6 NEWTONS MOTION

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MOTION

AND

FORCE

MOTION, FORCE, ENERGY, MOTION, FORCE, ENERGY,

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MOTION AND FORCE

 SPEEDSPEED: HOW FAST DOES : HOW FAST DOES

SOMETHING MOVE? A CHANGE SOMETHING MOVE? A CHANGE

OVER TIME IS CALLED RATE. SO, OVER TIME IS CALLED RATE. SO,

SPEED IS DEFINED AS THE

SPEED IS DEFINED AS THE RATE OF _{RATE OF} CHANGE IN POSITION.

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MOTION AND FORCE

 d EQUALS DISTANCEd EQUALS DISTANCE

 t EQUALS TIMEt EQUALS TIME

 s EQUALS SPEEDs EQUALS SPEED

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MOTION AND FORCE

 VELOCITY:VELOCITY: SPEED IN A GIVEN SPEED IN A GIVEN

DIRECTION. SO, VELOCITY DIRECTION. SO, VELOCITY

DESCRIBES BOTH THE SPEED OF AN DESCRIBES BOTH THE SPEED OF AN

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MOTION AND FORCE

 ACCELERATION:ACCELERATION: THE RATE IN THE RATE IN

CHANGE OF VELOCITY. CHANGE OF VELOCITY.

ACCELERATION CAN OCCUR IF ACCELERATION CAN OCCUR IF

THERE IS A CHANGE IN SPEED OR THERE IS A CHANGE IN SPEED OR

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MOTION AND FORCE

 TO CALCULATE ACCELERATION:TO CALCULATE ACCELERATION:

 FINAL VELOCITY – ORIGINAL FINAL VELOCITY – ORIGINAL

VELOCITY / TIME VELOCITY / TIME

 EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:

 A CAR IS TRAVELING 20 Km/Hr. A CAR IS TRAVELING 20 Km/Hr.

TWO SECONDS LATER, IT IS TWO SECONDS LATER, IT IS

TRAVELING 30 Km/Hr. WHAT IS THE TRAVELING 30 Km/Hr. WHAT IS THE

CARS ACCELERATION? CARS ACCELERATION?

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MOTION AND FORCE

 FORCE:FORCE: A PUSH OR PULL THAT AN A PUSH OR PULL THAT AN

OBJECT EXERTS ON ANOTHER OBJECT.

 A A BALANCED FORCEBALANCED FORCE: FORCES ON AN : FORCES ON AN

OBJECT ARE EQUAL IN SIZE AND

OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION. TUG OF WAR

(TIE)

 A A NET FORCENET FORCE: ALWAYS CHANGES THE : ALWAYS CHANGES THE

VELOCITY OF THE OBJECT. TUG OF WAR

(SOMEONE WINS)

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MOTION AND FORCE

 INERTIA:INERTIA: THE TENDENCY OF AN THE TENDENCY OF AN

OBJECT TO RESIST ANY CHANGE IN OBJECT TO RESIST ANY CHANGE IN

ITS MOTION. ITS MOTION.

 IF AN OBJECT IS IN MOTION IN A IF AN OBJECT IS IN MOTION IN A

CERTAIN DIRECTION, IT WILL CERTAIN DIRECTION, IT WILL

REMAIN IN MOTION IN THAT REMAIN IN MOTION IN THAT

DIRECTION UNLESS SOME OUTSIDE DIRECTION UNLESS SOME OUTSIDE

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MOTION AND FORCE

 NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION:NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION:

(THE SAME AS INERTIA) (THE SAME AS INERTIA)

 AN OBJECT AT REST WILL REMAIN AN OBJECT AT REST WILL REMAIN

AT REST, AN OBJECT IN MOTION AT REST, AN OBJECT IN MOTION

WILL REMAIN IN MOTION AT A WILL REMAIN IN MOTION AT A

CONSTANT VELOCITY UNLESS CONSTANT VELOCITY UNLESS

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MOTION AND FORCE

 FRICTION:FRICTION: A MAJOR FORCE WHICH A MAJOR FORCE WHICH

OPPOSES MOTION. OPPOSES MOTION.

 ANOTHER FORCE IS CALLED ANOTHER FORCE IS CALLED GRAVITY

GRAVITY. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE _{. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE}

DEPENDS ON TWO THINGS: THE DEPENDS ON TWO THINGS: THE

MASS

MASS OF THE OBJECTS AND THE _{OF THE OBJECTS AND THE}

DISTANCE

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MOTION AND FORCE

 THE MEASURE OF THE FORCE OF THE MEASURE OF THE FORCE OF

GRAVITY ON AN OBJECT IS THE GRAVITY ON AN OBJECT IS THE

OBJECTS

OBJECTS WEIGHTWEIGHT..

 AN OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1 Kg IS AN OBJECT WITH A MASS OF 1 Kg IS

PULLED TO EARTH BY THE FORCE OF PULLED TO EARTH BY THE FORCE OF

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MOTION AND FORCE

 AN OBJECT THAT WEIGHS 260 AN OBJECT THAT WEIGHS 260

POUNDS. CONVERT TO KILOGRAMS: POUNDS. CONVERT TO KILOGRAMS:

 1 Kg EQUALS 2.2 POUNDS. 1 Kg EQUALS 2.2 POUNDS.

 260/2.2 EQUALS 118 Kg260/2.2 EQUALS 118 Kg

 118 Kg X 9.8 (N) NEWTONS118 Kg X 9.8 (N) NEWTONS

 1156 NEWTONS1156 NEWTONS

 THE FORCE OF GRAVITY ON A 260 THE FORCE OF GRAVITY ON A 260

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MOTION AND FORCE

 NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF

MOTION

MOTION: FORCE MASS AND _{: FORCE MASS AND}

ACCELERATION ARE RELATED. A ACCELERATION ARE RELATED. A

FORCE ACTING ON AN OBJECT FORCE ACTING ON AN OBJECT

CAUSES THE OBJECT TO CAUSES THE OBJECT TO

ACCELERATE IN THE DIRECTION OF ACCELERATE IN THE DIRECTION OF

THE FORCE. THE FORCE.

 FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATIONFORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

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MOTION AND FORCE

 AIR RESISTANCE:AIR RESISTANCE: A FORCE THAT A FORCE THAT

AIR EXERTS ON A MOVING OBJECT. AIR EXERTS ON A MOVING OBJECT.

AIR RESISTANCE PUSHES UP ON AIR RESISTANCE PUSHES UP ON

THE OBJECT AS GRAVITY IS THE OBJECT AS GRAVITY IS

PULLING DOWN. THE MAJOR PULLING DOWN. THE MAJOR

DETERMINING FACTOR IS THE DETERMINING FACTOR IS THE

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MOTION AND FORCE

 TERMINAL VELOCITY:TERMINAL VELOCITY: THE THE

HIGHEST VELOCITY THAT WILL BE HIGHEST VELOCITY THAT WILL BE

REACHED BY A FALLING OBJECT. REACHED BY A FALLING OBJECT.

THE FORCES ACTING ON THE THE FORCES ACTING ON THE

FALLING OBJECT ARE BALANCED. FALLING OBJECT ARE BALANCED.

(NO MORE ACCELERATION). A (NO MORE ACCELERATION). A

SKYDIVER CONTINUES TO FALL, BUT SKYDIVER CONTINUES TO FALL, BUT

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MOTION AND FORCE

 PROJECTILE: ANY OBJECT THROWN PROJECTILE: ANY OBJECT THROWN

OR SHOT THROUGH THE AIR. OR SHOT THROUGH THE AIR.

 BECAUSE OF THE OBJECTS BECAUSE OF THE OBJECTS INERTIAINERTIA

AND EARTHS

AND EARTHS GRAVITATIONAL _{GRAVITATIONAL}PULL, _PULL, PROJECTILES FOLLOW A CURVED

PROJECTILES FOLLOW A CURVED PATH. THEY ALSO HAVE TWO

PATH. THEY ALSO HAVE TWO

VELOCITIES, HORIZONTAL AND VELOCITIES, HORIZONTAL AND

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MOTION AND FORCE

 REMEMBER THAT ACCELERATION IS REMEMBER THAT ACCELERATION IS

THE RATE OF CHANGE IN VELOCITY. THE RATE OF CHANGE IN VELOCITY.

THIS MEANS THAT THERE IS A THIS MEANS THAT THERE IS A

CHANGE IN SPEED, CHANGE IN CHANGE IN SPEED, CHANGE IN

DIRECTION, OR BOTH. DIRECTION, OR BOTH.

 CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATIONCENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION: :

THE CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF THE THE CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF THE

VELOCITY TOWARD THE CENTER OF VELOCITY TOWARD THE CENTER OF

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MOTION AND FORCE

 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF

MOTION:

MOTION: FOR EVERY ACTION FOR EVERY ACTION

THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE

REACTION. FORCES ALWAYS ACT IN REACTION. FORCES ALWAYS ACT IN

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MOTION AND FORCE

 MOMENTUMMOMENTUM: A PROPERTY OF A : A PROPERTY OF A

MOVING OBJECT THAT IS MOVING OBJECT THAT IS

DEPENDENT ON THE OBJECTS MASS DEPENDENT ON THE OBJECTS MASS

AND VELOCITY. AND VELOCITY.

 MOMENTUM EQUALS MASS TIMES MOMENTUM EQUALS MASS TIMES

VELOCITY. VELOCITY.

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MOTION AND FORCE

 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF

MOMENTUM:

MOMENTUM: THE MOMENTUM OF _{THE MOMENTUM OF}

AN OBJECT DOESN’T CHANGE AN OBJECT DOESN’T CHANGE

UNLESS ITS MASS, VELOCITY, OR UNLESS ITS MASS, VELOCITY, OR

BOTH CHANGE. BOTH CHANGE.

 WHEN TWO OBJECTS MEET, ONE WHEN TWO OBJECTS MEET, ONE

OBJECT WILL GAIN AND ONE OBJECT WILL GAIN AND ONE

OBJECT WILL LOSE MOMENTUM OBJECT WILL LOSE MOMENTUM

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MOTION AND FORCE

 SOLVE THE FOLLOWING:SOLVE THE FOLLOWING:

 1) A CAR TRAVELS 150 Km IN 8 Hrs. 1) A CAR TRAVELS 150 Km IN 8 Hrs.

WHAT IS THE SPEED OF THE CAR? WHAT IS THE SPEED OF THE CAR?

 150/8 = 18.75 Km/Hr150/8 = 18.75 Km/Hr

 2) ROWING A BOAT DOWNSTREAM 2) ROWING A BOAT DOWNSTREAM

AT 3 Km/Hr. THE RIVER IS MOVING AT 3 Km/Hr. THE RIVER IS MOVING

12 Km/Hr. WHAT IS THE SPEED 12 Km/Hr. WHAT IS THE SPEED

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MOTION AND FORCE

 3) A CAR IS TRAVELING 25 Km/Hr. THREE 3) A CAR IS TRAVELING 25 Km/Hr. THREE

SECONDS LATER, IT IS TRAVELING 30

Km/Hr. WHAT IS THE RATE OF

ACCELERATION?

 30 – 25 / 3 = 1.66 Km/Hr30 – 25 / 3 = 1.66 Km/Hr

 4) A ROLLERCOASTER TRAVELING 20 m/s 4) A ROLLERCOASTER TRAVELING 20 m/s

AT THE BOTTOM OF A HILL 4 SECONDS

LATER IT IS MOVING 12 m/s. SOLVE…

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MOTION AND FORCE

 5) WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF A 5) WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF A

BIRD .25 Kg FLYING 3 m/s? BIRD .25 Kg FLYING 3 m/s?

 .25 X 3 = .75 Kg-m/s.25 X 3 = .75 Kg-m/s

 6) CONVERT A 150 POUND PERSON 6) CONVERT A 150 POUND PERSON

TO KILOGRAMS. TO KILOGRAMS.

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MOTION AND FORCE

 7) A 120 POUND PERSON ON 7) A 120 POUND PERSON ON

SKATES IS PUSHED AND SKATES IS PUSHED AND

ACCELERATES 3 m/s/s. HOW MUCH ACCELERATES 3 m/s/s. HOW MUCH

FORCE WAS APPLIED? FORCE WAS APPLIED?

 120 / 2.2 = 54.5 Kg120 / 2.2 = 54.5 Kg

 54.5 Kg X 3 m/s/s = 163.5 N 54.5 Kg X 3 m/s/s = 163.5 N

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ENERGY AND

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ENERGY AND WORK

 ENERGY COMES IN MANY FORMS: ENERGY COMES IN MANY FORMS:

ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL, ELECTRICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL,

RADIANT, AND NUCLEAR. RADIANT, AND NUCLEAR.

 ENERGY: THE ABILITY TO DO WORK ENERGY: THE ABILITY TO DO WORK

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ENERGY AND WORK

 KINETIC ENERGY: ENERGY IN KINETIC ENERGY: ENERGY IN

MOTION. RUNNING OR A CAR MOTION. RUNNING OR A CAR

MOVING. THE GREATER THE MASS MOVING. THE GREATER THE MASS

AN OBJECT HAS, THE MORE KINETIC AN OBJECT HAS, THE MORE KINETIC

ENERGY IT HAS. ENERGY IT HAS.

 POTENTIAL ENERGY: STORED POTENTIAL ENERGY: STORED

ENERGY. THE AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL ENERGY. THE AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL

ENERGY MATTER HAS DEPENDS ON ENERGY MATTER HAS DEPENDS ON

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ENERGY AND WORK

 WORK: THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY WORK: THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY

THROUGH MOTION. THROUGH MOTION.

 IN ORDER FOR WORK TO TAKE IN ORDER FOR WORK TO TAKE

PLACE, A FORCE MUST BE EXERTED PLACE, A FORCE MUST BE EXERTED

THROUGH A DISTANCE. THROUGH A DISTANCE.

 W = F X DW = F X D

 WORK EQUALS FORCE TIMES WORK EQUALS FORCE TIMES

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ENERGY AND WORK

 WORK, LIKE ENERGY, IS MEASURED WORK, LIKE ENERGY, IS MEASURED

IN JOULES. ONE JOULE IS EQUAL TO IN JOULES. ONE JOULE IS EQUAL TO

A NEWTON-METER. A NEWTON-METER.

 A STUDENT LIFTS A BACKPACK A STUDENT LIFTS A BACKPACK

WEIGHING 30 N TO A LOCKER 1.5 WEIGHING 30 N TO A LOCKER 1.5

METERS HIGH. HOW MUCH WORK IS METERS HIGH. HOW MUCH WORK IS

DONE? W = 30 N X 1.5 M DONE? W = 30 N X 1.5 M

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ENERGY AND WORK

 IS WORK BEING DONE? IS WORK BEING DONE?

(TWO FACTORS) (TWO FACTORS)

 1) SOMETHING HAS TO MOVE1) SOMETHING HAS TO MOVE

 2) THE MOTION MUST BE IN THE 2) THE MOTION MUST BE IN THE

SAME DIRECTION AS THE APPLIED SAME DIRECTION AS THE APPLIED

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ENERGY AND WORK

 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION OF

ENERGY: ENERGY MAY CHANGE ENERGY: ENERGY MAY CHANGE

FORM BUT IT CANNOT BE CREATED FORM BUT IT CANNOT BE CREATED

OR DESTROYED UNDER ORDINARY OR DESTROYED UNDER ORDINARY

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MACHINES

 A MACHINE IS A DEVICE THAT A MACHINE IS A DEVICE THAT

MAKES WORK EASIER. A PERFECT MAKES WORK EASIER. A PERFECT

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MACHINES

 (6) SIMPLES MACHINES:(6) SIMPLES MACHINES:

 LEVERLEVER

 PULLEYPULLEY

 WHEEL AND AXLEWHEEL AND AXLE

 INCLINED PLANEINCLINED PLANE

 SCREWSCREW

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MACHINES

 LEVER: A BAR THAT IS FREE TO LEVER: A BAR THAT IS FREE TO

PIVOT OR TURN AROUND A FIXED PIVOT OR TURN AROUND A FIXED

POINT. THE FIXED POINT OF THE POINT. THE FIXED POINT OF THE

LEVER IS CALLED THE

LEVER IS CALLED THE FULCRUMFULCRUM. A . A SEESAW IS AN EXAMPLE OF A

SEESAW IS AN EXAMPLE OF A LEVER.

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MACHINES

 PULLEYPULLEY: A GROOVED WHEEL WITH : A GROOVED WHEEL WITH

A ROPE OR CHAIN RUNNING ALONG A ROPE OR CHAIN RUNNING ALONG

THE GROOVE. THE GROOVE.

 WHEEL AND AXLEWHEEL AND AXLE: TWO WHEELS : TWO WHEELS

OF DIFFERENT SIZES THAT ROTATE OF DIFFERENT SIZES THAT ROTATE

TOGETHER. FAUCET ON A SINK OR TOGETHER. FAUCET ON A SINK OR

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MACHINES

 INCLINED PLANEINCLINED PLANE: :

 MOVING A BOX FROM THE GROUND MOVING A BOX FROM THE GROUND

TO A PORCH. THE AMOUNT OF WORK TO A PORCH. THE AMOUNT OF WORK

DONE ON THE BOX IS THE SAME DONE ON THE BOX IS THE SAME

WHETHER YOU LIFT IT OR SLIDE IT WHETHER YOU LIFT IT OR SLIDE IT

UP A RAMP (INCLINED PLANE). UP A RAMP (INCLINED PLANE).

 WORK HAS TWO PARTS: FORCE AND WORK HAS TWO PARTS: FORCE AND

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MACHINES

 IF YOU LIFT THE BOX STRAIGHT UP, IF YOU LIFT THE BOX STRAIGHT UP,

THE DISTANCE IS SMALL, BUT THE THE DISTANCE IS SMALL, BUT THE

FORCE IS LARGE. FORCE IS LARGE.

 IF YOU USE A RAMP (INCLINED IF YOU USE A RAMP (INCLINED

PLANE) YOU COVER MORE PLANE) YOU COVER MORE

DISTANCE, BUT YOU EXERT LESS DISTANCE, BUT YOU EXERT LESS

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MACHINES

 SCREWSCREW: AN INCLINED PLANE : AN INCLINED PLANE

WRAPPED IN A SPIRAL. LOOK WRAPPED IN A SPIRAL. LOOK

CLOSELY AT A SCREW AND YOU CLOSELY AT A SCREW AND YOU

WILL SEE THREADS THAT FORM A WILL SEE THREADS THAT FORM A

TINY RAMP. TINY RAMP.

 WEDGEWEDGE: INCLINED PLANE WITH ONE : INCLINED PLANE WITH ONE

OR TWO SLOPING SIDES. KNIVES, OR TWO SLOPING SIDES. KNIVES,

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MACHINES

 COMPOUND MACHINECOMPOUND MACHINE: A : A

COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE

SIMPLE MACHINES. EXAMPLES ARE SIMPLE MACHINES. EXAMPLES ARE

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