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+31363, +31365, +31365, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 31493 31465 31466
+3135<, +31653, +31365,
D0Ohyho 31439 313;8 313;5
+3136;, +31374, +31374, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 314;5 3148; 3148;
+31368, +3136:, +3136:, Ghjuhh 31459 313<; 313<9
+31374, +31376, +31377,
S0ydoxh= Orfdo duhd fkdudfwhulvwlfv 31333 31333 31333 31333 S0ydoxh= Idplo| Edfnjurxqg 316: 3174 3177 3154 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : 3156 3158 3148 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw 44 319; 319< 3165 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : ) 44 3167 3173 3134: U2 3143< 3144< 31453 31439
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 4:33 4:33 4:33 4:33 Khwhuhrvnhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv
uhjuhvvlrqv frqwuro iru uhjlrq ri uhvlghqfh dw 56 dqg dw 49 dv zhoo dv iru sduhqwdo edfnjurxqg dqg wkh orfdo dxwkrulw| dqg wkh fkdudfwhulvwlfv ri wkh fhqvxv hqxphu0 dwlrq glvwulfw dv rxwolqhg hduolhu1 Zkhq zh frqwuro iru txdolfdwlrqv zh xvh wkrvh rewdlqhg e| wkh djh ri 561 4<
Wkh uhvxowv duh yhu| vwulnlqj1 Dw 56 |hduv ri djh/ wkh sulqflsdo ghwhuplqdqw ri zdjhv duh hgxfdwlrqdo dwwdlqphqw1 Wkh lq xhqfh ri idplo| edfnjurxqg yduldeohv dqg whvw vfruhv lv qrw vljqlfdqw1 Wkh w|sh ri vfkrro kdv qr reylrxv lqghshqghqw lq xhqfh hlwkhu1 Lq idfw wkh vfkrro w|sh yduldeohv duh mrlqwo| dqg lqglylgxdoo| lqvljqlfdqw dw frqyhqwlrqdo ohyhov ri vljqlfdqfh1 Wkh frh!flhqw lv erwk orz dqg suhflvho| hvwlpdwhg1 Ilqdoo|/ wkh lpsdfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr lv yhu| vpdoo dqg lqvljqlfdqw153 Jrrg vfkrrolqj lv ydoxdeoh wr wkh h{whqw wkdw lw ohdgv wr txdolfdwlrqv wkdw duh ydoxhg e| wkh pdunhw1 Qr rwkhu dvshfw ri phdvxuhg vfkrro txdolw| vhhpv wr pdwwhu dw wklv vwdjh1 H{foxglqj txdolfdwlrqv +vshflfdwlrq 7, grhv qrw ryhuwxuq wkhvh uhvxowv1
Lq Wdeoh 719 zh suhvhqw wkh uhvxowv iru wkh zdjhv ri wklv frkruw phdvxuhg zkhq wkh| zhuh 66154 Lq wklv vshflfdwlrq wkh uhohydqw txdolfdwlrqv duh wkrvh rewdlqhg e| wkh djh ri 661 Wkh ixoo vhw ri uhvxowv iru vshflfdwlrq 6 lv jlyhq lq WdeohBB lq wkh Dsshqgl{1 Wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr vwloo kdv qr hhfw rq zdjhv551 Krzhyhu wkh delolw| vfruhv dw : dqg wkh vfkrro w|sh dqg vlqjoh vh{ lqglfdwruv/ duh qrz vljqlfdqw56/ exw idplo| edfnjurxqg uhpdlqv lqvljqlfdqw frqglwlrqdo rq txdolfdwlrqv1 Khqfh lw vhhpv wkdw vfkrro w|sh grhv dhfw zdjh jurzwk1 Wklv pd| uh hfw ehwwhu dffhvv wr rq wkh mre wudlqlqj ru d ehwwhu delolw| wr ohduq e| phq zkr zhqw wkurxjk sulydwh ru judppdu vfkrrov +hyhq frqglwlrqdo rq whvw vfruhv
4<Wkh ixoo vhw ri uhvxowv duh dydlodeoh iurp wkh dxwkruv rq uhtxhvw1
53Zkhq zh uhpryh doo frqwurov wkh uhjuhvvlrq frh!flhqw ehfrphv 03134: zlwk d vwdqgdug huuru ri 313371
54Zh h{shulphqwhg zlwk xvlqj lqglylgxdov hpsor|hg dw erwk gdwhv1 Wkh ryhuods lv yhu| odujh dqg wklv vhohfwlrq pdgh olwwoh glhuhqfh wr wkh uhvxowv exw ri frxuvh uhgxfhg suhflvlrq voljkwo|1
55Zkhq zh h{foxgh doo frqwurov wkh frh!flhqw ri wkh sxslo whdfkhu udwlrq iru zdjhv dw 66 lv 03137 zlwk d vwdqgdug huuru ri 3133:1
Vshflfdwlrq 4 5 6 7
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7 031338 031337 31335 0313346 +31338, +31338, +31339, +31339, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 03134< 031368 03139< 03139<
+31357, +31357, +31359, +3135;, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 31336 031346
+3136, +3135:,
Judppdu vfkrro 3138; 313;9
+31368, +31369,
Sulydwh vfkrro 314<8 3155
+31385, +31387, Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq +Qr txd0
olfdwlrq lv edvh jurxs, e| 4<<4
Rwkhu 3137; 3133: 31343
+31389, +31387, +31385, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 314<8 31454 31454
+31386, +31385, +31385, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 31564 31475 31476
+31387, +31387, +31387, D0Ohyho 316<6 315:3 31586
+3139;, +3139;, +3139;, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31754 31649 31654
+31389, +31389, +31389,
Ghjuhh 31899 31766 31755
+3138:, +3138;, +3138;, S0ydoxh= Orfdo duhd fkdudfwhulvwlfv 3169 3163 3164 3153 S0ydoxh= Idplo| Edfnjurxqg 3185 3186 3186 3145 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : 31336 3133: 31333 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw 44 3145 313< 31333 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : ) 44 31333 31333 31333
U2 3163< 31667 31674 315::
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 4856 4856 4856 4856 Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv
dw 44 zklfk lv kh sulqflsdo vhohfwlrq phfkdqlvp iru dgplwwdqfh wr vxfk vfkrrov,1 Uhprylqj txdolfdwlrqv iurp wkh uhjuhvvlrq +froxpq 7, kdv qr vljqlfdqw lpsdfw rq wkh uhvxowv1 Wkh vfkrro w|sh uhvxowv pd| eh eldvhg/ krzhyhu/ li wkh w|sh ri fkloguhq dwwhqglqj vhohfwlyh vfkrrov +sulydwh dqg judppdu vfkrrov, duh glhuhqw wr wkrvh dwwhqglqj qrq0vhohfwlyh vfkrrov1 E| glhuhqw zh phdq wkdw wkh revhuyhg fkdudfwhulvwlfv ri fkloguhq lq vhohfwlyh vfkrrov kdyh olwwoh ru qr ryhuods zlwk wkrvh ri fkloguhq dwwhqglqj qrq0vhohfwlyh vfkrrov +l1h1 wkhuh lv odfn ri frpprq vxssruw,1 Zh frqvlghu wklv lvvxh lq ghwdlo lq vhfwlrq 717 ehorz157
Zh kdyh dovr frqvlghuhg lqwhudfwlrq hhfwv ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr zlwk orz delolw| dqg zlwk wkh w|sh ri vfkrrov1 Vxfk lqwhudfwlrq hhfwv duh mrlqwo| lqvljqlfdqw1 Krzhyhu/ wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr lpsdfw iru phq zkr zhqw wkurxjk wkh vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro lv txlwh odujh +d 0418 shu fhqw hhfw rq zdjhv iru dq xqlw lqfuhdvh lq wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr zlwk d vwdqgdug huuru ri 416, dowkrxjk wkh hhfw lv qrw vljqlfdqw1
716151 Zrphq
Lq Wdeoh 71: zh suhvhqw uhjuhvvlrqv iru ihpdoh zdjhv dw 561 Doo uhjuhvvlrqv lqfoxgh gxpplhv iru wkh uhjlrq ri uhvlghqfh dqg wkh uhjlrq ri vfkrrolqj dw 49 dv zhoo dv wkh vhw ri orfdo dxwkrulw| dqg hqxphudwlrq glvwulfw fkdudfwhulvwlfv ghvfulehg ehiruh dqg wkh sduhqwdo edfnjurxqg yduldeohv1
Dv iru phq wkhuh lv qr hhfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr zkrvh hhfw lv lq idfw txlwh suhflvho| hvwlpdwhg dw }hur158 Wkh pdlq glhuhqfh zlwk phq lv wkdw iru zrphq wkh whvw vfruhv dw 44 duh vwurqjo| uhodwhg wr krxuo| zdjh udwhv dw 561 Zh dovr fkhfnhg zkhwkhu lqwhudfwlrq hhfwv zlwk delolw| dqg w|sh ri vfkrrolqj zhuh lp0 sruwdqw dqg irxqg qr vljqlfdqw glhuhqfhv dfurvv glhuhqw jurxsv1 Ihpdoh zdjhv
57Wklv frxog dovr eh dq lvvxh zkhq hydoxdwlqj wkh lpsdfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr rq rxw0 frphv1 Zh kdyh lqyhvwljdwhg wklv e| hvwlpdwlqj d surshqvlw| vfruh iru ehlqj lq d vfkrro zlwk d vpdoo +ehorz wkh phdq, yhuvxv d odujh +deryh wkh phdq, sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr dqg xqghuwdnlqj qhduhvw qhljkerxu qrq0sdudphwulf pdwfklqj +vhh Khfnpdq/ Lfklpxud dqg Wrgg +4<<:,,1 Rxu uhvxowv duh vlplodu dowkrxjk suhflvlrq lv frqvlghudeo| uhgxfhg1
Vshflfdwlrq 4 5 6 7
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7 0313365 0313334 31333; 3133335 +31337, +31337, +31337, +31337, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 31357 3134< 31357 31359
+31353, +31353, +31355, +31356, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 031359 03135<
+31355, +31355,
Judppdu vfkrro 03133; 31363
+31357, +31359,
Sulydwh vfkrro 031345 31344
+31373, +31375, Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq +Qr txd0
olfdwlrq lv edvh jurxs, e| 4<;4
Rwkhu 313;5 313:7 313:9
+31379, +31377, +31377, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31478 31439 3143;
+31369, +31369, +31368, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 31575 314;4 314;3
+3136;, +3136;, +3136;,
D0Ohyho 3157: 314:: 314:9
+3136<, +31373, +31373, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 316:8 31648 31649
+3136<, +3136<, +3136<,
Ghjuhh 3175; 31678 31678
+31376, +31378, +31378, S0ydoxh= Orfdo duhd fkdudfwhulvwlfv 3166 3155 3163 3166 S0ydoxh= Idplo| Edfnjurxqg 317; 3168 3167 31333 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : 31;5 31;6 3175 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw 44 31333 31333 31333 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : ) 44 31333 31333 31333
U2 31584 315;3 315;3 31558
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 47;9 47;9 47;9 47;9 Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv
Wdeoh 71:= Vfkrro Txdolw| dqg Ihpdoh Zdjhv dw 56
dw 56 duh ghwhuplqhg e| txdolfdwlrqv/ delolw| dw 44 dqg uhjlrq ri uhvlghqfh zklfk uh hfwv wkh fkdudfwhulvwlfv ri wkh orfdo oderu pdunhw1 Wkh frqfoxvlrqv uhodwlqj wr wkh hhfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr rq zdjhv dw 66 zkhq zh gr qrw frqglwlrq rq kljkhvw txdolfdwlrqv duh vkrzq lq vshflfdwlrq 71 Wkh uhvxowv duh rqfh djdlq qrw vljqlfdqwo| glhuhqw wr wkrvh rewdlqhg zkhq zh frqwuro iru txdolfdwlrqv1
Lq Wdeoh 71; zh suhvhqw uhvxowv iru zrphq dw 661 Wkh ixoo vhw ri uhvxowv iru vshflfdwlrq 6 lv jlyhq lq WdeohBBlq wkh Dsshqgl{1 Xqolnh rxu hduolhu uhvxowv/ zh qg d vljqlfdqw dqg uhodwlyho| odujh lpsdfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr rq ihpdoh zdjhv dw 66159 D ghfuhdvh ri rqh lq wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr lq vhfrqgdu| vfkrro lv
dvvrfldwhg zlwk d 4 shu fhqw lqfuhdvh lq zdjhv1 Wklv lv wuxh lq doo vshflfdwlrqv zh wulhg dqg lq sduwlfxodu lw uhpdlqv wuxh uhjdugohvv ri zkhwkhu zh frqglwlrq rq whvw vfruhv ru rq idplo| edfnjurxqg ru rq wkh w|sh ri vfkrro1 Jlyhq wkh odujh yduldelolw| lq wkh sxslo whdfkhu udwlr lq wkh gdwd/ wkh uhvxowv lpso| wkdw lw frxog eh uhvsrqvleoh iru vrph odujh zdjh glhuhqwldov1 Pruhryhu/ wkhuh dsshduv wr eh qr vwurqj vfkrro w|sh hhfw iru zrphq dw 66/ dowkrxjk djdlq wkhvh uhvxowv frxog eh eldvhg li zh gr qrw kdyh frpprq vxssruw1 Wklv lvvxh lv h{soruhg lq ghwdlo lq vhfwlrq 717 ehorz1 Zkdw vhhpv wr pdwwhu iru zdjhv lv delolw| phdvxuhg dw 44/ idplo| edfnjurxqg/ txdolfdwlrqv dqg wr vrph h{whqw wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr1 Zkhq zh h{foxgh txdolfdwlrqv +vshflfdwlrq 7, wkh lpsdfw ri d xqlw lqfuhdvh lq wkh sxslo whdfkhu udwlr lqfuhdvhv wr 0415 shu fhqw1 Pruhryhu wkh vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro hhfw ehfrphv odujh dqg vljqlfdqw exw wkh rwkhu vfkrro w|sh yduldeohv uhpdlq xqlpsruwdqw1
Qh{w zh frqvlghuhg zkhwkhu lqwhudfwlrq hhfwv duh lpsruwdqw1 Wkh uhvxowv duh suhvhqwhg lq Wdeoh 71<1 Lq wkh Wdeoh/ zh lqwhudfw wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr zlwk orz dqg kljk delolw|15: Wkh uhvxowv vxjjhvwv wkdw wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr pd| eh pruh lpsruwdqw iru wkh zdjh rxwfrphv ri orz delolw| zrphq wkdq kljk delolw| zrphq dqg wklv krogv zkhwkhu zh lqfoxgh txdolfdwlrqv +vshflfdwlrq 6, ru qrw +vshflfdwlrq 7, lq wkh uhjuhvvlrq1 Lq vshflfdwlrq 7 +froxpq 4, wkh glhuhqfh lq wkh frh!flhqwv lv vljqlfdqw dw wkh 4519 shu fhqw ohyho zkloh lq vshflfdwlrq 6 +froxpq 5, wkh glhuhqfh lv vljqlfdqw dw wkh <19 shu fhqw ohyho1 Wkh lpsdfw iru kljkhu delolw| zrphq lv vpdoohu exw qrw qhjoljleoh1 Zh dovr wulhg lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk wkh w|sh ri vfkrro1 Wkhvh zhuh lqvljqlfdqw +s0ydoxh 57 shu fhqw,1
Wkh uhvxow wkdw wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr kdv dq lpsdfw dw d odwhu djh lv vlplodu wr vrph XV uhvxowv vkrzlqj wkdw wkh lpsdfw ri txdolw| hhfwv lv vwurqjhu dw roghu djhv1 Wkh vljqlfdqfh ri rxu uhvxow lv wkdw zh frqwuro iru frkruw1 Khqfh iru zrphq
Vshflfdwlrq 4 5 6 7
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7 03133<8 03133< 03134 0313455 +31338;, +31339, +31339, +313397, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 313365 31354 3135< 31394
+3135;, +3135;, +31363, +31364, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 31335 031337
+3136, +31368,
Judppdu vfkrro 031359 3138:
+3137, +31376,
Sulydwh vfkrro 031359 3136:
+31393, +31398, Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq +Qr txd0
olfdwlrq lv edvh jurxs, e| 4<<4
Rwkhu 31353 31337 31337
+31379, +3138, +3138, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 3144; 313:: 313:9 +31376, +3137;, +3137;, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 315;9 31557 31559
+31388, +31394, +31394,
D0Ohyho 316;9 3165; 31663
+31397, +3139;, +3139;, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31877 317<6 317<8
+31385, +3138:, +3138;, Ghjuhh 319:< 318<7 318<;
+31389, +31396, +31397,
S0ydoxh= Orfdo Dxwkrulw| 3196 31:5 31:8 31;: S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : 317< 3183 3153 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw 44 31339 31338 31333 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : ) 44 3133< 3133: 31333 S0ydoxh= Idplo| Edfnjurxqg 31333 31333 31333 31333
U2 316;: 31734 31735 315;8
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 4657 4657 4657 4657 Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv1
Vshflfdwlrq 7 6
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7f 0313439 03133; kljk delolw| +313399, +31339, Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7f 0313485 031345
orz delolw| +31339:, +31339, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 31395 31363
+31364, +31363, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 031337 31334
+31368, 3136 Judppdu vfkrro 31393 031356
+31376, +3137, Sulydwh vfkrro 3136< 031357 +31398, +3139, Txdolfdwlrqv lqfoxghg QR \HV
U2 315;: 31736
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 4657 4657 Qrwhv=
+l, Frqwurov dv lq vshflfdwlrq 6 ri Wdeoh 71;1 +ll, Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv
Wdeoh 71<= Vfkrro Txdolw| dqg Ihpdoh Zdjhv dw 66
wkhuh vhhpv wr eh vrph hylghqfh wkdw txdolw| hhfwv kdyh dq lpsdfw dw d odwhu djh/ dqg sduwlfxoduo| iru ohvv deoh zrphq1
7171 Wkh hhfw ri vhohfwlyh hgxfdwlrq rq zdjhv dw 66
wlfv/ whvw vfruhv/ uhjlrqdo lqglfdwruv/ wkh sxslo whdfkhu udwlr dqg vfkrro*v vlqjoh vh{ vwdwxv dv fryduldwhv exw qrw txdolfdwlrqv1 Khqfh wkh lpsdfw zh phdvxuh lv wkh lpsdfw ri vhohfwlyh vfkrrov rq zdjhv dw 66lqfoxglqj wkdw zklfk rshudwhv wkurxjk txdolfdwlrqv +l1h1 wkh fryduldwhv ri vshflfdwlrq 7,1 Wkh dssurdfk zh iroorz lv qrq0sdudphwulf1 Wkh frqglwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrq ri wkh frxqwhuidfwxdo rxwfrph lv hv0 wlpdwhg xvlqj d Jdxvvldq nhuqho1 Wklv lv iroorzhg e| qhduhvw qhljkeru pdwfklqj zkhuh revhuydwlrqv wkdw fdq qrw eh pdwfkhg forvho| hqrxjk duh h{foxghg1 Wklv hqvxuhv wkdw wkh frpsdulvrq wdnhv sodfh ryhu d frpprq vxssruw iru wkh wuhdwhg dqg wkh qrq0wuhdwhg jurxs15;
Lq Wdeoh 7143 zh uhsruw wkh lpsdfw ri vhohfwlyh vfkrrov rq zdjhv dw 66 iru wkrvh zkr dwwhqghg d vhohfwlyh vfkrro +wuhdwphqw rq wkh wuhdwhg, dqg iru wkrvh zkr glg qrw +wuhdwphqw rq wkh qrq wuhdwhg,1 Iru wkh sxusrvhv ri lqihuhqfh zh suhvhqw wkh <8( frqghqfh lqwhuydo frpsxwhg xvlqj wkh errwvwuds1 Wklv wdnhv lqwr dffrxqw wkh idfw wkdw wkh surshqvlw| vfruh lv hvwlpdwhg1 Zh dovr suhvhqw wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri wkh errwvwuds hvwlpdwhv1
Lq doo fdvhv wkh lpsdfw ri ehlqj lq d vhohfwlyh vfkrro lv srvlwlyh1 Krzhyhu wkh <8( frqghqfh lqwhuydo iru wkh wuhdwphqw rq wkh wuhdwhg sdudphwhu grhv frqwdlq }hur dqg wkh uhvxowv duh jhqhudoo| txlwh lpsuhflvh1 Wklv lv reylrxvo| gxh wr wkh uhodwlyh vpdoo vdpsoh vl}hv lqyroyhg1 Zkhq frqvlghulqj wkh lpsdfw rq wkh qrq0 wuhdwhg wkh lpsdfw iru phq lv odujh dqg vljqlfdqwo| glhuhqw iurp }hur/ dowkrxjk vwloo txlwh lpsuhflvho| hvwlpdwhg1 Wklv vxjjhvwv wkdw lw lv wkrvh fkloguhq ohvv olnho| wr dwwhqg d vhohfwlyh vfkrro +vd| ehfdxvh ri frplqj iurp d srruhu vrflr0hfrqrplf
5;Wkh hhfw zh hvwlpdwh lv @ H
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edfnjurxqg, dqg zkr gr kdyh d frpsdulvrq jurxs zlwklq wkh vhohfwlyh vhfwru/ zkr zrxog kdyh ehqhwhg wkh prvw iurp wkh w|sh ri hgxfdwlrq rhuhg e| wkh vhohfwlyh vhfwru1 Lq idfw wkh pdwfkhg vdpsoh iru hvwlpdwlqj wkh lpsdfw ri wuhdwphqw rq wkh qrq0wuhdwhg kdv d pdwkhpdwlfv whvw vfruh dw : 426 ri d vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq kljkhu wkdq wkh fkloguhq lq wkh qrq0vhohfwlyh vhfwru dqg 318 d vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ohvv wkdq wkh dyhudjh fklog lq wkh vhohfwlyh vhfwru1 Lq whupv ri edfnjurxqg wkh vhohfwlyh vhfwru frqwdlqv 31:9 zklwh froodu zrunhuv1 Iru wkh qrq0vhohfwlyh vhfwru wkh sursruwlrq ri zklwh froodu zrunhuv lv 3169/ zkloh iru wklv pdwfkhg vdpsoh wkh sursruwlrq lv 31861 Wkh zlgh frqghqfh edqgv uh hfw sduwo| wkh idfw wkdw vrph lqglylgxdov lq wkh frpsdulvrq jurxs duh xvhg d qxpehu ri wlphv1 Lq sduwlfxodu iru wuhdwphqw rq wkh qrq0wuhdwhg lq wkh fdvh ri pdohv/ wkhuh duh rqo| ;; glvwlqfw lqglylgxdov lq wkh pdwfkhg frqwuro jurxs +fkloguhq lq vhohfwlyh vfkrrov, dqg wkh| duh xvhg uhshdwhgo| +hdfk lv xvhg :16 wlphv rq dyhudjh,1 Wkh vdph kdsshqv lq doo rwkhu fdvhv lq wkdw wdeoh1 Reylrxvo| wkh dssurdfk uhpdlqv vlohqw rq wkh hhfw ri vhohfwlyh vfkrrolqj rq fkloguhq iru zkrp wkhuh lv qr frpsdulvrq jurxs lq wkh vhohfwlyh vhfwru1 Wkh idfw wkdw zh kdyh vprrwkhg wkh h{shfwhg rxwfrph iru wkh frqwuro jurxs ehiruh uhprylqj wkh xqpdwfkhg revhuydwlrqv khosv lpsuryh suhflvlrq frqvlghudeo| +vhh Khfnpdq/ Lfklpxud dqg Wrgg/ 4<<:,1
Ryhudoo wkh uhvxowv srlqw wr d srvlwlyh fdxvdo lpsdfw rq zdjhv ri vhohfwlyh vfkrrov/ vxemhfw wr wkh dvvxpswlrq wkdw doo vhohfwlrq lv rq revhuydeohv1 Glvfryhulqj wkh fdxvhv ri vxfk dq lpsdfw lv lpsruwdqw/ vlqfh lw pd| krog wkh nh| wr krz ehvw wr vshqg uhvrxufhv lq vfkrrov1
7181 Wkh hhfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr dqg vfkrro w|sh rq hpsor|phqw dw 66
Pdoh Ihpdoh Doo
Dyhudjh lpsdfw ri d vhohfwlyh vfkrro rq 313<;: 313685 313;56 wkh srsxodwlrq dwwhqglqj rqh +wuhdwphqw rq wkh wuhdwhg, +313:;8, +313:;4, +31389:,
^031385/ 31537` ^031537/ 31448` ^031394/ 31494` Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv lq vhohfwlyh vfkrrov pdwfkhg 56: 573 7;9
Dyhudjh lpsdfw ri d vhohfwlyh vfkrro rq 3153;3 313;54 31457; wkh srsxodwlrq dwwhqglqj d qrq0vhohfwlyh rqh +31398:, +313:98, +313893, +wuhdwphqw rq wkh qrq0wuhdwhg, ^313;83/ 31655` ^031476/ 31489` ^31384/31633`
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv lq qrq0vhohfwlyh vfkrrov pdwfkhg 978 88: 45:5 Qrwh= Errwvwuds <8( frqghqfh lqwhuydo lq vtxduh eudfnhwv ^ `1 Vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri wkh
errwvwuds lq urxqg eudfnhwv + ,1 433 uhsolfdwlrqv iru wkh errwvwuds
Wdeoh 7143= Lpsdfw ri Vhohfwlyh Vfkrrolqj rq orj Zdjhv dw 66
udwlr pd| kdyh ehhq eldvhg e| frpsrvlwlrq hhfwv +vhh Ghdughq +4<<<, iru pruh ghwdlov,1 Lq Wdeoh 7144 zh suhvhqw wkh pdujlqdo hhfwv iurp d vlpsoh surelw iru hpsor|phqw ri phq dqg zrphq dw wkh djh ri 66 +l1h1 lq 4<<4,15< Wkhvh surelwv lqfoxgh wkh vdph frqwurov dv wkh wklug vshflfdwlrq lq Wdeoh 71;163
Txlwh fohduo|/ wkh vfkrro txdolw| dqg w|sh yduldeohv kdyh qr lpsdfw rq wkh hpsor|phqw suredelolw| iru hlwkhu phq ru zrphq1 Khqfh wr d uvw rughu dssur{0 lpdwlrq xqghu mrlqw qrupdolw| wkh uhvxowv rewdlqhg lq wkh zdjh uhjuhvvlrqv duh qrw wkh rxwfrph ri kdylqj ljqruhg frpsrvlwlrq hhfwv1 Iru phq/ rqo| wkh kljkhu hgxfdwlrqdo txdolfdwlrqv pdwwhu iru hpsor|phqw1 Pruhryhu/ zkloh whvw vfruhv gr qrw pdwwhu/ idplo| edfnjurxqg dqg orfdo qhljkerukrrg fkdudfwhulvwlfv gr1 Iru zrphq/ zrunlqj lv uhodwhg wr kdylqj txdolfdwlrqv dqg wkh kljkhu wkh txdolfdwlrq ohyho wkh kljkhu wkh suredelolw| ri hpsor|phqw1 Wklv lv frqvlvwhqw zlwk d srvlwlyh zdjh hhfw rq oderu vxsso| dv zhoo dv zlwk wkh srvvlelolw| wkdw zrphq zkr gr qrw lqwhqg wr zrun/ gr qrw rewdlq txdolfdwlrqv1 Ilqdoo| iru zrphq/ whvw vfruhv gr qrw vhhp wr pdwwhu1 Wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq hgxfdwlrqdo txdolfdwlrqv dqg
Vshflfdwlrq 41 Phq 51 Zrphq
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7 031339 031335 +31339, +31339, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 3134 031357
+31359, +3135;, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 31338 031356
+31357, +3135:, Judppdu vfkrro 31378 31339
+31367, +31369, Sulydwh vfkrro 0313;5 03139:
+3138:, +31388, Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq +Qr txd0
olfdwlrq lv edvh jurxs, e| 4<<4
Rwkhu 313:7 313<8
+3137, +31376, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 3136 31453
+3137, +31376, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 313; 3144;
+3136<, +3137:,
D0Ohyho 313< 31444
+3137, +31386, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31474 314<;
+31367, +31374,
Ghjuhh 31468 31533
+3136:, +31378, S0ydoxh= Orfdo duhd fkdudfwhulvwlfv 3135 3177 S0ydoxh= Idplo| Edfnjurxqg 3136; 3166 S0ydoxh= Whvw Vfruhv dw : ) 44 319: 31;7
U2 3139: 31366
Qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv 5565 5745 Khwhurvfhgdvwlflw| frqvlvwhqw vwdqgdug huuruv lq sduhqwkhvhv1
Wdeoh 7144= Hpsor|phqw dw 66
hpsor|phqw lpsolhv wkdw wkh uhwxuqv wr hgxfdwlrq iru erwk phq dqg zrphq duh olnho| wr eh xqghuhvwlpdwhg +vhh Ghdughq +4<<<,,1
718141 Wkh uhwxuqv wr hgxfdwlrq iru phq dqg zrphq
hgxfdwlrq suredeo| lqfuhdvh zlwk h{shulhqfh1 Ilqdoo|/ iurp wkh idfw wkdw kljkhu txdolfdwlrqv lqfuhdvh wkh hpsor|phqw suredelolw|/ zh fdq lqihu wr d uvw rughu dssur{lpdwlrq xqghu mrlqw qrupdolw|/ wkdw wkh uhwxuqv duh xqghuhvwlpdwhg e| wkh zdjh htxdwlrq li zdjhv dqg hpsor|phqw duh frqglwlrqdoo| srvlwlyho| fruuhodwhg +vhh Ghdughq +4<<<,,1
81 Frqfoxvlrqv
Lq wklv sdshu zh kdyh xvhg gdwd iurp wkh 4<8; Qdwlrqdo Fklog Ghyhorsphqw Vxuyh| +QFGV, wr lqyhvwljdwh wkh lpsdfw ri wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr dqg vfkrro w|sh rq hgxfdwlrqdo dqg oderu pdunhw rxwfrphv1 Wkh rxwfrphv zh frqvlghu lv wkh kljkhvw ohyho ri hgxfdwlrqdo txdolfdwlrq/ zdjhv dw 56 dqg 66 dqg hpsor|phqw dw 661
Rxu pdmru qglqjv duh=
41 Wkh sulpdu| sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr kdv qr lpsdfw rq dq| ri wkh rxwfrph ydul0 deohv ryhu wkh udqjh wkdw lw ydulhv lq wkh gdwd/ rqfh zh frqglwlrq rq whvw vfruhv iru pdwkhpdwlfdo dqg yhuedo delolw| dw :1 Hyhq zkhq zh gr qrw frq0 glwlrq rq wkhvh yduldeohv wkh lpsdfw lv yhu| vpdoo dqg rqo| vljqlfdqw iru phq1
51 Wkh vhfrqgdu| sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr kdv qr lpsdfw rq hgxfdwlrqdo dwwdlqphqw iru hlwkhu phq ru zrphq/ rqfh zh frqwuro iru whvw vfruhv dqg w|sh ri vfkrro dwwhqghg1
71 Zdjhv dw 56 iru phq ghshqg rqo| rq txdolfdwlrqv dqg orfdo oderu pdu0 nhw lqglfdwruv1 Iru zrphq whvw vfruhv dovr pdwwhu1 Krzhyhu qrqh ri wkh phdvxuhg vfkrro txdolw| yduldeohv duh lpsruwdqw dw wkdw djh1
81 Zdjhv dw 66 iru erwk phq dqg zrphq ghshqg rq txdolfdwlrqv dqg delo0 lw|1 Iru zrphq idplo| edfnjurxqg dovr pdwwhuv1 Wkxv lw vhhpv wkdw delo0 lw| dv phdvxuhg e| whvw vfruhv dhfwv hduqlqjv jurzwk/ hlwkhu wkurxjk d ohduqlqj2rq0wkh0mre vfuhhqlqj phfkdqlvp dqg2ru wkurxjk d frpsohphqwdu0 lw| ehwzhhq delolw| dqg ohduqlqj0e|0grlqj ru surihvvlrqdo wudlqlqj1
91 Zh dovr qg wkdw dwwhqglqj d vhohfwlyh vfkrro +hlwkhu d jryhuqphqw judp0 pdu vfkrro ru d sulydwh vfkrro, lpsdfwv srvlwlyho| dqg vljqlfdqwo| rq hg0 xfdwlrqdo rxwfrphv iru erwk phq dqg zrphq dqg wkh zdjhv ri phq dw wkh djh ri 661 Zh fkhfn wkh urexvwqhvv ri wklv qglqj xvlqj qrq0sdudphwulf surshqvlw| vfruh pdwfklqj whfkqltxhv1 Zh qg hylghqfh vxjjhvwlqj wkdw wkh vhohfwlyh vfkrro lpsdfw rq zdjhv dw 66/ lv kljkhvw rq wkh w|shv ri lqglylgxdov zkr suhgrplqdqwo| dwwhqg qrq0vhohfwlyh vfkrrov exw zkr gr kdyh d frp0 sdulvrq jurxs dprqj wkrvh jrlqj wr d vhohfwlyh rqh1 Wkhvh lqglylgxdov duh pruh deoh dqg frph iurp ehwwhu r edfnjurxqgv wkdq wkh dyhudjh fklog lq wkh qrq0vhohfwlyh vhfwru/ exw duh ohvv zhoo r dqg ohvv deoh wkdq wkh dyhudjh vhohfwlyh vhfwru fklog1 Reylrxvo| zh kdyh qrwklqj wr vd| iru wkh w|shv ri lqglylgxdov iurp srruhu edfnjurxqgv dqg2ru zlwk orzhu delolw| zkr kdyh qr frpsdulvrq jurxs dprqj wkh vhohfwlyh vfkrro fkloguhq1
:1 Wkh suredelolw| ri hpsor|phqw grhv qrw ghshqg rq dq| ri wkh vfkrro lqsxw ru vfkrro w|sh yduldeohv/ frqglwlrqdo rq txdolfdwlrqv1
d odujhu lpsdfw rq rxwfrphv iru sxslov iurp d glvdgydqwdjhg edfnjurxqg +vhh Nuxhjhu dqg Zklwpruh/ 5334,1 Lw kdv ehhq dujxhg e| Od}hdu +4<<<, wkdw orzhulqj wkh sxslo whdfkhu udwlr lv olnho| wr eh prvw hhfwlyh iru orzhu delolw| sxslov zkr duh qrw glvuxswlyh1 Wklv frqmhfwxuh lv eurdgo| frqvlvwhqw zlwk rxu uhvxowv1 Lw pd| zhoo eh wkdw wkh juhdwhu pdwxulw| ri |rxqj zrphq frxsohg zlwk wkh qhhg iru juhdwhu dwwhqwlrq dw wkh orzhu hqg ri wkh delolw| glvwulexwlrq pdnhv orzhu sxslo0whdfkhu udwlrv hhfwlyh iru jluov1
Wkh uhvxowv iru phq gr qrw/ krzhyhu/ lpso| wkdw dfdghplf rxwfrphv dqg zdjhv zrxog eh wkh vdph/ uhjdugohvv ri zkhwkhu wkh sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr zdv rqh ru rqh kxqguhg1 Wkh uhvxowv lq wklv sdshu uhodwh wr wkh lpsdfw ri glhuhqfhv lq wklv udwlr revhuyhg lq rxu gdwd1
eldv fdq eh dvvhvvhg1 Htxdoo| ri frxuvh ehwwhu whdfkhuv pd| vhoi0vhohfw wr vfkrrov zlwk orzhu sxslo0whdfkhu udwlrv vlqfh wkh zrunlqj frqglwlrqv wkhuh duh ehwwhu1
Dsshqgl{
Wdeoh 314= Ghvfulswlrq ri Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq dqg Kljkhvw Vfkrro Txdolfdwlrq Yduldeoh Ghvfulswlrq
Kljkhvw Hgxfdwlrq Txdolfdwlrq=
Ghjuhh Xqlyhuvlw| ru FQDD uvw ghjuhh> FQDD Srvw0judgxdwh Glsorpd> ru Xqlyhuvlw| ru FQDD Kljkhu Ghjuhh1
Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo Kljkhvw Yrfdwlrqdo= Ixoo surihvvlrqdo txdolfdwlrq ru sduw ri d surihv0 vlrqdo txdolfdwlrq> Sro|whfkqlf Glsorpd ru Fhuwlfdwh +qrw FQDD ydolgdwhg,> Xqlyhuvlw| ru FQDD Glsorpd ru Fhuwlfdwh> Qxuvlqj txdolfdwlrq lqfoxglqj qxuvhu| txdolfdwlrq> qrq0judgxdwh whdfklqj txdolfdwlrqv> Kljkhu Qdwlrqdo Fhuwlfdwh +KQF, ru Glsorpd +KQG,> EHF2WHF Kljkhu Fhuwlfdwh ru Kljkhu Glsorpd> Flw| dqg Jxlogv Ixoo Whfkqrorjlfdo Fhuwlfdwh1
D Ohyhov Dw ohdvw rqh JFH D Ohyho/ Vfrwwlvk Ohdylqj Fhuwlfdwh +VOF,/ Vfrw0 wlvk Fhuwlfdwh ri Hgxfdwlrq +VFH,/ Vfrwwlvk Xqlyhuvlw| Suholplqdu| H{dplqdwlrq +VXSH, dw Kljkhu Judgh/ Fhuwlfdwh ri Vl{wk \hdu Vwxglhv1
Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo ru 8. R Ohyhov= Flw| dqg Jxlogv Dgydqfhg ru Ilqdo> Ruglqdu| Qdwlrqdo Fhuwlfdwh +RQF, ru Glsorpd +RQG,> EHF2WHF Qdwlrqdo/ Jhqhudo ru Ruglqdu|> dw ohdvw yh JFH R Ohyho sdvvhv ru judghv DF/ ru FVH Judgh 4 ru htxlydohqw1
Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo ru R Ohyhov= Flw| dqg Jxlogv Fudiw ru Ruglqdu|> d Ur|do Vrflhw| ri Duwv +UVD, dzdugv/ vwdjh 4/ 5 ru 6> rwkhu frpphufldo ru fohulfdo txdolfdwlrqv> dw ohdvw rqh JFH R Ohyho sdvvhv ru judghv DF/ ru FVH Judgh 4 ru htxlydohqw1
Rwkhu Plvfhoodqhrxv Txdolfdwlrqv= Doo rwkhu frxuvhv ohdglqj wr vrph vruw ri txdolfdwlrq zklfk duh qrw lghqwlhg deryh lqfoxglqj FVH judgh 58 ru htxlydohqw dqg plvfhoodqhrxv dssuhqwlfhvkls txdolfdwlrqv1 Qrqh Qr txdolfdwlrqv lqfoxglqj wkrvh zlwk qr irupdo vfkrrolqj1 Kljkhvw Vfkrro
Txdolfdwlrq=
D Ohyhov Dw ohdvw rqh JFH D Ohyho/ Vfrwwlvk Ohdylqj Fhuwlfdwh +VOF,/ Vfrw0 wlvk Fhuwlfdwh ri Hgxfdwlrq +VFH,/ Vfrwwlvk Xqlyhuvlw| Suholplqdu| H{dplqdwlrq +VXSH, dw Kljkhu Judgh/ Fhuwlfdwh ri Vl{wk \hdu Vwxglhv1
8. R Ohyhov Dw ohdvw yh JFH R Ohyho sdvvhv ru judghv DF/ ru FVH Judgh 4 ru htxlydohqw1
R Ohyhov Dw ohdvw rqh JFH R Ohyho sdvvhv ru judghv DF/ ru FVH Judgh 4 ru htxlydohqw1
Wdeoh 315= Vxppdu| Vwdwlvwlfv
Yduldeoh Pdohv Ihpdohv
5565 Revhuydwlrqv 5745 Revhuyhdwlrqv Phdq +Vwg Ghy1, Phdq +Vwg Ghy1, Uhdo orj krxuo| zdjh 4<;4 418;5 +31655, 41775 +31674, Uhdo orj krxuo| zdjh 4<<4 5138; +31755, 419;; +317<3, Ydolg zdjh gdwd 4<;4 31:95 +31759, 31949 +317;9, Ydolg zdjh gdwd 4<<4 319;5 +31799, 3187< +317<;, Hpsor|hg 4<;4 31;:6 +31666, 319:7 +3179<, Hpsor|hg 4<<4 31<57 +31598, 31:58 +3177:, Kljkhvw Txdolfdwlrq 4<<4=
Qrqh 31389 +31564, 313:5 +3158;, Rwkhu 313<: +315<9, 3146: +31677, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31587 +31768, 31663 +317:3, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 3154< +31746, 31459 +31665, D Ohyhov 3138; +31567, 3139; +31585, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 3149: +316:6, 3146< +31679, Ghjuhh 3147< +31689, 3145; +31667, Kljkhvw Txdolfdwlrq 4<;4=
Qrqh 313<6 +315<4, 3143; +31643, Rwkhu 3147: +31687, 31498 +316:5, Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo 31566 +31756, 31636 +31793, Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo 3156; +31759, 31476 +31683, D Ohyhov 313;3 +315:4, 313:< +315:3, Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo 313<6 +315<3, 313<5 +315;<, Ghjuhh 3144: +31654, 3143< +31645, Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 4<:7 3157< +31766, 315<4 +31787, Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7 4:139; +41<56, 4:14<9 +513::, Frpsuhkhqvlyh vfkrro 4<:7 318:6 +317<8, 31883 +317<;, Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 4<:7 31579 +31764, 3156; +31759, Judppdu vfkrro 4<:7 3145: +31666, 31488 +31695, Sulydwh vfkrro 4<:7 31387 +31559, 31389 +31564, Kljk delolw| 318:7 +317<8, 31946 +317;:, Pdwkv delolw| dw :=
4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw, 3148< +31699, 314:3 +316:8, 5qg txlqwloh 314:: +316;5, 3154< +31747, 6ug txlqwloh 31536 +31736, 31539 +31738, 7wk txlqwloh 31547 +31743, 31534 +31734, 8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw, 31579 +31764, 31537 +31736, Uhdglqj delolw| dw :=
4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw, 31538 +31737, 3145: +31666, 5qg txlqwloh 31545 +3173<, 314:7 +316:<, 6ug txlqwloh 3153< +3173:, 31548 +31744, 7wk txlqwloh 31533 +31733, 31553 +31747, 8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw, 314:6 +316:<, 31597 +31774, Pdwkv delolw| dw 44=
4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw, 31487 +31694, 3146< +31679, 5qg txlqwloh 31536 +31735, 314:7 +316:<, 6ug txlqwloh 314;< +316<4, 3154: +31745, 7wk txlqwloh 3154< +31746, 31554 +31748, 8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw, 31565 +31755, 31575 +3175;, Uhdglqj delolw| dw 44=
