economy to deteriorate even
Reading Focus
• How have Romania’s economic activities changed since the end of Communist rule? • What signs of economic growth can be seen
in Bulgaria?
• How have foreign nations been involved in Albanian development?
• Why do internal tensions continue to challenge the people of the Balkan nations?
Key Terms
The Balkan
Peninsula
3
3
Main
Idea
The geography of the Balkans has isolated its people into small and often hostile political and ethnic groups.
Economic Activities
These Romanian workers are part of the nation’s economic growth. balkanizeentrepreneur multiplier effect
Chapter 19 ■Central and Eastern Europe 398
RESOURCE DIRECTORY
Teaching Resources
Unit 5, Chapter 19
• Section 3 Guided Reading and Review, p. 15
Guide to the Essentials (English/Spanish)
• Section Summary, Chapter 19, Section 3
Mental Mapping booklet
• Outline Map 19, p. 72
• Unit 5 Checklist, p. 67
Technology
Guided Reading Audiotapes (English/Spanish),
Chapter 19, Section 3
Section Reading Support Transparencies,
Chapter 19, Section 3
World Geography Map and Photo Transparencies
• Central Europe and Northern Eurasia: Maps and
Photos
Book on CD,
Chapter 19
Social Studies Skills Tutor CD-ROM
Companion Web site, www.phschool.com
• Chapter 19 Activities
S
ection
3
pp. 398–403
Vocabulary
Balkanize
Have students look up
the term
balkanize
in the Glossary
and paraphrase the definition.
Dis-play a map of the Balkans showing
national borders before 1992. Ask
students to name the regions that
made up Yugoslavia until 1992.
(Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Macedonia)
Visualizing
Have students read the subsection
on Bulgaria. As they read, have them
keep a list of words used to describe
this country. Compile a list of these
words on the board, and then
dis-cuss as a class what kind of picture
these words paint of Bulgaria.
more, despite promises of economic reform.Ex-perts predicted that it would be 2025 before Ro-mania could again see an economy even as good as the terrible economy of 1989.
One ray of hope shone in Romania’s economic nightmare, however. An American soft drink maker spent $150 million in Romania to build up its operations there. Its investment helped about 25,000 small shops start or stay in business, selling soft drinks. Some entrepreneurs—go-getter in-dividuals who start and build businesses—have made small fortunes selling soft drinks in Roma-nia. Through the multiplier effect,eleven new jobs have been added to Romania’s economy for each job that the soft drink company created. The multiplier effect is the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout an economy. For instance, Romanian plastics mak-ers have added jobs to handle the new demand for soft drink bottles, and printers have added jobs to print labels. Observers hope that Western investment, and the multiplier effect, will bring dramatic changes not just to Romania, but to all of Eastern Europe.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria is located south of the Danube from Ro-mania. It enjoys the fertile soils of the Danube Plains and the plains south of the Balkan Moun-tains. Summers are warm, and winters along the Black Sea coast are mild. Because of these physi-cal characteristics, Bulgaria is known as the gar-den of Eastern Europe.
The Bulgarians are a Slavic people. The Rus-sians, also largely a Slavic people, have long been strong supporters of native Bulgarians. Because of this fact, many Bulgarians welcomed Soviet control after World War II.
Bulgaria turned away from strict communism in the early 1990s. It now has a democratic gov-ernment, although some former Communists still are politically active. Like other nations in the region, Bulgaria’s economy went into a tail-spin in the first years of freedom. However, by the late 1990s, it found new markets for its goods in Western countries. Foreign companies made investments. Millions of tourists came to the Black Sea resorts, bringing with them desperately
399
Chapter 19 ■Section 3
APPLYING THE GEOGRAPHIC THEMES
쎲PlaceThe mountains and forests of the Balkan countries have served to create “pockets” that have isolated the people of the region from each other.
• What mountains dominate central Romania?
Musala 9,597 ft. (2,925 m) Daravica
8,714 ft. (2,656 m)
D I NA
R I C
AL P
S
M
O LD
OV AN PL
ATE AU
CA RPAT
H IAN M
TS .
TRANSYLVA
NIAN A
LPS
BALKAN MTS.
PIN DU
S
M T
S. HUNGARIAN BASIN
B A L K A N P E N I N S U L A
Danube R. Sava R.
Tisz
a R .
A d
ria tic S
e a
B l a c k S e a
Aegean Sea Ljubljana
Zagreb
Sarajevo
Cluj-Napoca
Belgrade Bucharest
Sofia
Podgorica Skopje
Tiranë
AUSTRIA
R O M A N I A
B U L G A R I A
I TA LY
HUNGARY
MACEDONIA
ALBANIA CROATIA
SERBIA SLOVENIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
GREECE
TURKEY MOLDOVA UKRAINE
MONTENEGRO
20°E
40°N
20°E
10°E 30°E
0
0 150 300 km 150 300 mi
KEY
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection 14,000
7,000 1,500 700 (sea level) 0
4,270 2,135 457 213 0 (sea level) Feet
Elevation Meters
National capital Major city Mountain
N
S W E
The Balkans:
PHYSICAL-POLITICAL
Answer to Map Caption
the T
ran
sylv
an
i
an
Alps
3
99
C
h
apter 19
■Section 3
R E A D I N G S T R A T E G Y A C T I V I T Y
TEST PREPARATION
Ask students to read t
h
e subsection on
Bulgaria beginning on t
h
is page and t
h
en
answer t
h
e question below.
In the late 1990s, what helped to strengthen
Bulgaria’s economy?
A
Communism
B
Tourism
C
Inflation
D
Fertile soils
Reteach
Puzzles
Ask students to create a
jig-saw puzzle of the Balkan Peninsula
with a piece for each country. Tell
them that instead of labeling their
puzzles with country names, they
should write on each piece a phrase
or clue that helps identify the
coun-try. Then, ask students to swap
puz-zles and label each piece with the
correct country based on the phrase
or clue provided. Finally, have
stu-dents assemble the puzzles. (Visual/
Spatial, Bodily/Kinesthetic)
Word Origin
Albania
Albania takes its name
from the Albanos, a group of people
who originally inhabited the region.
Albanians, however, prefer to call
their country Shqipëri
(shkyee-puh-REE), or “Country of the Eagle,” a
name the country has had since the
1500s.
needed foreign currency. Inflation levels dropped as the country’s currency was stabilized.
Albania
Tucked beside the Adriatic Sea in the southwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula is Albania. About 3.5 million people live in this mountainous na-tion. Known for decades as “Europe’s hermit,” Albania is now rebuilding links with a number of other nations.
As a people living in a small nation with a distinctive culture, Albanians have often felt threatened by their neighbors. This fear contin-ued after World War II, when its Communist leaders turned away from both the former Soviet Union and China. This isolation left Albania one of the poorest nations in Europe.
Since the end of communism in the 1990s, Albania has received billions of dollars from for-eign nations and from Albanians who have relo-cated to live in other countries. Because most Albanians earn less than $100 a month, Italian and Greek manufacturers have built factories in Albania in order to take advantage of the low wages. Internal political conflicts slowed growth, however, as did the influx of refugees from neigh-boring Kosovo in 1999.
Other Balkan Nations
The most complex new nation created at the end of World War I was Yugoslavia. The name meant “the land of the southern Slavs.” But a common Slavic heritage did not produce unity. Six separate republics made up the unsteady na-tion, which after World War II was held together only by strict Communist rule. Within these re-publics, some two dozen independent ethnic groups lived, either intermixed or in jigsaw-puzzle ethnic regions.After Communist control ended in the late 1980s, internal tensions increased. First, Slovenia grew restless. It was the most wealthy republic and was afraid the other Yugoslavian republics would drag it down into poverty. Soon Croatia, too, grew nervous about its future, fearing that the wealth it gained from the tourist business on its long Mediterranean coastline would be eaten up by other regions. Both Slovenia and Croatia declared themselves independent in 1991. They were quickly followed by Macedonia, and then, in 1992, by Bosnia and Herzegovina (some times called Bosnia). All that was left of Yugoslavia were the republics of Serbia and Montenegro.
Conflicts flared within and between the new nations. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Muslims,
Chapter 19 ■Central and Eastern Europe
400
Bread Distribution
Economic Activities The collapse of communism in Albania created near-chaos in one of Europe’s poorest countries. The bread in this photograph is distributed from behind bars in an attempt to maintain order. Some Albanians have been killed in bread riots that erupt as hungry crowds clamor for food.
Movement How might an end to isolation help Albania’s economy?
Answer to Photo Caption
Albania might be able to market its
natural resources.
A C T I V I T Y
B A C K G R O U N D
RESOURCE DIRECTORY
Teaching Resources
Mental Mapping booklet
• Chapter 19 Atlas Activity, p. 73
Group Work
Activity:
Making a poster
Purpose:
Arrange the class in
groups of three. Assign each group
one of these countries: Slovenia,
Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro,
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Macedo-nia, AlbaMacedo-nia, Bulgaria, Romania.
Roles:
One member of each group
should research its region’s
interest-ing cultural and physical
character-istics, one its daily life and local
holidays, and another the historical
or current events in the region.
Result:
Ask each group to display
the results of its research on a poster
including drawings, time lines, and
photographs.
Daily Life
A Taste of Croatia
Travelers
visit-ing Croatia may sample the
coun-try’s distinct cuisine, which has
Austrian and Hungarian influences.
A variety of local specialties are
of-fered in Croatia, including fried
cheese, chicken à la Backa (a dish
made with tomatoes, paprika, and
onions), Zagreb veal cutlet, and
gibanica,
a layered cheese pastry.
History
Written Language
In the
A.D. 860s, a Christian missionarynamed Cyril and his brother
Meth-odius preached among the Slavs.
In order to translate the Bible into
a language the Slavs could
under-stand, they created an alphabet
based on Greek and Hebrew
charac-ters. The alphabet became known
as the Cyrillic alphabet, versions of
which are still used in Belarus,
Bul-garia, Russia, and Ukraine.
ethnic Croats, and ethnic Serbs battled for power for four years. As a result, an estimated 250,000 people lost their lives and 2 million were driven from theirhomes. At the same time, “ethnic cleansing” entered the world’s vocabulary. Serbs used the term to label the process of driving other ethnic groups out of regions captured by Serbs. In practice, it meant mass murder and terror.
In 1995, a peace treaty enforced by NATO troops divided Bosnia along ethniclines. An-other round of ethnic cleansing began in 1999, however, when Serbia tried to force ethnic Alba-nians out of Kosovo. NATO forces intervened with an airborne bombing campaign that devas-tated much of Serbia.
Serbia and Montenegro After the
other republics broke away and formed indepen-dent nations, Serbia and Montenegro kept the name Yugoslavia for their own union. In 2003, the government was changed into a loose feder-ation and the Yugoslav name was dropped. In 2006, Montenegrans voted to become fully inde-pendent.
The physical geography of this area includes the rugged peaks of Montenegro and the fertile plains of the Danube valley in Serbia. About 6.5 million of the 10.6 million people in these
401 Chapter 19 ■Section 3
Civil War in
the Balkans
Cooperation and Conflict As Yugoslavia broke into separate republics, warfare destroyed vast quan-tities of property and cost hundreds of thousands of lives. These homes in Dubrovnik were destroyed during the war.
Human-Environment Interaction How did eco-nomic concerns contribute to civil war in the Balkans?
republics are Serbs. Another 2 million Serbs live in neighboring republics.
The breakup of Yugoslavia and the wars that followed resulted in economic disaster for Serbia and Montenegro. By 2000, the gross domestic product was only half as high as it had been in 1990. Unemployment soared to more than 50 per-cent. The economy slowly recovered in the early 2000s, but by 2004, unemployment was still nearly 30 percent.
Croatia More than three quarters of the nearly 5 million people who live in Croatia a r e e thn i c C r o a t s . Croats descended from the same early Slavic people as the Serbs, and the spoken lan-gua g e s o f the t w o groups are nearly iden-tical. Serbs practice Eastern Orthodoxy and use the Cyrillic alpha-b e t , whe r e a s m o s t C r o a t s a r e R o m a n Catholics and use the
<
CONNECTIONS
GL
BAL
Cooperation and Conflict
By the beginning of 2000, about 830,000 Bosnians still were displaced within their own country. In addition, the nation was hosting approxi-mately 40,000 ethnic Serbs from Croatia and 20,000 refugees from Yugoslavia. About 300,000 Bosnians remained refugees in other countries.
Answer to Photo Caption
Slove
n
i
a
an
d C
r
o
a
ti
a
, the t
w
o
w
e
a
lthiest
Y
u
gosl
a
v
r
ep
u
blics, fe
ar
ed the othe
r
r
ep
u
blics
w
o
u
ld d
ra
g do
wn
thei
r
eco
n
o
m
ies
an
d decl
ar
ed the
m
selves
i
n
depe
n
de
n
t i
n
1991. Soo
n
a
fte
r
,
othe
r
r
ep
u
blics b
r
oke
awa
y.
401
C
h
apter 19
■Section 3
A C T I V I T Y
B A C K G R O U N D
B A C K G R O U N D
Critical Thinking
Compare and Contrast
Point out
that, like the Balkan Peninsula, the
United States has many ethnic groups
living within its borders. Ask:
How
is the ethnic situation in the
Balkan Peninsula similar to
that in the United States? How
is it different?
(In both areas,
many different ethnic groups live
within a country. In the Balkan
Peninsula, large ethnic groups are
mostly concentrated in separate
areas; in the United States, ethnic
minorities are widely scattered. Also,
in the United States, most ethnic
mi-norities have migrated from other
areas. Balkan ethnic groups have
strong attachments to their land; no
broader culture exists to unite them.)
Alternative
Assessment
Mid-Point Monitoring
Class Discussion
You may wish
to monitor students’ progress on
preparing for the class discussion.
Confer with students to see if they
will soon complete their research.
Chapter 19 ■Central and Eastern Europe
Latin alphabet. These differenceshave been
heightened by frequent conflicts between Serbs and Croats.
After Croatia declared its independence, Serbs within its borders fought to gain their own inde-pendence or to link themselves with Serbia. Al -thoughfightinghas tapered off, politicaland economic uncertainty continues.
Slovenia Most of the 2 million residents of Slovenia are Slovenes, one of the Slavic peoples. This nation in the Julian Alps has long main-tained close ties with Western European nations. Industrialdevelopment tookplace earlier in Slovenia than in other parts of the Balkan Penin-sula. Because of its solid industrial base, Slovenia was expected to recover quickly from the
prob-lems brought by war and independence.
Bosnia and Herzegovina The former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina de-clared itself independent in 1991, but its initial
prospects were not bright. Its population was a complex mix. Of every six residents, two were Serbs, one was a Croat, and the other three called themselves Bosniaks and practiced Islam.
Long-standing hostilities among different groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina erupted into war when Communist control ended. After vi-cious fighting and many failed efforts to end the strife, a 1995 peace treaty divided the nation into two roughly equal parts: one controlled by Bosniaks and Croats and the other controlled by Bosnian Serbs. More than half of the popul a-tion had been displaced during the war, and many factories were destroyed. The new na-tion’s economy slowly recovered in the early 2000s.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has abundant min-eral resources, including iron ore and lead. Con-siderable time and investments, however, are still needed to rebuild these industries.
Macedonia While other former Yugoslav republics were erupting into conflict, Macedonia remained relatively quiet. Still, tensions with
neighboring Greece and Albania complicated trade patterns and hampered the Macedonian economy. Greece objected to the use of the name Macedonia for a nation comprised largely of Slavic people, claiming that the name was Hellenic. In 2001, six months of conflict flared among ethnic Albanians and Macedonians. Is-sues of culture and national identity, particularly
language, were at the center of the dispute. A framework agreement to end the conflict decen-tralized control, allowing Albanian to be recog-nized as an official language in areas where ethnic Albanians make up more than 20 percent of the population.
402
Slovenian Market
Economic Activities Shoppers examine produce at an open-air market in Ljubljana, Slovenia. A solid indus-trial base has helped the Slovenian economy recover from civil war.
Human-Environment Interaction How does this photograph suggest that Slovenia’s economy contin-ues to grow?
Answer to Photo Caption
Market stalls are filled with fresh
produce, while shoppers inspect
goods to purchase.
A C T I V I T Y
RESOURCE DIRECTORY
Tea
c
h
i
ng Resour
c
es
Creative Teaching Activities,
Practicing Conflict
Resolution Skills, p. 21
Unit 5, Chapter 19
• Section 3 Quiz, p. 16
Spanish Resources
• Section 3 Quiz, p. 48
Answers to
Section 3 Assessment
1. (a)
balkanize, p. 398
(b)
entrepre-neur, p. 399
(c)
multiplier effect,
p. 399
2.
Under Communist leaders,
Soviet-style industrialization was imposed,
and economic chaos gradually set in.
3.
Foreign nations have provided
Bulgaria with investment money
and with markets for goods. Foreign
tourists bring currency into the
country.
4. (a)
Greece and Italy
(b)
The
countries are neighbors. Albania
shares a border with Greece and is a
short distance across the Adriatic Sea
from Italy.
5.
The term applies most directly
to the situation in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, where Serbs have
tried to drive away non-Serbs, and
in Kosovo, where Serbs have tried
to drive away ethnic Albanians.
The diverse cultural pattern in the
Balkans provides fuel for ethnic
strife throughout the region.
6.
Answers may vary. Students may
cite the existence of new social
free-doms and new democratic and
eco-nomic opportunities on the one hand,
and new economic difficulties on the
other in support of their answers.
Activity Rubrics
Share rubrics
with students before they make
their oral presentations.
Attempted
The presentation is
incomplete.
Minimal
The presentation
con-tains factual errors, includes little
current information, and is poorly
delivered.
Adequate
The presentation
con-tains no factual errors, includes all
of the most important current
infor-mation, and is well delivered.
Exemplary
The presentation
con-tains no factual errors and is
com-prehensive, detailed, well organized,
and well delivered.
Kosovo Although Kosovo is officially a province of Serbia, more than three out of four residents of Kosovo were Albanian when Yu -goslavia dissolved in 1991. However, Serbia was
unwilling to grant Kosovo independence, and its armed forces began a campaign to drive Al bani-ans from the region.
1. Key Terms Define (a)balkanize,
(b)entrepreneur, (c)multiplier effect.
2. Economic SystemsHow did Communist rule change Romania’s economy?
3. Global Trade PatternsHow have foreign trade and investment affected the Bulgarian economy? Provide examples from the text.
4. Economic Activities (a)What nations have established factories in Albania? (b)How might location have been a factor in this development?
5. Cooperation and Conflict How has the con-cept of “ethnic cleansing” created challenges for some Balkan nations?
6. Critical Thinking Making Generalizations
How do you think people in the Balkan nations feel about the change from Communist rule? Give three facts to support your answer.
SECTION 3
ASSESSMENT
403 Chapter 19 ■Section 3
Keeping the Peace
Government and CitizenshipIn 1993, the United Nations sent a peace-keeping force to Macedonia in order to shield it from its warring neighbors.
MovementWhich Balkan nations might be a threat to Macedonian independence?
Writing an Oral ReportUse Internet re-sources to research current information about a country or an ethnic group discussed in this section. Share your findings in a brief oral pres-entation. Visit the World Geography section of
www.phschool.comfor help in completing this activity.
Activity
Take It to the NET
In response, the Kosovo Liberation Army waged guerrilla warfare against the Serbs, and NATO forces launched an air campaign to drive Ser-bian forces from the region. Despite massive aid, recovery was slow. A 2004 study found that more than half of all Kosovans work outside the for-mal economy as subsistence farmers or laborers.