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Welcome Delegates,

Our names are Angie Lo and Mary Lee, and we are the Secretaries-General for the UCI Model United Nations 2020-2021 school year! This year, we are excited to host our first ever collegiate-level online conference, ZOTMUN, and thrilled to have you all join our new journey. We have worked hard to make this conference happen, and we hope that everyone will have a fun and engaging time in debate.

Angie is a fourth year Sociology and Political Science double major. She has been involved in MUN since freshman year of high school and loved her experiences there so much she has continued being a part of MUN throughout all of her college years. Throughout her time at MUN at UCI, she has been Assistant Director and Director for General Assembly, Under Secretary-General of Mains, and now has been Secretary General for the past 2 years. When not busy with her school, research, MUN and work, she likes drawing and playing video games.

Mary is a third year Criminology, Law and Society major. She has been involved in UCIMUN since freshman year of college and loved her experiences here by far. Her favorite part of actively being involved in MUN is cooperating with other students to contribute to raising awareness of global issues and international affairs. In UCIMUN, she has been an Assistant Director of the Legal Committee and Director of the SPECPOL Committee. Outside of UCIMUN, she is actively involved in research and a networking organization on campus. In her leisure time, on the other hand, she likes listening to music and watching YouTube videos.

By now, we have spent more than 7 months in this unprecedented time due to Covid-19. Between the pandemic and the social unrest, however, there has become a need to be able to adapt to these new circumstances. Therefore, our theme for this conference will be “adapting to a changing world,” reflecting our new normal that we have restlessly been trying to get familiarized with. Through ZOTMUN, we hope to give everyone a unique opportunity to learn how to adapt and, most importantly, rise to the challenge through dedication and resilience.

Although this will be our first college-level conference in an online format, we are determined to give everyone the best experience at the conference as always. We will provide delegates with an opportunity to get engaged in high quality debates and immerse themselves in an intellectual discussion of issues that are relevant to the community and others around them. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us or our directors anytime between now and the day of our conference—we will be happy to assist you with anything in any way we can.

Thank you for your time in advance. We look forward to seeing you in November! Sincerely,

Angie Lo and Mary Lee Secretaries-General

MUN at UCI Secretariat 2020-21

Greetings Delegates!

My name is Kyle Petersen and I will serve as your director for UCI’s first collegiate conference, ZOTMUN. Over the past four years at UCIMUN, I worked as a director for SOCHUM and then graduated to become one of the Undersecretary Generals for our 28th annual conference that was scheduled last April. Now I am very excited to be the European Union director this November!

I recently completed my bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from UCI back in June. I was ecstatic to continue on with UCIMUN when they invited me back to help organize our first online collegiate conference. Nowadays, I have been working as a pricing specialist and head of the ship from the store department at Kohl’s and using my free time to study for the GMAT exam for graduate school.

I have been involved with Model United Nations for seven years now, and it has been an incredibly rewarding experience. Model UN has helped me tremendously in my personal and professional life. It was also one of the major influences to do a year abroad in Milan, Italy, to study international banking and finance at Bocconi University. Model UN has helped shape me to become the person I am today, and I hope it will help you do just the same.

Model UN will help you grow into a better and a more worldly individual. Whether ZOTMUN is your first conference or your fifth, take it as a learning experience. Don’t be afraid to ask questions and grow. The dais will be there to guide the debate and help facilitate the learning experience; however, the direction in which the committee goes is up to you and your fellow delegates.

I am very excited to host the European Union this year. Turkey and the EU have maintained close ties with each other, however, due to rocky relations since 2016, the negotiations have subsided. This is an especially important topic for the European Union given the size of Turkey’s economy and its trade ties with the EU.

I am very excited to hear what each and every committee member has to bring to the table and how we, as the European Union, reestablish negotiations with Turkey and help restore the current rocky relationship, so make sure to research thoroughly! If any questions arise during your preparation for the conference, please do not hesitate to contact me at [email protected], I will be more than happy to help clarify anything!

I hope that you will have just as much fun as I have in preparing for this conference and I cannot wait to see what your debate has in store. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact myself or your dias, as we will be more than happy to help.

See you soon! Kyle Petersen

Director, European Union [email protected]

Greetings Delegates!

My name is Xiaowei Wang and I will serve as your assistant director for UCI’s first collegiate conference, ZOTMUN. I am excited to join MUN at UCI, and I was so happy when they invited me to participate in ZOTMUN. I have engaged in MUN conferences since high school, working as an academic director with conferences in Beijing. It’s my pleasure to be the European Union assistant director this November!

I will be completing my bachelor’s degree in Business Econ and International Studies from UC Irvine in June 2021. Currently, I have been assisting Professor of Economics Gary Richardson with research, and on the side I have been working on preparing for the GMAT for graduate school.

I have experience of being a member of Model United Nations for 3 years. Model UN helped me to initiate my interest in International Studies. Attending conferences and communicating with other delegates also gave me more incentive to care about socio-economic problems. Model United Nations helped me to transfer from academic to professional life and I truly hope it will help you to find the path to your future.

Model UN will help you build up a broader view of how the world is organized. No matter whether ZOTMUN is your first conference or not, do not hesitate to show your strength and give it your all. I, along with the director and all of the other committees, will always be here, open to answer all of your questions; on the other hand, you should follow your own pace and engage in the conference with your fellow delegates.

I feel honored to host the European Union this year. For our topic, human rights are the key to solving Turkey’s long-term relationship with the EU since 1987. This is an essential dialogue problem resulting from imbalance between economic benefit and the political tension. I’m willing to hear your creative thoughts and how you can reestablish and restore the relationship of Turkey and EU. Remember, it’s your task to keep up with global affairs for a better comprehension of the topic. Do not hesitate to research online and be sure to check for trustworthy sources! If you have any issue regarding our preparation for the conference, please do contact me as soon as possible at [email protected]; we will do our best to clarify any questions you may have.

I sincerely hope that you enjoy this conference and store beautiful memories like a treasure of undergraduate life. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact the director and myself, we will be more than happy to help.

See you soon!

Xiaowei Wang, Assistant Director European Union

Introduction

On 14 April 1987, the Republic of Turkey officially submitted its application for ascension into the European Union, and has continued its negotiations with the EU for membership until 2016 (EurActive, 2004). Due to accusations of human rights violations by the European Union, negotiations came to a halt. According to the European Union, Turkey no longer met the Copenhagen criteria for membership into the union: in order to meet the criteria, it is necessary for a candidate country to “achieve stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union (Copenhagen European Council, 1993).” Turkey was one of the original members of the Council of Europe in 1949, and has continually played an incredible role throughout the history of modern Europe, and will continue to in the future. Given the recent stalls in negotiations, this has created a lot of tension between Turkey and the European Union, proving how important an open dialogue between the two groups are. Given Turkey’s current geopolitical position with the European Union, it is important for us as a committee to not only come up with a way to open back up the dialogue between Turkey and the European Union, but to also discuss whether Turkey is a proper candidate for ascension into the Union at this time. Does Turkey’s current socio-political climate meet the Copenhagen criteria for entry into the Union? How can the European Union ensure Turkey continually maintains the criterion after ascension? There are many different sides to this complex topic that we will have to consider during debate, and we the European Union must decide how we will move forward with our

relations with Turkey, whether it be ascension or maintaining/evolving the EU-Turkey Customs Union.

Topic Description

Turkey and the European Union have a special relationship, and rightly so, given the fact that Turkey borders two European Union member states: Bulgaria and Greece. Due to the economy of the region, a strong relationship between Turkey and the European Union are necessary to help facilitate the movement of goods and people across the borders. Of course Turkey’s membership into the European Union would allow for the most freedom when it comes to the movement of people and goods, with virtually no restrictions; however, the current working agreement between the two is the EU-Turkey Customs Union. Since the mid 20th century, it has been clear that Turkey has always been interested in forming and maintaining a stronger relationship with the European Union. Turkey has always recognized what benefits would come from its full ascension to the European Union. However, there have been some socio-political differences between the two that have caused some rifts between the two. If Turkey is to fully integrate with the European Union, this would be a huge win for the Turkish economy, and the European Union would have extended its reach beyond the European continent itself.

Turkey’s Ascension into the European Union

As previously mentioned, the negotiations for the ascension of Turkey into the European Union did come to a standstill back in 2016 due to some conflicting points of view between some European Union member states and Turkey. The negotiations did not just abruptly end, however; it was merely the end result of a string of broken promises and policy changes by Turkey that caused a rift in its relationship with the European Union. Back in March of 2007, during negotiations in Brussels, the location of the European Union headquarters, Turkey’s chief

negotiator, Ali Babacan, stated that Turkey had plans to adopt a majority of European laws by 2013. During this time the Turkish government also had plans to demonstrate to its citizens the benefits that would come if Turkey fully integrated into the European Union (Kubosova, 2003). By 2012, however, new problems arose between the European Union and Turkey, when it was Cyprus’ turn for the rotation of the European Union presidency (Morelli, 2013). Egemen Bagis, the former Minister of European Union Affairs, stated that Turkey would ignore Cyprus’ EU presidency and would wait six months until the end of their presidency before resuming its membership into the EU (Burch, 2011). On 17 May 2012, the European Union Commission for Enlargement and European Neighborhood Policy and the Turkish Minister for European Union Affairs announced the creation of a new “Positive Agenda” with Turkey. Officially, the “Positive Agenda” was meant to help with “legislative alignment,” the movement of goods and people, and to help fight against terrorism. The new “Positive Agenda” was meant to build a relationship and foster cooperation between Turkey and the European Union before the expected stall in negotiations during the Cyprus EU presidency (Demiral, 2014). In reality, the “Positive Agenda” was merely a way to maintain an official relationship between Turkey and the EU during the Cyprus EU presidency (Morelli, 2013). As expected, on 1 July 2012, the Turkish prime minister (Recep Erdogan at the time), froze all negotiations with the European Union for six months until the end of the duration of the Cyprus EU presidency until 31 December 2012. Later in June 2013, just as negotiations were beginning to resume, the Turkish government’s crackdown on protests in Taksim Square in Istanbul, caused a further halt in negotiations as Brussels saw these crackdowns as problems with freedoms of speech and assembly. By 13 June 2013, the European Union passed a resolution condemning Turkey for its use of force on protests in Taksim Square, stating that such actions against the freedom of speech goes against the core principles of the

European Union (Shafak, 2013). Turkey then responded harshly to the resolution with Erdogan responding, “he did not recognize the decisions made by the European Parliament.” For the next few years, negotiations between Turkey and the European Union continued in the same back and forth pattern as before with the European Union disapproving with certain Turkish policies, then causing a stall before negotiations resumed a few months later (Morelli, 2013). It was not until 2016 following the coup d’etat attempt by the Peace at Home Council, a faction of the Turkish armed forces, against the Turkish government that really led to a disruption between Turkey and the European Union. The main reasons behind the coup by the Peace at Home Council were due to the then current government’s corruption, lack of secularism, and human rights violations (McLaughlin, 2016). Erdogan, the Turkish president at the time responded to the coup d’etat attempt very harshly, even promoting the reestablishment of the death penalty in Turkey, which was abolished in 2004 as a prerequisite for joining the European Union (Guyoncourt, 2016). Following the calls for the reestablishment of the death penalty in Turkey, European officials were very vocal in their condemnation to it (Guyoncourt, 2016). The High Representative of Foreign Affairs of the European Union, Federica Mogherini, stated that if Turkey were to reinstate the death penalty, they would not be admitted into the European Union, as such a policy was a major violation of the European Union’s core principles and such an action would end all negotiations over Turkey’s ascension into the European Union. The 2016 coup attempt and new calls for the reinstatement of the death penalty in Turkey have caused major halts in the negotiations for Turkey’s European Union membership, and for the time being, permanently caused a rift in the relationship between Turkey and the European Union (Guyoncourt, 2016). In 2017, the European Union stated that Turkey no longer met the Copenhagen Criteria for entry into the union. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe later announced that it will be opening

procedures to monitor Turkey and the current situation (Wesslau, 1970). In June 2018, the European Union General Affairs Council announced the standstill in negotiations with Turkey and that no further chapters would be opened until Turkey realigned itself with the values and policies of the European Union. The EU council even concluded that “no further work towards the modernization of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen (European Commission, 2019).” The council stated that in order for the negotiations for the ascension of Turkey into the European Union to continue, Turkey would have to improve its relationship with Cyprus, a European Union member state, and work on improving the human rights situation in turkey (mainly the decision to reestablish the death penalty). There are clearly many different sides to the relationship between Turkey and the European Union, and Turkey has a lot of work to do in order to improve the European Union's perception of Turkey and reopen negotiations between the two.

Cyprus

One of the many points of tension between Turkey and the European Union is Turkey’s relationship with Cyprus, an European Union member state. As previously stated, one of the reasons the negotiations for the ascension of Turkey into the European Union stalled was because of Cyprus’ EU presidency rotation, and Turkey refused to recognize Cyprus’ presidency during the time (Michael, 2018).

Back in the beginning of the 19th century, ethnic Greeks on the island wanted to end the Ottoman rule of Cyprus and bring a union of Cyprus with Greece. During this time, the United Kingdom obtained control over the island in 1878 as a way to prevent the island from falling under Russian control. Later as a result of World War I, the United Kingdom claimed Cyprus as a British colony, and expelled all territorial claims of the Ottoman empire (Lambert, 2020). As a result of this declaration, civil unrest broke out on the island among the Turkish Cyprots who rejected the

British rule because of the United Kingdom’s relationship with Greece at the time, and pushing for Cyprus to be unified with Greece. After many years of clashes between the Greek Cyprots and the Turkish Cyprots, in December 1958, members of the Greek and Turkish Cyprot communities came together to open up a dialogue between each other in order to help bring peace to the island and stop it from falling into a civil war (Jenkins, 2006). There are two important terms regarding the unification of Cyprus with Greece and the separate administration of Cyprus between Greece and Turkey: enosis and taksim. Enosis is the notion that Greece would create a political union between Greek and Cyprus, which is what the ethnically Greek Cyprots wanted. On the other hand, taksim, is a Turkish notion that Cyprus would be divided into two separate areas (much like it is now), where there would be the Greek part in the south, and the Turkish region to the north (Hoffmeister, 2006). The docket for the December 1958 talks between the Greeks and the Turkish was mainly consisting of creating a unified Cyprus, aside from both of the notions of enosis and taksim. The end result of these discussions created three things: the Treaty of Establishment, the Treaty of Guarantee, and the Treaty of Alliance (Republic of Turkey, 2020). These documents established Cyprus’ independence from the United Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic of Cyprus. The arrangement of the new republic would be a country independent from both Greek and Turkey, but gave power to both the Greek and Turkish communities on the island. The new sovereign republic lasted for only a short period before unrest erupted between the Greek and Turkish communities, and this led to the current division of Cyprus as it is today: The Republic of Cyprus to the south, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Turkey’s rocky relationship with Cyprus and Greece has been one of the main blocades to its negotiations with the European Union, and it is important to find an arrangement between each of the parties that would be beneficial to all the parties involved.

EU-Turkey Customs Union

On 31 December 1995, the European Union and Turkey entered into a customs union (Daily Sabah, 2016). This union allowed goods to travel between the European Union and Turkey freely (The European Commission, 2020). The European Union-Turkey Customs Union was a big step towards the ascension of Turkey into the European Union as in the agreement, Turkey would have to raise its tariffs to match those of the European Union. This created closer ties between the two parties as both were starting to work together in integrating their economies. As a result of the customs union, Turkey saw not only a great increase in exports and imports but also a rise in the GDP per capita (Aytuğ, Kütük, Oduncu, & Togan, 2016). According to a study by Mario Larch from the University of Bayreuth, in the manufacturing sector, there was over a 50% increase in trade between the European Union and Turkey compared to previous trade agreements. However, the EU-Turkey Customs Union does have some caveats that come with the benefits. One of the major issues created for Turkey is the fact that states that have signed free trade agreements with the European Union can export to Turkey tariff free, while Turkey cannot export to these same countries without having to pay tariffs (Cetingulec, 2018). As a result of this caveat, Turkey would have to create separate free trade agreements with these countries before it can fully reap the benefits of such trade agreements. If Turkey is to fully integrate with the European Union, then it would be able to enjoy the full benefits of the free trade agreements the European Union holds with other countries.

Turkey Today

Since 1959, Turkey has always been interested in maintaining a relationship with its western neighbors (Astons, 2020). This relationship was formalized in 1963, with the Ankara

Agreement, which was the bedrock to the current relationship between the two (Dipublico.org, 1963). The founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founded the republic on the basis of modernizing the country, even going as far as saying “We Turks have always gone from East to West (Caldwell, 2005).” Given Turkey’s size and population, it would definitely have a lot of power when it comes to European Union affairs, comparable to that of countries like France or Germany. Two of the main differences between the EU and Turkey are Turkey’s refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus as a legitimate state, and Turkey’s refusal to recognize its role in the Armenian Genocide of 1915, both of which greatly contributed to their rocky relationship (Lourenço, Järviniemi, & d'Europe, 2019). Another change in the EU-Turkey dynamic manifested in 2013, when protests broke out in Istanbul against the leadership of the country at the time and Turkish police forces violently shut down the protestors. A few years later in 2016, during a failed coup attempt against President Erdogen, the country took an authoritarian turn as many government officials had been forcefully removed from their roles, with over 150,000 people detained in 2016 as a result of the coup. This caused great concern for the European Union due to the suppression of the freedom of speech (Morelli, 2013). Turkey has had a lot on its plate recently with its conflict with Syria to the east, and its negotiations with the west. Whether or not it joins the European Union will be up to the two parties working together to find a solution that satisfies all of the sides. A forced union will not work and only cause more conflict in the future. Turkey certainly has a lot more going on than simply trying to negotiate with the west, and only time will tell the fate of this union.

Committee Goals

I know this will be a short, one-day conference so I do not expect a full ascension of Turkey into the European Union. I am excited to participate in a lively discussion on if Turkey

joining the European Union is a positive action for both Turkey and the European Union. Given the current tension between Turkey and the European Union, does it make sense to reopen negotiations between Turkey and the EU? I hope for this committee to help you to understand the many different facets that come into play once a country wants to join the European Union, and it's much more than a simple yes or no referendum as the media may have painted it to be with BREXIT. During committee sessions, I hope for the European Union to come together and discuss if Turkey joining is favorable to all member states, and what the next move for Turkey’s ascension will be: reopening negotiations, evolving the EU-Turkey Customs Union, or closing the book all together?

Research Questions

1. Should Turkey be allowed to join the European Union as a full member with all rights and privileges involved?

2. How can the European Union ensure that Turkey will continually meet the Copenhagen criteria for membership?

3. Is the Republic of Turkey ‘stable’ enough socio-politically to maintain the core values of the European Union?

4. Will Turkey joining the European Union help ease the tensions between Turkey and Cyprus?

5. What are some of the ‘grievances’ of current European Union member states that Turkey must address before fully integrating into the Union?

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