ISEP. ISEP Transcript Evaluation Guidelines

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ISEP

Transcript

Evaluation

Guidelines

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Introduction

We are pleased to present the revised 2005 edition of the ISEP Transcript Evaluation Guidelines. We have compiled the following information on the academic systems abroad to assist U. S. ISEP coordinators in transcript evaluation. While our primary purpose in creating this document was to help you evaluate work done abroad by your U.S. students, we also hope you will find it useful when evaluating the transcripts of incoming international exchange students.

The ISEP Transcript Evaluation Guidelines provide transcript evaluators with information to translate grades/marks and to transfer credits from international institutions to U.S. institutions. The approach to grading in most institutions abroad is quite different from the U.S. system. The terminology is different, and the percentage of students receiving high grades is usually much lower than in the United States. Spanish and French institutions, for example, are known for their very strict grading methods; grades of 16 and above are considered very high and are not readily dispensed by French professors while a passing grade of 10 is considered quite acceptable. A student who is usually awarded A’s in the United States should not be expected to return from a French institution with marks of 16 and above.

An increasing number of European member institutions use the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS), which awards credits on the basis of the estimated total student workload (see page 5 for further details).

It is up to each institution to decide how to go about transferring credits from students’ study abroad. Please keep in mind that students studying at a university in a foreign country are coping with different methods of instruction, and different types of assignments and assessment. If they are taking regular academic classes taught in a foreign language, the challenge is even greater. Taking these challenges into account when awarding credit is fair to students.

We hope you will find these guidelines a useful tool and encourage you to share them with those involved in transcript evaluation on your campus. We ask that you acknowledge ISEP as the source of the information if you do photocopy the guidelines for use by members of your campus community. We welcome any suggestions and comments you may have that will assist us in serving you better.

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Guidelines by Country…………...………... 7 Argentina... 7 Australia... 8 Austria... 9 Brazil... 10 Bulgaria... . 11 Canada... 12 Chile... 13 China—Hong Kong... 14 Costa Rica... 15 Czech Republic... 16 Denmark... 17 Estonia... 18 Fiji... 19 Finland... 20 France... 21 Germany... . 22 Ghana... 23 Hungary... 24 Iceland... . 25 Italy... 26 Japan... 27 Korea... . 28 Latvia... 29 Malta... 30 Mexico... 31 Netherlands... 32

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Thailand... 39 United Kingdom... 40 Uruguay... 41

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Transcript Guidelines for ISEP Coordinators and Participants

Countries approach course registration and the recording and reporting of grades differently. In the United States, registration and recording of grades are centralized, and transcripts are usually issued at the end of every semester. In many other countries, registration is a less formal process and transcripts may not be issued until students have completed their degree program.

Earning grades in one educational system and applying the credit towards a degree in another country is a complex process, which requires the cooperation of all of the parties involved in an ISEP program—home and host institutions, ISEP participants, and ISEP Central. Each has the following responsibilities.

1. The home institution coordinator

• helpsthe student appreciate differences between the educational systems at home and abroad

• assistsstudents in selecting sites appropriate to their academic goals

• advisesstudents about getting pre-approval for courses to be taken abroad

• remindsstudents of their responsibility for knowing and following procedures at their home and host institution

• assistsstudents in getting credit for work done abroad upon their return 2. The host institution coordinator

• advises students in selecting courses that meet their needs (as defined in the study site request) within the context of the host academic system

• informs ISEP participants of any special host institution procedures they must follow in order to receive a transcript

• at Non-US institutions:

o reviews, collects, and signs the Enrollment Verification Form (included in a student's PPAF packet), keeps a copy on file, and sends the original to participant’s home ISEP coordinator

o reviews, signs, and files the Host Institution Exit Form (included in a student's PPAF packet), which lists courses that students have completed and for which they expect grades

• ensures that a transcript is issued by the date indicated in the Institutional Information Sheet (preferably within six weeks of the completion of a student’s program; IIS available in the Coordinators section of the ISEP Web site; included in a student's

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– Duration of course (semester, year, etc.)

– Hours of class (either per week or total) or credit unit

– Grade

– Explanation of credit units or and grading system

• sends the original transcript to ISEP Central or notifies ISEP if the transcript is being withheld

3. ISEP participants are responsible for Before Departure:

• being familiar with the host institution academic system

• reading and understanding #17-Transcript Issuance on the host institution's

Institutional Information Sheet (IIS)

• getting written approval from the home institution for courses to be taken abroad While Abroad:

• completing the Enrollment Verification Form after registering for courses at the Host Institution. The form must be signed by the host ISEP coordinator (students' should make a copy for their own records and return the original to the home ISEP coordinator).

NOTE: It is especially important for U.S. students to complete this form; in some countries it may be the only written record of the courses taken abroad. U.S. students receiving financial aid must submit this form to their home institutions to release financial aid monies.

• informing the home coordinator or academic advisor of any changes made to their academic program abroad

• keeping copies of all work done abroad, course outlines/descriptions, and any other materials until they have received a complete and correct transcript from the Host Institution.

• knowing and following all transcripts procedures at the Host Institution to ensure they receive a transcript.

Before Returning Home:

• completes all required work and exams

• completes the Host Institution Exit Form. It should be signed by the host ISEP coordinator; (students' should make a copy for their records). The host ISEP coordinator will keep the original.

• ensures that they have made all necessary arrangements to have transcript sent to ISEP Central in Washington, DC.

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When ISEP forwards the transcript to the participant:

• reviews the transcript to ensure all courses and credits are properly listed

• signs and returns the Transcript Verification Form to ISEP, clearly explaining any problems or possible errors. In case of problems, ISEP will contact the host institution and attempt to resolve the problems.

If a student leaves the Host Institution before completion of the scheduled placement period, ISEP cannot guarantee that the student will receive a transcript.

4. ISEP Central

• forwards the transcript to the home institution coordinator as soon as possible after it is received and keeps a copy on file

• follows up with the host institution if the transcript verification form is returned with an indication of a problem.

• runs regular checks of transcripts received and requests outstanding transcripts from institutions

• provides information about academic systems and suggestions for the conversion of grades for ISEP students.

Note: If a participant arranges with a professor to substitute another assignment for a scheduled exam, this arrangement should be made in writing and a copy given to the host coordinator. If a student leaves before the completion of the scheduled exchange period, ISEP cannot guarantee that he or she will receive a transcript.

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European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)

The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) used by most European institutions is very different from the U.S. credit system: ECTS measures total student workload per class or per degree program, whereas the U.S. credit system measures only the number of hours spent in class (credit hours). European students are expected to earn 30 ECTS credits a semester, but they are not required to do so in order to maintain full-time status (and in fact many do not).

A European student in a degree program will usually take some courses that require considerable research and other independent work and thus carry a substantial number of credits as well as “electives” or introductory courses that carry fewer ECTS credits. American students are more likely to enroll in the second type of courses. Earning 30 ECTS credits in a semester through such courses may require a student to spend over 20 hours in class per week.

Because the two systems are based on different measurements, ECTS credits earned by American students while abroad should not be converted to U.S. credit hours according to a strict 2:1 numerical ratio. ISEP has asked European universities to continue including, on transcripts for ISEP participants, the number of class hours (either per week or as a total for the semester) in order to provide a point of reference in evaluating transcripts that is closer to the U.S. credit system.

The following formula may work:

a) If the number of weekly class hours for a course is higher than the ECTS credits divided by 2, consider class hours to determine U.S. credits

b) If the number of weekly class hours for a course is lower than ECTS credits divided by 2, use the result of the division to determine U.S. credits

Note: Some transcripts may include an ECTS grade in addition to the local/national grade. The ECTS grading scale ranks the students on a statistical basis. Grades are assigned among students with a pass grade as follows:

A best 10% B next 25% C next 30%

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ARGENTINA

Higher Education

Argentina has one of the world's highest literacy rates, estimated at 94 percent. Primary education is compulsory up to grade nine from ages 5 to 14. Primary and secondary education is free. Access to higher education is based on the

bachillerato or secondary school leaving certificate, which is usually awarded after 12 years of primary and secondary education. Higher education is provided in three types of institutions: national, provincial, and private universities, institutions of technical and professional studies, and teacher-training colleges. Forty-six universities enroll a total of 460,000 students; the largest, the University of Buenos Aires, has more than 150,000 students.

The first one or two years at university are devoted to the study of basic subjects. The total program of study lasts five or six years and leads to a licenciatura or to a

professional title. Some universities award a

bachillerato universitario after four years. Academic Calendar

The academic year is divided into two terms. Argentina’s academic calendar is on the southern hemisphere schedule, with classes usually beginning in March and ending in December.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 5, one each day. Students who are not proficient in Spanish are advised to take fewer courses per term.

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 15 hours

Number of weeks per term: Approx. 16 weeks

Grading

Argentine Grade U.S. Equivalent

10 (Sobresaliente) A

8–9 (Distinguido) A

6–7 (Muy Bueno) B

4–5 (Aprobado) C

0–3 (Insuficiente/Reprobado) F Argentine universities tend to be more severe in their grading than in the U.S. and a mark of 10 is rarely awarded.

Credit Equivalent

• 1 credit is a total of 14 hours of lecture

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AUSTRALIA

About 12 percent of Australians enroll for higher education in universities and technical institutes. Most students study in their home state.

Coursework is generally less structured than in the United States and is based on the U.K. model. Independent study habits and self-discipline are important. Final exams figure heavily in grading, but recently there has been increased emphasis on semester exams and seminars involving class participation and papers.

Institutions are government supported and admission is competitive based on academic merit. Australian universities emphasize research, applied studies, and teacher training, while technical institutes provide vocational training.

Universities are divided into faculties or departments. Arts and sciences faculties generally offer a three-year Bachelor’s degree and a four-year honors degree. The Master’s degree takes one or two years of further study and the Ph.D. takes three years.

Academic Calendar

Australia follows the Southern Hemisphere calendar; therefore, students will find it beneficial to begin their studies during the U.S. second term. The academic year begins in late February or early March and ends in November. Universities typically follow the semester system.

Grading

Australian Grade U.S. Equivalent

10–8 (High distinction) A+

7 (Distinction) A

6 (Credit) B

5 (Pass) C

4 (Conceded pass) D

3 and less (Fail) F

Units (the equivalent of “classes” or “modules”) are given credit points. These credit points are not equivalent to U.S. credits and vary by institution.

Full-time enrollment usually equates to 4 classes and approximately 12 hours of lecture per week.

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AUSTRIA

Austria has 21 universities and numerous

Fachhochschulen (technical/professional institutions).

Students must hold the Reifepruefungs-zeugnis or Reifezeugnis, the secondary school leaving certificate. In addition to the standard form of access, universities also have qualification examinations

(Studienberechtigungspruefung) for people that do not have a secondary school leaving certificate.

Academic Year

The academic year begins in early October and ends in late September; it consists of two semesters that run from approximately the beginning of October to the end of January (winter semester) and the beginning of March until the end of June (summer semester). There is a one month semester vacation in February and a three month summer vacation (July–September). Registration and Credit

Subjects may be compulsory

(Pflichtfaecher), elective (Freifaecher), or choice (Wahlfaecher), the latter meaning subjects selected by students within existing general guidelines. Registration is informal.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 6–8

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 12–16 hours Number of weeks per term: 15 Grading

Austrian Grade U.S. Equivalent

1 (Sehr gut) A

2 (gut) A-/B+

3 (befriedigend) B

4 (genuegend) C+/C

5 (nicht genuegend) F

The equivalent to the U.S. “D” does not exist. An individual grade (note) is awarded for a class, thesis. or part of a large exam. An overall grade (Gesamtnote) is awarded for multi-part exams.

A full workload for an international student is an average of 6 courses in a semester of 15 weeks (12 hours of lecture per week).

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BRAZIL

All university students take a basic cycle of studies in either humanities or science. Following the basic cycle, students enter the professional cycle of undergraduate courses. Little time is allowed for electives in other fields and diversified study is generally not encouraged.

Academic Year

The academic school year normally runs from March through November. The year is divided into two semesters with some institutions also offering courses during a summer term (January and February). Some institutions, especially those that have large enrollments and are located in urban areas, offer three "shifts" of classes each day—in the morning, afternoon and evening. Number of classes typical student takes per term: 4 (minimum 3, maximum 5) Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 20

Number of weeks per term: 15

Grading

There is no uniform grading scale used at all Brazilian institutions. Many use a system based on a 0–10 scale (with 10 being the highest); others may use letter scales, similar to those found in the United States. Grading scales may even vary within each institution. Grading is fairly severe. The top grades are awarded to relatively few and the failure rate in a given course can be high.

In a 10–0 system, 10 is the highest, 0 is the lowest and 5 is passing.

10.0–9.0 = Exclenete 8.9–7.0 = Bom (good) 6.9–5.0 = Regular 4.9–3.0 = Insuficiente 2.9–0 = Deficiente Credit Equivalent

Transcripts from the ISEP member in Brazil give the number of hours spent in class per week and per semester to assist home universities in determining the number of credits for each class.

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BULGARIA

Compulsory schooling ends at age 15, but more than 80 percent of students go farther. Bulgaria's literacy rate is greater than 98 percent. Along with the political reforms of the last several years has come educational reform, and the entire educational system from primary school through graduate school is being reconstituted along Western lines.

Bulgaria has 43 universities and other institutes of higher education and 45 colleges and technical schools. (College

refers to semi-higher-learning institutions for nursing, paramedical training, teaching, and technical education.) A new feature of Bulgarian education is the recently (re) established private schools, which receive no financial support from the state budget. Most notable among these is the American University of Bulgaria in Blagoevgrad, an American-style liberal arts college with a strong business school.

Academic Year

The academic system is based on the Western system. The academic year runs from August to April.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 4

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 12

Number of weeks per term: 12 Grading

Bulgarian grade U.S. Equivalent

6–5 A

4 B

3 C

2 F

**Please note that the American

University in Bulgaria uses the American system of credits and grading.

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CANADA

The 65 institutions of higher education in Canada are either predominantly English-language or function bilingually; thirteen use French exclusively as their language of instruction. Canadian institutions are

provincially sponsored; support comes from public and private funds, and student tuition fees.

Canadian universities are divided into faculties, schools, and departments. A student must complete three to four years of study for a Bachelor's degree, while an Honors Bachelor's degree (which enables direct graduate admission) may require a further year of study.

A Master's degree requires one to two years of study beyond a Bachelor's degree; two further years prepares a student for the Ph.D. Non-degree institutions (community

colleges or private institutes) prepare students for university coursework or provide technical, business, or clerical training.

The usual course load for full-time students is five courses. Most students attend

seminar-type classes and write more term papers than they take exams. Canadian institutions use the A–F grading scale. Academic Calendar

The Canadian system, like the U.S. system, has two semesters. The fall semester runs from approximately September to

December. The spring semester begins in January and ends in late April.

Grading

The system of grading in Canadian

universities is comparable to that found in the United States.

Canadian Grade U.S. Equivalent

A (100–80%) A/B

B (79–70%) B-/C

C (69–60%) C-/D

D (59–50%) F

F (49% or below) F

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 15–20 Number of weeks per term: 15 Credit Equivalent

Overall academic quality is high and major Canadian universities are academically demanding. More classes tend to be conducted as seminars than is usually the case at large U.S. universities. Most courses of study in Canada require fewer

examinations and more writing of term papers than in the United States; this is particularly evident at the graduate level.

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CHILE

Students take a national test and apply, in a centralized process, for admission to one of the traditional universities. Private

universities were created after 1980 and do not receive direct public funding. Each private institution defines its admission process. Undergraduate programs are 8 to 12 semesters in length, leading to a degree of licenciado or a professional title.

Academic Year

Most universities work on a semester basis. Chile is in the Southern Hemisphere; therefore their first semester runs from March to July while the second semester is from July to December.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 4–5

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 20–22 Number of weeks per term: 15

Grading

Chilean Grade U.S. Equivalent

6.0–7 Muy Bien A

5.0–5.9 Bueno B

4.0–4.9 Suficiente C

0–3.9 Insuficiente F

Credits are sometimes listed on Chile’s transcripts; however, the transcript also gives the number of contact hours to assist schools in determining the appropriate number of credits.

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CHINA—HONG KONG

Hong Kong returned to the People’s Republic of China and became a Special Administrative Region on July 1, 1997 after one and a half centuries of British rule. The formation and evolution of higher education in Hong Kong has been quite unlike that in China. Hong Kong’s colleges and

universities operate separately from those within the jurisdiction of China’s State Education Commission. They are financed by Hong Kong’s University Grants

Committee.

Competitive admission to CUHK is based on passing the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination after seven years of secondary education. Both English and Chinese examinations must be passed. University programs lead to Bachelor's, Master's, doctoral degrees, and postgraduate

diplomas. Students who satisfy graduation requirements are awarded a Bachelor's degree with one of the classifications: honors, first class, second class upper, second class lower, third class, or pass, depending on examination results. Coursework includes lectures, seminars, tutorials, laboratory work, fieldwork, examinations, and research projects. Academic Calendar

The academic year is divided into two terms: September to December and January to May, with examinations scheduled in December and early May.

Number of classes typical student takes

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 12–18

Number of weeks per term: 13 first term, 15 second term

Grading

Chinese Grade U.S. equivalent

A/Excellent A A-/Very Good A- B/Good B C/Fair C D/Pass D F/Fail F

Note: +/- grades can be transferred

equivalently if used at the home university. Credit Equivalent

At CUHK, one unit is roughly equivalent to one hour of instruction per week. In general, most three-unit courses are composed of three hours of lecture, or two hours of lecture and one hour of tutorial per week. A full workload for a semester is about 12 to 18 credits/units. A student with a workload of 12 credits will have an average of 12 hours of lecture per week.

ISEP participants are evaluated according to the standards of each academic department at CUHK.

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COSTA RICA

Six years of primary education are followed by five years of secondary schooling in order to obtain the bachillerato in either sciences or humanities. A student can then take the entrance examination for one of three types of higher education institutions: universities, teacher training institutions, or international institutions for education in public administration and agricultural sciences.

Costa Rica follows the Southern

Hemisphere calendar. The academic year runs from February to November.

Degrees

After two to six years of study, the

licenciado title is awarded. For medicine and dentistry, the doctor title is given after seven years. In education, the degree of

bachillerato en ciencias de la educación is awarded after the first two years of study. Final examination and thesis are required for all degrees.

Grading

Costa Rican Grade U.S. Equivalent

10–9 (or 100–90) A

8 (or 89–80) B

7 (or 79–70) C

6–0 (or 69–0) F

A full workload per semester is about 5–6 courses.

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CZECH REPUBLIC

Education System

Higher education in the Czech Republic is compulsory from the age of 6 to 15.

Students can continue by completing a four-year secondary school (gymnasium), a two- to four-year vocational school, or

apprenticeship training. After completing gymnasium or vocational school, students who wish to attend university must pass the

maturita (school-leaving) exam.

As in the U.S., there are private and public institutions of higher education. Public institutions are financed by the state. All higher education institutions provide accredited study programs that are assessed by the Accreditation Commission. Entrance requirements for Czech universities are quite strict and very competitive. Applicants must successfully complete discipline-related entrance exams.

Academic Year

The academic year is divided into two semesters. The fall semester is from

September to December, the spring semester is from February to May.

Grading

Czech higher education institutions use a four point grading scale.

Czech grades EU/U.S. grades

Vyborny A/A Vyborny minus B/B Vel’mi dobry C/C Vel’mi dobry D/C Dobry E/D Nevyhovel F/F

1 ECTS credit = approximately 0.5 U.S. credits

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DENMARK

The university sector in Denmark includes 11 universities, 5 of which are multi-faculty universities. The other 6 are specialist universities of engineering, veterinary science, etc. All university study programs are research based, and degrees are awarded at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Denmark has a degree structure similar to the Anglo-American degree system with Bachelor’s, Master’s (candidatus), and PhD degrees. A university course normally consists of a three-year Bachelor’s program, followed by a two-year course leading to a Master’s degree. Three years of supervised postgraduate studies after the Master’s degree lead to a Ph.D. degree.

Academic Year

The academic year is divided into two terms: August to January and January to June. Exams are generally in December and May.

Grading

Danish grades U.S. grades

13–10 A

9–7 B

6 C

5 D

4 or below F

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 12–15

Number of weeks per term: typically 10, followed by group-based project work Credit Equivalent

All Danish institutions of higher education must use the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) and have transparent procedures for credit transfer and recognition of qualifications.

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ESTONIA

Higher education is divided into two parallel sectors: applied higher education (diploma studies) and academic higher education (Bachelor's, Master's, and doctoral studies). Estonia has the following types of higher educational institutions: public universities, private universities, public institutions of applied higher education, and private institutions of applied higher education. The University of Tartu is one of six public universities in Estonia. About 50,000 students study at Estonian universities. The principle language of instruction is Estonian. Some courses are taught in Russian,

German, and English. The universities are autonomous to the extent determined by the law of universities. This means that

universities have the right to independently determine their academic and organizational structure, the content of teaching and

research work, the course curricula, the requirements for admission and graduation, etc.

Academic Year

The academic year is from August to June. The fall semester is from September to January, spring semester is from February to June.

Tartu’s grades are given in the Estonian national system. The ECTS grading system is currently not used.

Estonian Grade U.S. Equivalent

A (91–100%) Excellent A B (81–90%) Very good B+ C (71–80%) Good B-/C+ D (61–70%) Sufficient C E (51–60%) Poor D F (0–50%) Fail F Credit Equivalent

1 credit point corresponds to 40 hours or 1 weeks of studies (lectures, seminars, practice, homework). The volume of a curriculum per academic year is 40 credits, which corresponds to a 60 ECTS credit value. The national system of credit

allocation is well adapted to translation into ECTS credits.

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FIJI

The educational system in Fiji consists of six years of primary schooling, which is free, but not obligatory. Private schools with religious affiliation abound, and have been yet another source of racial division; in many elementary schools, the first four years are taught in different languages (i.e., Fijian, Hindi, Chinese, Rotuman, or

English). English becomes the language of instruction at higher levels.

After two years of junior secondary school and a further four years of secondary school, students may pursue their first degree

program. Candidates study for three years for a Bachelor's degree of arts and sciences (B.A. or B.Sc.) and one more year for the Graduate Certificate of Education. Most higher education institutions in Fiji are technical institutes and teacher training colleges. The University of the South Pacific is the only university in Fiji and one of the only major universities in the South Pacific. Academic Year

Fiji is a southern hemisphere site; therefore, the academic year begins in February and ends in November.

Grading

Fijian Grade U.S. Equivalent

A A

B B

C C

F F

Fiji does not assign a credit value to courses on transcripts. In general, courses meet three to four hours per week. Using the following information may help determine a credit value (note that these are guidelines and actual amounts may vary):

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class:

Non-science 1st year students—16 Non-science 2nd year students—12 Science 1st and 2nd year students—21 Number of weeks per term: 14

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FINLAND

Higher education is divided into two sectors: Polytechnics and Universities.

Polytechnics: At the beginning of the 1990s, higher education underwent a radical

restructuring and the emergence of the polytechnic sector dates from that period. Polytechnics were formed by upgrading and merging previously existing specialized institutions offering vocational higher education. By 2000, there were about 30 polytechnic institutions—most are

multidisciplinary—serving an enrollment of approx. 75,000 students. In general, degree courses at polytechnics focus on a given area of professional expertise and require from three and a half to four years to complete.

Universities: There are 20 universities in Finland’s dense network, including multi-faculty universities, and technological, economics/business, and arts institutions. The university sector currently enrolls roughly 147,000 students.

Finnish universities award kandidaatti/ kandidat, maisteri/ magister, and tohtori/ doktor degrees that correspond to U.S. Bachelor’s, Master’s, and doctoral degrees. It is usually also possible to obtain a

lisensiaatti degree prior to the doctoral degree. In principle, it takes a minimum of three years to complete a kandidaatti degree or five years for a maisteri degree.

Advanced degrees can be completed in two years (for the lisensiaatti) or four years (for the tohtori). A thesis is usually required at each level.

Grading

Finnish Grade ECTS Grade

5 Excellent/A 4 Very Good/B 3 Good/C 2 Fair/D 1 Passed/E 0 Fail/FX and F

ECTS Grade U.S. Equivalent

Excellent/A A

Very Good/B A-/B+

Good/C B

Fair/D C

Passed/E D

Fail/FX and F F or Incomplete Grading scale may vary between

institutions; refer to the grading scale on a transcript.

Credit Equivalents

In August 2005, the Finnish credit system was replaced by ECTS. In Finnish, a credit

is called opintopiste or op.

• 1 ECTS credit equals 26.7 hours of

effectivework (total classroom contact hours plus time spent outside of class on course assignments and research)

• One term of full time studies is about 30 ECTS credits. Please note that exchange students should not be expected to enroll in exactly 30 ECTS credits.

Individual courses at a Finnish university may carry one to several credits, and may

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FRANCE

Higher education is provided in universities or Grandes Ecoles/other professional institutions. Entrance to the university system is based on passing a national examination, the

baccalaureat or the “bac,” taken after the third

year of high school. Anyone who passes may enter university.

The Grandes Ecoles were established by the

government to train students in humanities, business, science, engineering, mathematics, and social sciences. They are the “Ivy

League” of France, considered to be the most prestigious arena of higher education. Entry is extremely competitive; students must pass an exam, usually after two years of preparatory school following high school. Only 10% of those who try are admitted.

French students follow a highly structured curriculum specific to the degree they are pursuing. At the end of each year, they must pass a set of required exams before moving to the next year’s program. Because their studies are more specialized, French students tend to be more advanced in their major fields of study than American students after the same number of years at university. Also, most courses are designed for students majoring in a given field. Students studying in France through ISEP usually find courses at the L1 or L2 (Licence 1 or Licence 2) levels best fit their needs and abilities.

Exchange students attending classes in a French institution will be required to spend an average of 12-18 hours in class per week, and

Generally, the highest grades awarded are 14 or 15; grades of 10 or 9 are satisfactory. Students work to pass a course rather than to earn a high grade. French students need an overall average of 10/20 to pass the year at university. Grading varies greatly from subject to subject. In mathematics, a pupil may

receive a 20/20 upon completing a problem correctly, whereas in the humanities, a 12/20 on an essay is a very good grade. International students attending regular university classes may be given a little more flexibility. ISEP-France generally regards an 8 as a passing grade for ISEP students. This is solely a recommendation: Individual home institutions may decide to hold their returning students to the same standards as the French.

French Grade U.S. Equivalent

20–16 (Très Bien) A+ 15.9–14 (Bien) A 13.9–12 (Assez Bien) B 11.9–10 (Satisfaisant) C 9.9–8 (Passable) D 7.9–0 (Insuffisant) F Credit Equivalents

As of 2005, French institutions are using the ECTS system. Although the ECTS system considers 30 ECTS a full semester course load, the same is not required of exchange students. Thirty ECTS credits are not equivalent to 15 U.S. credit hours. ISEP members are expected to indicate on their transcripts the number of class contact hours

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GERMANY

Overcrowding is common in many German universities and admission to some fields of study is now restricted. Young people hoping to study medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine must take special admissions exams. Students wanting to study other fields in high demand, including architecture, law, economics, psychology, and pharmacy, must apply to the Central Office for the Allocation of Study Places (ZVS: Zentralstelle für die Vergabe von Studienplätzen), which ranks students on the basis of their grades on the Abitur exams and how long they have been on the waiting list to enter the desired program.

Academic Year

The academic year begins in mid-October and ends in mid-July; it consists of two semesters, winter semester and summer semester. There is a one month semester vacation in February and a summer vacation (typically July-September).

Registration and Credit Subjects may be compulsory

(Pflichtfaecher), elective (Freifaecher), or choice (Wahlfaecher), the latter meaning subjects selected by students within existing general guidelines.

The German higher education system is based on the principle of Lehrfreiheit und Lernfreiheit (freedom to teach and freedom to learn). Professors are granted freedom to teach as they see fit and students proceed at

their own pace and are not bound by attendance regulations or performance in class. Independent, self-directed study is heavily emphasized and is designed to encourage self-motivation and promote interesting discussion.

Assessment is based on oral and written reports in seminars for which the student receives a Schein, or certificate (a grade can be requested). German universities do NOT issue a record of students' academic study while on an ISEP exchange. Procedures for obtaining credit are outlined in the German Country Handbook.

Grading

German Grade U.S. Equivalent

1–1.5 (Sehr gut) A 1.6–2.5 (gut) B 2.6–3.5 (befriedigend) C 3.6–4.0 (ausreichend) D 4.1–6.0 (nicht ausreichend= nicht bestanden) F

Unbenotet= not graded

Bestanden= passed

Teilgenommen= regularly attnded Credit Equivalents

A full workload varies between 4 to 6 classes per semester, or 10 to 16 hours per week.

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GHANA

There are five public universities and several private universities in Ghana. The University of Ghana at Legon, where ISEP students study, is the premier university in Ghana.

Entrance to university is by examination following completion of senior secondary school. Only those with very high secondary school exams scores are accepted.

Class sizes range from 30 to 800 or more, with lower-level classes being the largest. Most courses are offered in a lecture format. 100- and 200-level courses are for general requirements, 300- and 400-level courses are for students majoring in the subject. Academic Calendar

The university calendar consists of two 16-week semesters with a six-16-week break in between. The ISEP program includes two weeks of orientation, followed by two semesters, each containing thirteen teaching weeks, one week for revision, and two weeks of exams.

Curriculum and Credit

Ghanaian students follow a structured curriculum specific to the degree they are pursuing. The actual number of hours in class varies by department or subject and the amount of work expected of students outside

credit hours per semester, although students may take fewer with special permission. Final exams are required in every course. For science courses, the final exam grade contributes to 70% of the grade for the course, while continuous assessment and lab work makes up the other 30%. For

humanities courses, the final exam is 100% of the grade for the course. Final exams are graded twice—first by the professor of the course and again by an outside examiner who is an expert in the field.

Letter grades are equivalent to U.S. letter grades. Other letters are used in Ghana's system, their explanation is below.

• “I” = incomplete

• “X” = student did not complete a course for reasons judged by the Board of Examiners as unsatisfactory

• “Y” = grade given when a course continues into the next semester

• “Z” = disqualification from an examination as a result of an examination malpractice or offense

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• A full workload is a minimum of five classes per semester.

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HUNGARY

After high school, students may attend one of Hungary's 15 universities, 5 medical schools, or 49 institutions of higher education, including 9 technical institutes. The arts and sciences universities offer a five-year curriculum, which is not divided into graduate and undergraduate levels. Students graduating from these institutions receive accreditation as secondary school teachers in addition to their subject degree (B.A.). Master's degrees are awarded pending successful exams in three subjects and a foreign language, and research and defense of a dissertation. Doctoral degrees are awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

The academic calendar is usually divided into two semesters: September to December and February to May.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 10 (one major); 15 (two majors)

Number of hours per week typical

student spends in class: 20–25 (one major); 35 (two majors)

Hungarian Grade U.S. Equivalent

5 (Jeles) A 4 (Jó) B 3 (Közepes) C 2 (Elégséges) D 1 (Elégtelen) F Credit Equivalent

• Hungarian credits are equivalent to U.S. credits.

• A full workload is 60 ECTS credits an academic year.

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ICELAND

There is no general legislation covering higher education as a whole in Iceland. Constitutionally, each higher education institution is directly responsible to the Minister of Culture and Education. Most of the higher education institutions are run by the state, while three are operated by private parties in cooperation with the state. There are two types of higher education

institutions in Iceland: universities and colleges. Universities have research responsibilities and offer more than one program of study. Colleges offer specialized training courses at the higher-education level but generally do not carry out research. Their teaching is, however, based on the results of university research.

The academic year usually starts in

September and ends in May. First semester starts either in late August or early

September and ends in December. Second semester starts early January and ends late May.

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 14–20 Number of weeks per term: 13 Grading

Icelandic Grade U.S. Equivalent

10–7.25 A 7.24–6.00 B 5.99–5.50 C 5.49–4.00 D 3.99–0 F Credit Equivalent

• 1 Icelandic credit = 2ECTS credits

• 60 ECTS credits is considered a full workload for an academic year

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ITALY

There are more than 50 laurea-granting institutions of higher learning in Italy; the majority are state-supported. The main degree conferred is the laurea. Before entering university, Italian students take the

esame di maturità. University classes in Italy tend to be large as a result of a liberalized admissions policy. Italian students often enroll in many courses and then take exams in only a few of them. Most students study independently for exams. Attendance is not taken in class and regular attendance is not really expected although officially it is required.

The academic year runs from October to July. Course-work is assessed by an end of semester examination (esame di profitto). Other exams and course assignments may be required as well.

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 3–4 per course or 15–18 per week.

Number of weeks per term: 12–14

Grading

Italian Grade U.S. Equivalent

30-27 A 26-24 B 23-21 C 20-18 D 17 or below F Credit Equivalent

As of 2005, all Italian institutions are using the ECTS system. Although the ECTS system considers 30 ECTS a full-semester course-load, it is mistaken to require the same of exchange students. 30 ECTS credits are not equivalent to 15 U.S. credit hours. ISEP members are encouraged to indicate on their transcripts the number of class contact hours per course. Transcript evaluators are advised to use the contact hour for credit transfer instead of the ECTS credits.

Exchange students attending classes in an Italian institution will be required to spend an average of 15–18 hours in class per week, and take between 5–6 courses.

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JAPAN

Japanese universities offer four-year Bachelor's degrees and six-year medical degrees. Junior colleges offer two-and three-year programs in the humanities that can be used as credit towards a Bachelor's degree. Special training schools and technical colleges provide vocational training and advanced college-level courses.

Universities are divided into faculties or colleges; each faculty or college is divided into departments and/or courses. Japanese universities require at least 124 credits for graduation.

The Japanese academic calendar is from April to March, dividing the year into two semesters from April to July, and September to March. At Chukyo, special arrangements are made for ISEP participants to take their exams in December. At Kansai Gaidai,

Nanzan, and Toyo, special calendars have been designed to more closely match the academic year at most ISEP participants’ home universities (typically from Aug/Sept to May, or from September to July/August at Toyo).

Number of classes typical student takes per term:

Chukyo: 9–12

Kansai Gaidai and Nanzan: 4–5 Toyo: 7–9

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class:

Chukyo: 13.5–18

Kansai Gaidai and Nanzan: 14–18 Toyo: 11–14

Japanese Grade U.S. Equivalent

100–80 A

79–70 B

69–60 C

59–0 F

Chukyo and Toyo: 1 credit is equivalent to 15 hours of class. Most courses are assigned 2 credits (30 hours). Some language,

physical education, and laboratory courses are only assigned 1 credit, although they may meet for 30 hours.

Kansai Gaidai and Nanzan: 1 credit equates to approximately 50 minutes of class per week. Lecture courses are usually 3 credits and language courses are usually 5-8 credits.

Note regarding language classes at Nanzan:

1 credit equates to approximately 2 hours of class per week.

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KOREA

Higher education in Korea includes universities and colleges that offer

undergraduate and some graduate programs, two-year junior colleges, and technical vocational schools. Seventy-eight percent of higher learning institutions are private, funded through gifts and fees. State funds and fees support public institutions. In order to apply to higher education

institutions, a Korean student must complete 12 years of primary and secondary school (the latter may be completed at a technical institution) and receive a secondary school-leaving certificate. Admission depends upon grades and qualifying exams. If admitted to a university or college, a student must then choose a major and be accepted by an individual department, where places are often limited.

The regular academic year, which runs from March to December, has two terms and only offers courses taught in Korean. Special programs taught in English run on an August to June academic year. Coursework is assessed through exams, essays, and class participation.

Degrees

Colleges and universities offer B.A. degrees

Number of hours per week typical studentspends in class: 12–18 Number of weeks per term: 16 Grading

Korean Grade U.S. Equivalent

A+, A0, A- A

B+, B0, B- B

C+, C0, C- C

D+, D0, D- D

F F

Korean grades are essentially the same as U.S. grades. If +/- grades are assigned at the home institution, the +/- grade received in Korea should be transferred equivalently. (Note: some Korean institutions do not assign “minus” grades.)

Korean credits are equivalent to U.S. credits. Three hours of class work per week, for 16 weeks is three U.S. credits. Eight hours of class lecture per week for six weeks

(summer session) is equivalent to three U.S. credits.

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LATVIA

Academic higher education is divided into two stages. At the end of the first stage, which can last three or four years, an academic degree and a Bakalaurs

(Bachelor's) diploma are awarded. If a three-year program is completed, this is not considered to be a completion of higher education, but rather a preparation for a one or two year professional training program or continued academic education.

At the end of the second stage, which takes about one and a half to two years, the academic degree of Magistrs (Master's) and a diploma are awarded. A Bakalaurs degree is a prerequisite for admission to a Magistrs

program. Students who complete the three-year Bakalaurs program may enter the

Magistrs program at the same institution or they may continue the Bakalaurs program at another institution. Generally, there is little movement between institutions.

The academic year begins in September and ends late June or mid-July. As a general rule, it comprises 40 weeks of lectures, seminars, and practical work and is usually divided into two semesters.

Academic Year

The academic year is from August to May. Fall semester is from September to January and spring semester is from February to June.

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 20–25 Number of weeks per term: 15–16 Grading

Latvian Grades U.S. Equivalent

10–9 A 8 B 7 C 6 D 5 or below F Credit Equivalent

The Latvian credit refers to an average of 40 hours (one week's study workload), leading to 40 credits per year. One Latvian credit equals 1.5 ECTS credit.

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MALTA

Education is compulsory from ages 5 to 16. At the secondary school level, there are area and grammar schools, which provide five years of college preparatory courses, and trade schools, which provide three years of practical training. After secondary school, students pursue two years of study prior to entry to university.

First degree programs generally take three years with an additional one to two years for the Honors program, which requires a dissertation. A Master's degree requires two years of further study. Some areas also offer a Master's in philosophy and doctoral programs. Progress is usually assessed through written assignments, tests, and exams. The teaching method combines teacher/student contact, through lectures and tutorials, with an emphasis on independent study.

The academic year runs from September to June.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: 20–24 credits/year

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: 14 hours Number of weeks per term: 15 Grading

Maltese Grade U.S. Equivalent

A+, A (Excellent) A

B+, B (Good) B

C+, C (Average) C

D+, D (Minimum passing grade) C

F (Fail) F

A full workload for an academic year is between 20 to 24 credits. The average student has 14 hours of lecture per week. A full workload for an academic year is 60 ECTS.

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MEXICO

After six years of primary education, students can continue in the first three-year phase of secondary education. A student then continues in either an escuela normal

for teacher-training, a preparatoria universitaria for the bachillerato, which permits admission to all university faculties, or in a preparatoria técnica for technical training, with further study at a

technological institution. Academic Calendar

The academic year is from early August to May. First semester is from early August to December, second semester is from early January to May.

Degrees

After three to five years of higher education, a professional title in engineering,

architecture, etc., is given. Similarly, the

licenciatura degree is achieved for studies in humanities, social sciences, or law. One or two years more are required for the

maestria, and two or three more for the

doctorado. For the latter, oral examinations and a thesis are required. Papers may be assigned during the semester, but term projects and final exams carry the most weight in assigning grades.

Number of classes typical student takes per term: min. 5

Number of hours per week typical student spends in class: min. 25 Number of weeks per term: 15 Grading

Mexican Grade U.S equivalent

100–90 or 10–9 or Muy Bien A

89–80 or 8 or Bien B

79–60 or 7–6 or Regular/Suficiente C

59–0 or 5–0 or Reprobado/ F

No Suficiente

Failing courses are not usually included in official transcripts.

The average number of classes taken by a student per semester is 6. The average student has 30 hours of class lecture per week. 8 units is equivalent to 3 credits at the undergraduate level. At the graduate level, 12 units is equivalent to 3 credits.

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NETHERLANDS

Students must have completed the highly selective six-year high school program' (called the University Preparatory) subjects: Dutch, English, French, German, history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and physical education. Since students have completed their general education courses by the time they enter university, university curriculum focuses almost exclusively on major and field of specialization; of the 168 points required to obtain a doctorandus degree, 154 are dedicated to the major and 14 to electives. The academic year consists of 1680 study hours (1600 for visiting students), or 42 weeks of full time study, which are equivalent to 40 Dutch credit points (one credit point equals 40 study hours). Most courses are worth 4 or 8 credits. Student workload refers to the time spent in lectures, practicals, independent study, preparations for exams, and the actual exam. The first year, the propadeuse, is an introductory year to provide the foundation for study in the student’s field. Students are required to pass the propaedeutisch exam in order to

continue on to the remaining years of study. Degrees

Doctorandus: 168 points required,

equivalent to the Masters degree, officially takes four years to complete. Degrees tend

Post-doctoraal: programs of varying length & content. There are one-year teacher training programs, short-term recurrent education programs to upgrade professional expertise, long-term research programs, and four-year research programs leading to the

doctoraat degree, also known as the

promotie.

HBO: Students completing their four-year program in engineering receive the title

ingenieur, while all others receive the title

Baccalaureus. Students graduating with a Baccalaureus degree may then continue to a university to receive a Doctorandus, or attend a post-HBO program.

Grading

Dutch Grade U.S. Equivalent

10–8.5 (outstanding) A

8.4–7.5 (very good) B

7.4–6.5 (good) C

6–6.4 (satisfactory) D

5.5 or less (fail) F

The grades 9 and 10 are rarely given in the Netherlands, and a grade of 6 is considered a satisfactory mark. Grading also tends to be more difficult than in the United States. Credit Equivalents

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NEW ZEALAND

There are essentially four types of schools in New Zealand's higher education system: universities, polytechnics and institutes of technology, private tertiary schools, and colleges of education.

There are eight state-funded universities in New Zealand, which offer a wide range of courses leading to both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Undergraduate

degrees take three to four years to complete. Polytechnics and Institutes of Technology are also state-funded and offer a range of certificates, diplomas, and undergraduate and graduate degrees. These institutions focus on applied knowledge in science, professional, and technical fields.

Private tertiary schools are not funded by the government and run as private enterprises. They offer a broad range of courses like universities, but students pay tuition and generally have smaller classes and more specialized subjects.

Colleges of Education train teachers for primary and secondary schools, early childhood centers, and special education. Some universities also offer Colleges of Education.

Academic Year

New Zealand is a southern hemisphere site. The academic year runs from mid-February or March until November. The classroom setting consists of lectures, tutorials, and work done outside the classroom. Students are expected to spend a lot of time reading and studying independently. It is important to be self-motivated in order to avoid falling behind.

Grading

New Zealand Grade U.S. Equivalent

A A B B C C Restricted or D Compensation Pass D and E F Credit Equivalents

Courses in New Zealand are called papers. Most papers are 12.5 points (2 hours lecture + 1 hour tutorial per week). Students usually take 4 papers per semester, which equates to 50 points in New Zealand and 12–15 credits in the United States.

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NICARAGUA

Higher education is one of the four stages in the Nicaraguan educational system, all of which are linked and coordinated by the National Council for Education. The responsibilities of the higher education system consist of training professionals and advanced-level technicians in the areas of agricultural sciences, medical sciences, national science, mathematics, humanities, and technological sciences. The council of higher education is made up of both private and state universities.

On completing the required secondary school program, an entrance examination is required for admission to an institution of higher education. Qualifications (títulos) are awarded upon completion of a plan of study—which may last from three to six years—in professional and higher technical courses.

The Academic year runs from early March to late November. First semester is from early March to June, while second semester is early August to early December.

Grading

Nicaraguan Grade U.S. Equivalent

100–96 (Sobresaliente) A 95–90 (Muy Bueno) B 89–80 (Bueno) C 79–70 (Regular) D 69 or below (Reprobado) F Credit Equivalent

A full course load is 5 classes per semester. 18–20 hours per week are spent in class lectures.

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SOUTH AFRICA

In order to attend a South African university, a South African high school student must graduate from high school, which is a 12-year program. All South African universities require a matriculation certificate or exemption from students. As of the mid-1990s, South Africa has twenty-one major universities, which are government financed and open to students of all races. In addition, secondary-school graduates can attend one of 15 technikons, 128 technical colleges, and 70 teacher-training colleges, which do not require high-school certificates for admission or another in a wide array of teacher training

institutions.

Most undergraduate degrees consist of three years of study with the exception of

professional programs such as medicine, law, engineering, architecture, etc.

Admission into a graduate program requires completion of an Honors Program. These programs are generally one year in length and require a pass rate of 68 percent in the final year of a three-year degree in order to gain admission. Places in the Honors

program are limited and competition is keen. Honors degrees may include options from more than one discipline.

Master’s degrees in most fields consist of a dissertation or thesis depending on the program. Programs range in length from one to two years.

Academic Year

South Africa follows the Southern

Hemisphere calendar. When applying for an academic year program, students will find it beneficial to begin their studies during the U.S. second term. The South African academic year runs from February to December.

Grading

South African Grades U.S. Equivalent

100–75 A

74–70 A-

69–60 B

59–50 C

49 or below F

The South African grading system is far more stringent than the U.S. system. It is extremely difficult for a South African student, either on the high school or tertiary level, to obtain an "A" aggregate.

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SPAIN

Six years of general elementary education (Ensenanza Primaria) is followed by four years of the Bachillerato Unificado y Polivanlente (BUP). The BUP is considered pre-university study. University study begins after a one-year university orientation program.

Curriculum, established by the Ministry of National Education, is similar in all universities whether public or private. The degree system is divided into three cycles. The first cycle lasts three years, the second cycle, five years, and the third cycle requires several more years and results in the doctoral degree. Five-year programs are offered in the faculties (facultades) of law, sciences, and humanities. Programs in medicine, pharmacy, engineering, architecture, and veterinary science last six years.

Admission depends on successful

completion of an entrance exam (the PAU) that is required of all candidates. Students are admitted to a specific major or

professional program. The degree of PAU depends on the program of studies. Admission is based on upper secondary grades and the results of the PAU. Academic year

Individual faculties determine whether the academic year is divided into two terms or considered one continuous period. The

Degrees

Diplomado: one-cycle study of three years’ duration

Licenciado or licenciatura: two-cycle study of four to five years’ duration.

Título profesional: professional title awarded after five to six years of study.

Doctorado: Two or more years in length after the Licenciado.

Grading

Spanish Grade U.S. Equivalent

10 (sobresaliente o A+ matricula de honor) 9–9.9 (sobresaliente) A 7–8.9 (notable) B 5–6.9 (aprobado) C/D 0–4.9 (suspenso) F

No presentado—student dropped course A score of 9 or 10 is considered excellent, 7 or 8, very good, and 6 is average. Spanish professors rarely award a 10; on average students receive grades between 6 and 8. Spanish universities are severe in their grading in comparison to the United States, especially in technical fields such as architecture where it is not uncommon that over 50 percent of a class fails.

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SWEDEN

Slightly more than 30% of young people in Sweden go on to higher education within five years after completion of their upper-secondary schooling.

The degree of selectivity depends on the program of study. Admission is based on upper secondary grades and the results of the national university aptitude test. A command of English is a requirement for all applicants. Sometimes working experience is also taken into account. About 140,000 students take the university aptitude test every year and annual first-time enrollments total about 65,000.

Academic year

The academic year is divided into two 20-week terms. Students take one course at a time for 5 or 10 weeks. Each week of full-time study is equivalent to one point. One academic year normally consists of 40 points.

Degrees

Diploma or certificate (högskoleexamen):

80 points = 2 years of full-time study

Bachelor’s degree (kandidatexamen): at least 120 points= 3 years of full-time study, including 60 points in the major subject

Master’s degree (magisterexamen): at least 160 points = 4 years of full-time study; 80 of these points in the major with a thesis

counting 20 points

Advanced degrees: Licentiate degree (2 to 2 ½ years of research training

Doctorate: about 4 years of full-time study and research including dissertation

Grading

Swedish Grade U.S. Equivalent

VG or Pass with Distinction A

G or Pass B/C

U/Icke godkendt or Fail F

Failing grades are not recorded. Credit Equivalents

Sweden uses theECTS system. One Swedish point = 1.5 ECTS. One Swedish point = 40 hours.

One Swedish point equals one week of full-time study of 40 hours. 20 points is one semester of full-time studies, which is approximately 12–15 U.S. credit hours.

ISEP. ISEP Transcript Evaluation Guidelines

ISEP

ISEP

Transcript

Evaluation

Guidelines

Introduction

Contents

Transcript Guidelines for ISEP Coordinators and Participants

European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)

ARGENTINA

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CANADA

CHILE

CHINA—HONG KONG

COSTA RICA

CZECH REPUBLIC

DENMARK

ESTONIA

FIJI

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

GHANA

HUNGARY

ICELAND

ITALY

JAPAN

KOREA

LATVIA

MALTA

MEXICO

NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

NICARAGUA

SOUTH AFRICA

SPAIN

SWEDEN