Experience and Update

PED in the U.S.A.

Experience and Update

Dr. Tim Loula Swine Vet Center St. Peter, Minnesota

U.S.A

2014 PorkExpo

VII International Congress on Swine Iguassu Falls, Brazil

Swine Vet Center Veterinary Consultants

Past visits to Asia…

But they just wanted to talk about PED

NOW, I get it.

3 Coronaviruses

• PED

• InDel strain

PED

Present Day

–

4/26/2014

• Piglets – Diarrhea • Severe • Rapid onset • Very watery • Distinctive odor – Vomiting

– High mortality (100%) less than 2-3 weeks of age and for the next 2

weeks of farrowing.

• Clinical signs

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Slower growth

• Low mortality

(unless under 2 weeks in barn)

Wean to Finish Effects

• Nurseries

– Clinically see scours for 2-4 days with an increase of about 1%

mortality.

• Finishers

Diagnostics

• PCR

• Serology

– IFA

– ELISA (still perfecting)

• No VI

– Virus is difficult to grow

• Bioassay to prove infectivity/viability

– Time consuming

– Expensive

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

PED S Gene Real Time PCR - rectal swab

Case# D14-014884 D14-017511 D14-020386 D14-023078 D14-025518 D14-027710 D14-030326 D14-032450 D14-037165 D14-042115

WEEK 1 WEEK 3 WEEK 5 WEEK 7 WEEK 9 WEEK 11 WEEK 13 WEEK 15 WEEK 19 WEEK 23 3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 1 32.09 negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative 2 34.24 negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative 3 34.38 negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative 4 32.6 negative negative negative negative negative negative negative negative

5 33.07 36.61 negative negative negative negative negative negative negative

6 34.27 negative negative negative 7 26.35 negative negative negative

8 33.8 negative negative negative

9 34.33 negative negative negative 10 35.12 negative negative negative

11 32.36 negative 12 32.52 negative negative 13 32.14 negative negative 14 31.66 negative negative 15 31.56 negative negative 15/15 + 1/5+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/15+ 0/5+ 0/5+ 0/12+ 0/8+

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

PEDv (Elisa) - serum

3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 1 0.659 1.084 1.161 0.838 0.35 0.508 0.296 0.867 0.583 0.269 2 0.098 0.116 0.12 0.114 0.034 0.067 0.055 0.153 0.139 0.273 3 0.432 0.906 1.076 0.764 0.329 0.421 0.349 0.892 0.706 0.487 4 0.155 0.134 0.328 0.237 0.049 0.097 0.042 0.561 0.267 0.073 5 0.123 0.122 0.262 0.191 0.049 0.228 0.179 0.142 0.1 0.04 6 0.079 0.185 0.511 0 0 0 0.002 0.007 0.097 0.001 7 0.164 0.109 0.365 0.255 0.037 0.098 0.053 0.898 0.418 0.1 8 0.253 0.179 0.337 0.301 0.044 0.113 0.078 0.452 0.265 0.477 9 0.377 0.188 0.058 0.433 0.108 0.12 0.109 0.36 0.169 0.06 10 0.242 0.123 1.08 0.803 0.188 0.336 0.228 0.331 0.203 0.081 11 0.244 12 0.305 0.742 0.439 0.321 0.114 0.076 0.118 0.177 0.27 0.047 13 0.298 0.167 0.271 0.125 0.08 0.083 0.037 0.224 0.753 0.197 14 0.484 0.233 0.705 0.564 0.11 0.209 0.146 0.749 0.445 0.318 15 0.065 0.013 0.017 0.057 0 0.029 0.014 0.065 0.083 0.058 >0.2 9/15+ 4/14+ 11/14+ 9/14+ 0/14+ 5/14+ 3/14+ 9/14+ 9/14+ 5/14+ >0.4 3/15+ 3/14+ 6/14+ 5/14+ 0/14+ 2/14+ 0/14+ 6/14+ 5/14+ 2/14+

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

PEDv IFA Titers

3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative negative negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE

@ 1:40 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:80 @ 1:80 @ 1:160 @ 1:80 @ 1:40 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:80 @ 1:40 @ 1:40 @ 1:160 @ 1:40 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:160 @ 1:320 @ 1:40 @ 1:40 @ 1:40 @ 1:40 @ 1:40 @ 1:80 @ 1:160 @ 1:320 @ 1:160 @ 1:80 @ 1:80 @ 1:160 @ 1:320 @ 1:80 @ 1:40 @ 1:160 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:320 @ 1:160 @ 1:80 @ 1:320 @ 1:40

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

PED - Saliva (ropes)

3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14

Rope 1 26.41 30.58 31.82 38.56 36.81 37.74 negative negative negative negative Rope 2 28.28 24.13 31.17 37.12 negative negative negative negative negative negative Rope 3 28.48 31.59 32.31 0 negative negative negative negative negative negative

3/3+ 3/3+ 3/3+ 2/3+ 1 suspect 1/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+ 0/3+

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

PED PCR - Pit

3/27/14 4/10/14 4/24/14 5/8/14 5/22/14 6/5/14 6/19/14 7/3/14 8/1/14 8/29/14 10/2/2014

28.44 28.17 31.15 30.60 33.58

POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE negative POSITIVE

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

Feces - PCR PED PED

6/19/14 8/29/14 1 negative 4 negative 2 negative 5 negative 3 negative 12 negative 4 negative 14 negative 5 negative 15 negative 13 negative

Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns

• Naïve Sentinals

– PEDv negative pigs placed into PEDv positive barn 2 weeks prior to

marketing (6 months post arrival of positive pigs).

– These animals remained negative.

• It took most Swine Vet Center clients 7 weeks to get back to normal production.

Results: Aggregate

60/86 herds achieved baseline production

Dane Goede Usual severity n = 60 herds Avg TTBP = 7.4 wks 95% CI TTBP = 1.7-13 Pigs/1000 sows = 2501 95% CI pigs/1000 sows = 64-4939

Results: A, B, C Presentations

19% 31%

50%

Time to Baseline Production

Time to Baseline Production

Much has been learned.

There is much MORE to learn.

The coming 6 months (winter) will tell us a lot.

Colostral SN titers

• 8 months post PED break on an 8000-sow farm

– 6 of 6 samples positive (the higher the number, the more antibodies)

• 1:64 • 1:64 • 1:128 • 1:64 • 1:128 • 1:32 J. Branstad

Very quiet since April, 2014

• Does this mean:

– U.S. swine industry has figured out how to limit virus movement?

OR

– Did so much of the national herd become infected that herd

immunity is holding the virus in check?

• This was NOT the case in some regions during the summer of 2013

OR

– Is it just that warm weather has prevailed in its ability to stop virus

PED Epidemiology

• Different geographies

experienced different area spread patterns

Unanswered Questions

• How did PEDv get into the U.S.A.?

• How did it break in 5 states

almost simultaneously?

• How did it move around so

Origin of the Virus

• Matches with virus from China

Initial Veterinary Survey

• Concern: How did this virus come into the U.S.?

• Objective: Identify any risk factors potentially associated with the

introduction and spread of the PEDv into the U.S. swine herd

• Survey designed by AASV, NPB, NPPC & USDA-CEAH

• Administered by practitioners, data transferred to CEAH via link

designed by FAZD at Texas A&M

• Data analyzed by CEAH

• Questionnaire examined > 100 variables

Survey Results

• Only seven variables were considered significantly likely to

have some association with the introduction of PEDv

• These seven risk factors were associated with the process of

feeding the animals.

• Did not implicate any specific finished feed, feed ingredient,

Epidemiology – Observational Study

Question topic Type of Variable Odds

Ratio p value Interpretation How many pelleted rations were fed to sows

during the last 90 days Continuous 0.45 0.001

When the number of pelleted rations fed to sows goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes down 55%.

Origin of sow feed used in the last 90 days Categorical 2.33 0.002

When sow feed was custom mixed off farm compared to being purchased complete, the odds of being a case goes up 2.3X.

What grain was mixed with in sow feed in the

past 90 days. Categorical 0.44 0.002

When grain was mixed with an amino acid source, salt, calcium, phosphorus and a premix in sow feed compared to only an amino acid source and a base mix, the odds of being a case goes down 56%

How many meal/mash rations were fed to

nursery pigs during the last 90 days Continuous 1.65 0.05

When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to nursery pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 65%.

How many meal/mash rations were fed to

finishers during the last 90 days Continuous 1.51 0.004

When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to finishing pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 51%.

Total number of rations fed to finishers during

the last 90 days Continuous 1.36 0.04

When the total number of rations fed to finishing pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 36%.

What grain was mixed with in finisher feed in

the past 90 days. Categorical 0.50 <0.001

When grain was mixed with a supplement in finisher feed compared to with an amino acid source and a base mix, the odds of being a case goes down 50%

Contents of premix in the most recent finisher

diet Categorical 3.50 0.02

When vitamin and trace mineral premix was in the same premix in the most recent finisher diet the odds of being a case goes up 3.5X.

Sows PED Positive- Swine Vet Center

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Fa rm s

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A B C D E F G

Large Swine Vet Center Client

The Current Plans (Options)

• Eradication

– Load, close, homogenize

OR

– Begin continuous exposure to replacement gilts at 20-50 lbs.

(9-23 kg.)

OR

– Continuously expose prefarrowing 1 time per month, 4 groups

Number of sow herds- exposure vs elimination

All Swine Vet Center Client herds are

producing PEDv negative piglets today.

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

• Isolation of incoming breeding stock

– Vet-to-Vet

– Isolation

– Post arrival testing

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

• Feed

– No porcine products

– Biosecurity of feed mills

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

• Transportation

– Clean – baked?

• Trucks and trailers

• Load chutes

• Drivers

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

• People

– Down time

PED Basic Biosecurity Measures

• Equipment and supplies

– Quarantine

• Slaughter house study

Slaughter Plant Study

July, 2013

• 7 plants

• 100 trucks per plant

– In and out (i.e., 1400 samples)

Slaughter Plant Study RESULTS

11 of every 100 negative trailers left plant PEDv positive

28 of 100 trailers left the plant PEDv positive

This was middle of July

Huge risk for trailers leaving plant

Truck Unloading Process

Truck Unloading Process

Truck Unloading Process

• Minimum of 5 times walking in and out of the

plant to the truck

• Have to walk through the entire truck

Results of test at Packing Plant

• Removed the packing plant with very high number of positives

– 6.6% of trucks at arrival were Positive

Results of test at Packing Plant

• If the packing plant employee enter the truck

– 4.15 times more likely to be contaminated

• If the trailer followed a positive trailer

Conclusion

Assume trucks are dirty

• It is hard to get them

CLEAN!

– 160 degrees F for 10 minutes

– 68 degrees F for 7 days

• Disinfected with contact

time before freezing.

– Propylene Glycol

– Windshield washer fluid

New truck washes

Inspection

Testing

• We learn from our clients

– Our clients today are very experienced and actually

know more than most young veterinarians.

• Many have eradicated PRRS and Mycoplasma.

• In the past: – Pseudorabies – Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae – Swine Dysentery – Atrophic Rhinitis – Mange – Etc.

– They are experienced “on farm epidemiologists”.

Feed Ingredients

• Significant concern right now in industry

– Contamination at grain storage/elevators (road slush?)

– Ingredient contamination (birds/corn or DDGs piles)

– Animal byproducts (remember - all from packing plants)

• Meat and bone meal

• Porcine peptide (Heparin manufacturing)

Epidemiologic investigation

• National rapid response teams

• 5 investigations have been conducted in the U.S.A.

•

Feed

–

Porcine products

•

Plasma

•

PEP/DPS

•

Blood meal

–

Have had PCR positive tests on all

of the above products on retained

samples at the mill

• Porcine plasma

• Meat & bone meal

• Peptides

– PEP

– DPS

• _{*Product of packing plant & rendering} • *Found primarily in early nursery diets

Porcine Derived Proteins

Fat

• AV blend

• Choice white

•

Feed (Fat)

–

Porcine products

•

AV blend

•

Choice white grease ?

•

Etc.

Perception

• There is virus getting through in feed ingredients or

contamination of the feed mill.

• We have a lot to learn about making feed mills biosecure.

Confusion

• PCR positive

– Is it alive??

Migrating birds

Winter

Feed mill cross contamination

• How do we protect

and prevent this?

– Dairy lactation bypass

protein

– Poultry use of porcine

Known high risks in need of fixing

•

Aerosol?

Preliminary Analysis of OK Farms

• Spatial analysis of 93 PEDv positive sites out of 242

total sites

– Provides some support to the hypothesis of airborne spread since direction of disease spread appears to correlate with wind direction

– Proximity to a positive site increases the risk of becoming positive for PEDv

– A 5 day delay between the first case and subsequent cases

– During week 3 a case appeared far from the other cluster of cases which may indicate transmission via truck

movement

Preliminary Analysis of NC Farms

• Spatial analysis of 274/1797 PEDv positive farms as

of 10/25

– There is one significant cluster where nearly twice the number of positive farms expected is present (44 km radius)

– Cases immediately following other infections occur 20 degrees NE on average

– Proximity to a PEDv infected farm increases odds of becoming infected:

• Within 1 mile – 8.4 times higher odds

• Within 2 miles – 6.3 times higher odds

• 3 or more miles away – no greater odds

– Odds of infection decreased 27% / mile away from a positive farm

? ? ?

Nursery Feed Concerns

• Started happening in

January 2014.

• Nurseries (15) in good

locations became

infected from negative sow farms.

• Those sow farms

Another system broke

10 nurseries in a row.

Nursery Feed Concerns

• 5 finishing barns all received feed and broke with

PEDv on the same day.

• The 2nd _{barn on}

some sites did not break.

Will filtration stop PED?

• We know it is highly

effective on PRRS

– 52.2% before

– 9.8% after

• PED in filtered farms

– 15 PED sow farm breaks

– 1 stud break (Nebraska)

– 93 farms in database

– 17% since April

•

Lagoons

Lagoons

U of MN Swine Health Monitoring Program January 22, 2014

Study by Swine Vet Center’s Dr. Steve Tousignant

PEDv survivability in manure

• In the study, he sampled wean to finish sites that were filled from PEDv positive sow farms, or had laboratory confirmation of presumed lateral infection (ie related to feed, or accidental contamination during transport) to ensure the pit would have had PEDv in them. Manure was collected from pump outs, pooled together and tested by PCR and bio-assay.

RESULTS

• Tested manure pits under barns that have been infected 6

months or 4 months previously

– All samples tested PCR positive for PEDv.

Confusion

• What to do next after a positive PCR test?

– Washed trailer

– Washed farrowing rooms

– Feed – Ingredients – Vehicles – Front offices – Offices – ETC!!!!!!

Many cold weather concerns

• Heat kills, so we lost this

further means of

disinfection this year

(November  March)

• Difficult to clean chutes

• Trailers sit outside

• Feed ingredients sit in a

frozen environment

– At plant/warehouse 

Known high risks in need of fixing

Known high risks in need of fixing

Known high risks in need of fixing

Feedback

• Questions

– Prefarrowing

• Yes / No

• Old style or juice collected during the break

Feedback (Regular)

• Weeks 4, 5, 6

• 1x per month, weeks 4, 5, 6,

7 (with outbreak juice)

• Whole herd every other

PED and PRRS

PED and PRRS

• Has PED helped PRRS??

Batch Farrowing

• Break in farrowing seems to significantly improve recovery.

PED and PRRS

• Has PED helped PRRS??

PED and PRRS

• Has PED helped PRRS??

Biosecurity

• Shower in – shower out works

– Research sites

– Large sow farm

People Down Time

• This farm previously tried to infect the unexposed farm with

people from the breaking farm.

– Work 6-8 hours on “hot” farm (5 workers)

– Shower out

– Drive 18 miles in their own vehicles

– Shower in new farm – work 1 hour in GDU rooms with pigs

– Repeat for 5 days

Eradication

• Load – Close – Homogenize

PED Eradication

• We challenged Canadian veterinarians and

epidemiologists to go for eradication in Canada.

PED Eradication

• North Carolina is trying to take negative.

+

Conclusion

• The first 6-8 tons of feed would have been bioassay negative

BUT…

Client Preparation

PED Fire Drill

Control

•

It’s so complicated, it’s

actually

Basic Disease Control

• Sow immunity

• Transfer of immunity to piglets

– Colostrum

– Lactogenic immunity

• Sanitation

Basic Disease Control

• Feedback

Basic Disease Control

• Reduction of exposure dose

– Sanitation

• “Surgical suite” clean

The government became

involved on June 5, 2014.

USDA Mandatory Reporting of

New Detections of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses

• Federal order issued on June 5, 2014 requiring producers, vets and diagnostic labs to report presumptive or confirmed positive cases of PEDV, PDCoV, or other novel swine enteric coronaviruses (collectively referred to as swine enteric coronavirus diseases = SECD).

– Presumptive positive herds are those that have tested PCR positive for SECD but do not have clinical signs or a history of SECD.

– Confirmed positive herds are that that have PCR positive test results and have clinical signs or a history consistent with SECD infection.

PED vaccine

• We have tried 1 of 2 vaccines on 4 herds that seemed to want

to go chronic

SUMMARY

• Much has been learned.

• We are hopeful that there will be far fewer cases of PED this

PED in the U.S.A.

Experience and Update

Dr. Tim Loula Swine Vet Center St. Peter, Minnesota

U.S.A

2014 PorkExpo

VII International Congress on Swine Iguassu Falls, Brazil