Interstitial Fluid Blood
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(2) The Cell Membrane. EXTRACELLULAR SPACE. Filled with EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.
(3) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID. 2 MAIN TYPES. Other examples??. Interstitial Fluid Blood.
(4) Interstitial Fluid = Tissue Fluid. Surrounds/bathes cells, tissues, organs.
(5) What’s In Interstitial Fluid? Na+ ClK+ ++ Ca. O2. CO2.
(6) Blood Replenishes and Regulates the ISF.
(7) Volumes Total body water Volume = 40 L 60% body weight. Extracellular fluid (ECF). Volume = 15 L 20% body weight. Intracellular fluid (ICF) Volume = 25 L 40% body weight. Interstitial fluid (IF). Volume = 12 L 80% of ECF.
(8) Inside the Cell Nucleus. Cytoplasm Organelles + Intracellular Fluid.
(9) The PLASMA MEMBRANE. Separates the ECF from the ICF.
(10) PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. 2 Main Components. LIPIDS. PROTEINS.
(11) Most Membrane Lipids = PHOSPHOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS – Part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic. “Phosphate Group”. Fatty Acid Tails. LOVES H2O. HATES H2O.
(12) The Plasma Membrane is a phospholipid bilayer! And. Extracellular fluid (watery environment). Cytoplasm (watery environment). They’re NOT static!. And. They’re NOT alone!.
(13) Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane. Interstitial fluid Phospholipid Glycolipid Polar head of phospholipid molecule Phospholipid bilayer. Nonpolar tails of phospholipid molecule. Cholesterol. Cytosol.
(14) Cholesterol stiffens and strengthens the PM.
(15) What about membrane proteins?. 2 Main Types. Integral Peripheral.
(16) Some integral proteins are transmembrane Why is that so important?.
(17) Ligand. Interstitial fluid. Cytosol. Transport protein. Receptor.
(18) Cytoplasm of cell 1. Product. Substrate. Interstitial fluid. Cell-adhesion protein. Enzyme Cytoplasm of cell 2.
(19) Structural Protein.
(20) Glycoproteins and Glycolipids. Membrane protein/lipid + Monosaccharide. e.g. glucose, fructose, etc. Receptors & Recognition.
(21) “Sugar Coat” Recognition. Stickiness Cell-cell adhesion.
(22) Why MUST cells be connected?. Tight Junctions 3 Basic Types of Cell Junctions. Desmosomes. Gap Junctions.
(23) TIGHT JUNCTIONS –THE IMPERMEABLE CONNECTION.
(24) DESMOSOMES – STRESS RESISTANCE.
(25) GAP JUNCTIONS – COMMUNICATION.
(26) Plasma Membrane is Selectively Permeable What gets through?. Why does this selectivity matter?.
(27) Active Processes 2 Basic Types of Membrane Transport. Passive Processes. The difference lies in what the cell expends..
(28)
(29) Passive Processes are driven by Diffusion. But what drives diffusion?.
(30) KINETIC ENERGY.
(31) WHICH IS COLDER? HOW CAN WE TELL?.
(32) KE = (½)mv2.
(33) WHICH DYE HAS THE GREATER MOLECULAR WEIGHT? HOW CAN WE TELL?.
(34) Ammonium hydroxide (weight=36.5) and hydrochloric acid (weight=35) can react as gases to form ammonium chloride, a smoky substance. In the tube below, we start with ammonium hydroxide at one end and hydrochloric acid at the other. At what point (A or B) will we most likely see the smoky ammonium chloride? Why?. A NH4OH. B HCl.
(35) What’s wrong with diffusion?. DISTANCE.
(36) Simple diffusion Types of Diffusion across the Cell Membrane. Facilitated diffusion. The difference lies in the love of water..
(37) Simple Diffusion – O2, CO2, and hydrophobic substances (e.g. steroids, fat soluble vitamins) Small nonpolar solutes move down their concentration gradients.. Interstitial fluid. Oxygen. Cytosol Carbon dioxide.
(38) Facilitated Diffusion can occur via Channels Ions move down their concentration gradient through water-filled channels. Na+. Interstitial fluid. Na+ leak channel. Ions move down their concentration gradient through water-filled channels.. K+ leak channel. Cytosol. Hydrophilic substances Electrolytes. K+.
(39) Facilitated Diffusion – Carriers. Hydrophilic substances Electrolytes. Carrier proteins change shape to transport molecules across the plasma membrane. Glucose Interstitial fluid. Cytosol. Glucose carrier protein.
(40) There are a finite number of carrier proteins.. Saturation.
(41) Channels and carriers can be selective.
(42) Diffusion of Water through the Plasma Membrane Water molecules. OSMOSIS Lipid billayer. Aquaporin.
(43) Let’s consider a scenario Membrane permeable to both solutes and water. H2O. Solute. Membrane. Solute molecules (sugar).
(44) Let’s consider a slightly different scenario Membrane permeable to water, impermeable to solutes. H 2O. Membrane. Solute molecules (sugar) Click me. Particles suck!. OSMOSIS.
(45) Refresh your lettuce!.
(46) Kill the slug!.
(47) Solutions can be described by how they affect the movement of water into or out of a cell. 3 Possibilities. Hypotonic Isotonic. Hypertonic.
(48) Isotonic Solution Isotonic solution. Solution [Particle] = ICF [Particle]. Water in = Water out No in cell size. Interstitial fluid is the same concentration as cytosol.. No net movement of water. Erythrocyte.
(49) Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic solution. Solution [Particle] > ICF [Particle]. Water in < Water out Decrease in cell size Crenation. Interstitial fluid is more concentrated than cytosol.. Water leaves cell. Erythrocyte.
(50) Hypotonic Solutions Solution [Particle] < ICF [Particle]. Water in > Water out Increase in cell size Potential for lysis. Hypotonic solution Interstitial fluid is less concentrated than cytosol.. Water enters cell. Erythrocyt e.
(51) Lactated Ringer’s Solution is a common intravenous fluid. It’s isotonic to blood. Why’s that good?.
(52) Kwashiorkor Famine/Malnutrition. Blood protein levels decline. Blood osmolarity declines. Blood osmolarity is less then ISF osmolarity.
(53) 2 Basic Types of Active Transport. Primary Active Transport. Secondary Active Transport. The difference lies in whether the energy comes directly from ATP or indirectly from ATP..
(54) Primary Active Transport Click me. Energy is directly harnessed from the breakdown of ATP.
(55) Ubiquitous Especially important for muscle and nerve cells. 3 Na+ pumped out and 2 K+ pumped in per ATP. Helps maintain high ECF [Na+] and low ICF [K+]..
(56) Functions of the Na+/K+ Pump 1. Sets up an electrical gradient – the resting membrane potential. 2. Controls cell volume. 3. Creates gradients used to transport things in/out..
(57) Secondary Active Transport Notice that S is going up its gradient. The energy to move S up its gradient comes from the movement of X down its gradient. How was the gradient for X built?.
(58) Extracellular fluid. Glucose. Na+-K+ pump. Cytoplasm. Na+-glucose symport transporter loading glucose from ECF. Na+-glucose symport transporter releasing glucose into the cytoplasm.
(59) Vesicular Transport Movements of large materials or fluids into or out of the cell via membranous bags called vesicles Exocytosis. Endocytosis.
(60) Extracellular fluid. Secretory vesicle. Cytoplasm. Exocytosis.
(61) What undergoes exocytosis? • Cellular wastes • Mucus • Neurotransmitters (chemical signals released by nerve cells) • Hormones • Antibodies (immune proteins).
(62) Receptor-mediated Endocytosis 2 Important Types of Endocytosis. Phagocytosis.
(63) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - Allows cells to engulf specific materials by means of specific receptors (integral proteins). Receptors. Plasma membrane. Clathrincoated pit. Interstitial fluid. Cytosol. Clathrincoated vesicle.
(64) Phagocytosis. Performed by White Blood Cells and Macrophages. Engulf foreign material, dead cells, and cellular debris Pseudopodia. Particle Invagination. Interstitial fluid. Plasma membrane. Newly formed vesicle. Cytosol.
(65)
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