ReO Production Simulation and Optimization Software

and Optimization Software

Software products for simulating and

optimizing upstream hydrocarbon

production systems

ReO software provides simulation and optimization solutions for surface networks from wellhead to the processing plant. This application simulates all production system behavior and optimizes production using the operator’s economic model for a significant boost to production while minimizing costs. Based on state-of-the-art technology in fluid modeling, process simulation, optimization and software design, ReO software provides the most accurate engineering and economic solutions while offering the flexibility engineers need to build complicated network models efficiently. Our unique integrated simulation and optimization approach allows users to handle large and complex networks with ease.

ReO software was developed using integrated technology from Weatherford’s current and future production optimization software solutions. ReO Forecast™ _{software, a powerful}

companion program, couples ReO data with subsurface modeling applications such as material balance or reservoir simulators to enable the operator to make accurate production predictions over the life of the asset. ReO software provides unprecedented flexibility and powerful tools that analyze and optimize production and perform business planning in the design, operations and forecast phases. Users of Weatherford’s Field Office suite receive the benefits of ReO software in addition to seamlessly integrated WellFlo® _and

MatBal® _{applications.}

Weatherford’s ReO® _{simulation and}

optimization software is the most complete and robust tool available for petroleum engineering and production optimization. Offered as part of Weatherford’s Field Office™ _software

suite, ReO software is recognized as one of the preeminent products in the industry.

Improve the way you optimize and evaluate system costs and

operations, identify bottlenecks, allocate production and gain

better control of operating data.

•

Production facility optimization: Once optimization is complete, field equipment

settings are updated for optimal hydrocarbon production. Production gains of up to 5 percent can be achieved through facility optimization without capital expenditure.

•

Production system optimization: Increase hydrocarbon production by rerouting fluids

to enhance efficiency of the production system based on the capacity of the flowlines.

•

Asset-based gas-lift optimization: Maximize hydrocarbon production of

gas-lift fields, including injection- and production-system pressure constraints, and allocation of lift gas to wells. A gas-lift-optimization algorithm computes injection rates for each well based on the available injection pressure in the network.

•

Production allocation: Translate field-production-rate measurements into individual

well and reservoir off-takes essential for asset and reservoir development planning with our sophisticated simulation and reporting functionality.

•

Artificial-lift design: Evaluate artificial-lift, gas-lift or electric-submersible-pump (ESP)

methods and their design to determine whether the expected production gains can be achieved—particularly after taking into account production and processing system constraints.

•

De-bottlenecking: Provide key information to help identify production system

bottlenecks in the most cost-effective way, using state-of-the-art mathematical models coupled with detailed flow and equipment-related results.

•

Contingency planning: Investigate various scenarios where equipment/pipe/well

failures occur and look at ways of optimizing production under those circumstances.

•

Process equipment design: Run multiple process-equipment scenarios, using flexible

modeling process tools to find the fit-for-purpose configuration that is right for your job.

Typical Applications

Gas-lift Network System

Robust, reliable and versatile

•

Advanced mathematical models, coupled with optimization software, ensure the physics in every component of process equipment are honored during calculations.

•

Software models are built for diverse assets, with varying degrees of

complexity and a proven track record for robustness in terms of reliability and solution time in the most complex environments.

•

Stress-tested online system models with the proven capability of running multiple scenarios multiple times daily for more than a year at a minimal failure rate.

Efficient, fast and easy to use

•

Novel solver approach applies to a large variety of advanced production and asset-management problems.

•

Highly intuitive drag-and-drop user interface, bulk data entry and edit facilities enable fast and efficient model building. Results plotting and visualization aid in effective outcome interpretation.

•

ReO solver is designed for speed and efficiency—an advantage over other software packages—with acceptable solution times, even as problem complexity increases.

Open interface

•

The well-documented COM interface enables users to integrate ReO software with third-party modeling software, downstream process simulators, or Microsoft® _Excel® _software.

Microsoft and Excel are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Fluid Component Modeling Example

Fluid modeling

ReO software integrates seamlessly with Field Office™ _{suite’s fluid properties}

modeling application, PVTflex™ _{software, and offers black-oil and compositional}

pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) models for accurate phase-behavior predictions of gas-oil-water systems at a wide range of temperatures and pressures that are commonly encountered in production networks.

For black-oil PVT, a range of industry-standard correlations—including Standing, Glaso, and Petrosky-Farshad—are available. The compositional PVT is based on equation of state (EoS). Six EoS—including Peng-Robinson and Soave Redlich Kwong with volume shifts—are incorporated in ReO software. The fluid-data library supplied has component properties up to C45, including commonly found inorganic components, which enables users to enter compositional PVT data quickly.

Mixing of fluids plays an important role in the surface production network, and ReO software provides efficient mixing of different compositions. For compositional PVT, the application uses the common fluid description approach, which enables accurate mixing of fluids without affecting CPU flash calculation time.

The novel black-oil-to-compositional translation algorithm allows users to mix black and compositional PVT data sets and use the EoS calculation engine for optimization.

ReO software reports fluid composition at all nodes in the network, which is valuable in tracking the composition of key inorganic components such as CO₂ or H2S. This reporting also assists in monitoring the composition of injected gas,

especially in water-alternating-gas (WAG) processes.

Process Modeling Example

Process modeling

ReO® _{software supports all key equipment used in typical gas and oil production}

systems—namely, chokes, flowlines, risers, downcomers, pipe fittings, manifolds, multiphase separators, heat exchangers, gas compressors, pumps, and gas purifiers for H2S and CO2 removal.

For each type of equipment, a range of industry-standard correlations are offered to meet the degree of complexity for the asset. Mathematical models are presented to users in various ways that allow them to focus on the key objectives of their study without investing too much time in areas that have little or no effect on overall optimization calculations.

•

Chokes: Critical and sub-critical correlations (Sachdeva and Gilbert type) are

available to accurately model the critical flow rate and pressure drop in a choke. Users may also model the temperature change across the choke using either an isentropic or isenthalpic flush.

•

Compressors: The simple gas-compressor option is ideal for running quick and

simple scenarios. The detailed gas-compressor option models the entire compressor station, which consists of a turbine, compressor stages, gearboxes and heat

exchangers. Users may enter the manufacturer’s data-head coefficient and efficiency curves for compressor stages, power and speed data for turbine.

•

Flowlines, risers and downcomers: ReO software offers a range of

industry-standard flow correlations to predict pressure drop to include Beggs and Brill, Dukler-Eaton-Flanigan and more. The coupled fluid-flow and heat-transfer models facilitate accurate modeling of temperature changes while enabling users to specify tuning factors to augment the accuracy of the predictions.

•

H2S and CO2 removal: The gas-purifier object enables users to simulate the

H₂S and CO₂ processing facility. Users can specify the efficiency and capacity of the processing plant.

•

Heat exchangers: The simple heat-exchanger option in the ReO application

allows users to simulate temperature change in the process stream quickly and efficiently. A detailed exchanger model is available, offering many heat-exchanger types, including commonly used shell and tube for users interested in modeling the heat-transfer processes in detail.

•

Pipe fittings: Various pipe fittings in the overall pressure drop of the surface

network can make a significant contribution. We offer widely used pipe fittings, including, bends, contraction, enlargement and elbows. The industry-standard equivalent-length concept is used to calculate pressure drops. Users can always specify the tuning factors to match the observed pressure drop.

•

Pumps: Centrifugal and reciprocating pump options are supported. Users can

enter pump performance data supplied by the manufacturer along with the cost of compression used by the optimizer to find the optimal speed and efficiency. In addition, ReO software supports a basic pump model that provides liquid pump performance with gas-volume effects. This generic model is applicable over a much wider range of fluid-flow situations and requires minimal input.

•

Separators: ReO software is capable of optimizing a multistage separator train

on both gas and oil streams. For each separator stage, users can simulate field separations by specifying the entrainment factors for each stream.

For large network models, users can modify data for all the equipment quickly through global or sheet-table-view functionality. ReO technology’s sub-sheet feature helps users manage large amounts of data while providing better visualization of the network.

Plotting Package

Well Modeling Example

Hydrate Inhibitor Management

Flow assurance

ReO software’s flow assurance module enables users to check for the formation of hydrate, wax and asphaltene in the surface network.

•

The hydrate module computes the hydrate curve

for the composition at the specified location. Users can perform efficacy analysis of various commercially available hydrate inhibitors such as methanol, ethanol, mono-ethylene glycol (MEG), di-ethylene glycol (DEG) and tri-ethylene glycol (TEG). The concentration of these inhibitors can be specified either in mole, mass or volume percent.

•

The wax module enables users to perform

wax-formation analysis and to create a wax-precipitation curve at a specified temperature for various pressure setpoints. Users have the option to specify total wax content or to compute it using a correlation.

•

The asphaltene module helps users examine the solids precipitations. By implementing this

functionality, users can specify the resins and asphaltene content of the oil or calculate these values using built-in correlations.

ReO software also displays pressure and temperature profiles of selected equipment in surface technology.

Well modeling

ReO® _{software is seamlessly integrated with Field Office}™

suite’s well-modeling application, WellFlo® _{software, to}

provide detailed well-performance data that are pivotal in optimization calculations. This functionality is available for production and injection wells.

In naturally flowing wells, ReO software uses the

performance curve at wellhead based on wellhead pressure, temperature, gas, oil and water rates. In gas-lifted wells, a two-dimensional tabulation is generated, using the gas-lift injection rate and tubing-head pressure against wellhead temperature, fluids produced, and casing-head pressure. WellFlo advanced gas-valve modeling functionality computes the correct casing-head pressure for the specified injection rate. In ESP wells, power corresponding to the calculated optimal flow rate is reported. During optimization, ReO software honors the manufacturer’s recommended flow-rate range for the selected frequency.

This application enables users to import well-performance data from Prosper™ _{software using its OpenServer}™ _{feature, or by copying}

and pasting well-performance data generated by any well-modeling program. For gas-lifted wells, the user could use the externally generated PCD file for importing data into the ReO application.

Key Features

Solver Technology

Solver technology

ReO software optimizer technology is based on sequential linear programming. Unlike many surface production network software products, it simultaneously simulates and optimizes the network. Simulation determines pressures, temperatures and flow rates within the production system while optimization determines the most economic production strategy, subject to engineering and economic constraints. The economic-modeling capability inherent within the program accounts for revenues from hydrocarbon sales in conjunction with production costs to maximize net revenue from the field.

ReO software supports a wide variety of objectives—maximize, minimize, bounds and target—for pressure, flow rate and H2S

and CO2 concentrations. Users can set these objectives at most

points in the network. Should operational constraints and user-defined targets conflict, the optimized solution will honor the operational constraints as far as physically possible. If required, the optimizer breaks the user-defined objectives and warns the user accordingly; however, the algorithm always honors the physics of the process.

•

Scalability: ReO software optimizes networks of thousands of

wells in a quick and efficient manner.

•

Topological complexity: The software can effectively

manage any degree of complexity, including loops, branches, distribution and injection networks.

•

Total system modeling: Injection and production networks

can be solved and optimized simultaneously.

The unique network-trimming functionality helps users focus on the prime element of the network. An intelligent scanning algorithm identifies sections of the network inaccessible because of blocked valves and disables them for optimization calculations. The hot-start feature enables users to start optimization

Software architecture

This program was developed using object-oriented technologies. The integral, object-oriented ObjectStore® _{database stores all production system and network}

configuration data, along with computed results, to enable different scenarios to be created, evaluated and easily compared. All modeling and analysis are conducted through a GUI with drag-and-drop capability, enabling easy construction of production networks. A nested sub-sheet facility helps engineers drill down to greater levels of detail and avoid excessive on-screen complexity for large production systems.

Units can be selected and changed as required. Maps or other diagrams can be imported to allow correct and swift layout of production models.

Software architecture does not restrict the complexity of the production system other than for pphysical and logical consistency. A complex network, including loops, branches, crossovers, parallel flowlines and recycle loops, can be modeled without constraints or excessive computational time overheads.

ReO

®

WellFlo

®

Material Balance (e.g. MatBal®₎

Reservoir Simulator (e.g. Eclipse™₎

Qgi, MMScf/day

Qoil, STB/day

THP = 100 psia THP = 200 psia THP = 300 psia

The ReO Forecast module extends ReO software’s capabilities to enable users to time-step the production system model for short- or long-term production forecasting. This module enables users to build an integrated subsurface and surface network model for accurate forecasting. It links ReO software with the subsurface model via WellFlo® _{software. The}

subsurface model can use Weatherford’s material balance application, MatBal® _{software, or other}

commercial reservoir simulators. This tool is ideal for production forecasting, facilities design and sizing, and reservoir-development planning. Static and dynamic links are available for reservoir simulators. For a static link, the forecasting results of the reservoir simulator or material balance application forms an input to the integrated WellFlo / ReO model at the reservoir/well connection level. In dynamic links (available for Eclipse™ _{100 and 300), the}

reservoir/well/surface network models are run dynamically (in series) with seamless data communication between these applications. An iteration algorithm is incorporated to resolve discrepancies in the predictions between the reservoir simulator and ReO software. Two main forecasting options are offered in the module:

•

Production profile

•

Gas contract

Flexible, event-based scheduling allows users to modify any constraint in the surface network in addition to opening or closing the wells. Built-in production rules ensure that production from every well is optimized in the best possible way for the given asset. Manual and automatic drilling options offer full flexibility to users in managing the forecasting calculations.

For gas contract, users can specify daily contract quantity and swing factor to simulate seasonal changes in gas demands.

ReO Forecast

™

Module

Eclipse is a trademark of Schlumberger.

ReO Forecast Integrated Production Forecasting Module

weatherford.com

Weatherford products and services are subject to the Company’s standard terms and conditions, available on request or at weatherford.com. For more information contact an authorized Weatherford representative. Unless noted © 2008–2013 Weatherford. All rights reserved. 5323.02 ReO and Reo Forecast™

software packages provide simulation, optimization and forecasting for surface networks, incorporating every piece of equipment from wellhead to the processing plant.

ReO technology is part of Weatherford’s Field Office™

real-time production optimization software suite that includes:

•

Analysis Workbench artificial-lift analysis

•

CygNet®

EOP enterprise operation platform

•

CygNet Measurement electronic flow measurement and reconciliation

•

CygNet SCADA production midstream and pipeline operations

•

DataMart™

analytical data

•

DynaLift™

dynamic gas-lift simulator

•

DTSPlus™

distributed temperature data acquisition

•

i-DO®

(intelligent daily operations) real-time well and network engineering

•

LinkBox™

data communicator

•

LOWIS™

life-of-well information software

•

MatBal®

reservoir simulation

•

PanMesh™

downhole well-test simulation

•

PanSystem®

downhole well-test analysis

•

PetroAtlas™

petroleum engineering knowledgebase

•

PVTflex™

fluid property analysis

•

RigPlan™

asset scheduling

•

RMS reservoir monitoring system

•

Verge™

field visualization

•

Well Service Manager™

(WSM) application

•

WellFlo®

nodal analysis

•

WellScribe™

wellsite activity capture