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A

b

s

t

r a c t

T h i

s re

p

o r

t

co

n

s

i

s

t

s o

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(

M

I E

X

)

r e s

i

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d

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or t

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m

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l

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ater

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(

N O

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w

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m

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p

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)

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r o

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f

1 0 0

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(

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g

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M

ost

i

m

p

ortan

t

l y

,

I

a

m

e xtr e

m

e

l y g

r ate

f

u

l

t

o

m

y

c

l

os e

f

r

i

en

d

s,

ne a r a n

d

f

a r,

w h

os e co

m p

an

y

an

d

en co u ra

g

e

m

en

t

m

a

d

e

m

y w

o r

k

m

or e en

j

o

y

a

b

l

e a n

d

(5)

T

a

b l

e

o

f C

o

n

t

e

n

t

s

L i

st o

f T

a

b l

e s v

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L i

st o

f F i g

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i i

i

C

H A

P

T E R

1

I

n tro

d

uct

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1

2

L i

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R

ev

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e

w

3

2 L

H

a r

d

ne s s

i

n

W

a

t

e r

3

2 2

C

a

l

c

i

u

m

C

ar

b

o n a te

C h

e

m

i

s

t

r

y

4

2 2 L

C

a

C

O

j

S

o

l

u

b i l

i t

y

4

2 2 2

C

ar

b

o nate

C h

e

m

i

str

y

4

2

.

2 3

L i

m

e

S

o

ft

en

i

n

g

5

2

.

2 4

S

a

t

u ra

t

i

o n

6

2 2 5

N

uc

l

e a

ti

o n

7

2 2

.

6

.

C

r

y

s

t

a

l

G

r o

w

t

h

8

2

.

2

.

7

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I

n

h i b i

t

i

o n o

f P

re c

i

p

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t

a

ti

o n

d

ue

t

o

N

a

t

u ra

l

O

r

g

an

i

c

M

a

t t

er

(

N O

M

)

8

2 3

N O

M

C h

e

m

i

s

t

r

y

9

2 3 1

O

r

ig i

n an

d P

r o

p

e rt

i

es

9

2

.

3 2

M

et

h

o

d

s o

f

Q

uan

ti f i

c at

i

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d C h

a r a cte r

i

z a

ti

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1 0

2

.

3 3

P

r o

b l

e

m

s

C

au s e

d b y

N O

M

i

n

W

ate r

T

re at

m

en

t

1 1

2 4

.

D

i

s

i

n

f

e c

ti

o n

B y p

ro

d

uc

t

(

D B P

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F

or

m

a

ti

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1 1

2

.

4 1

C h l

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na

ti

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2

.

4 2

E f f

e c

t

o

f R

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ti

o n

C

o n

d i ti

o n s o n

D

B P F

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m

a

ti

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d S

p

ec

i

a

ti

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1 2

2

.

4 3

E f f

e ct o

f B

ro

m

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e o n

D

B P F

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m

a

ti

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d Sp

ec

i

a

ti

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1 3

2

.

4

.

4

D

B P C

o n tro

l S

tr ate

g i

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1 3

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I

o n

E

xc

h

an

g

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f N O

M

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5 1

A

n

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xc

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an

g

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n

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r o

p

er

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1 5

2

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5 2

E

n

g i

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n

g P

ara

m

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f I

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x c

h

an

g

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R

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i

ns

1

5

2

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5 3

I

o n

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xc

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an

g

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P

ro c e s s

C

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fi g

ur a

ti

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1 7

2 6

M

a

g

ne

ti

c

I

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E

xc

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an

g

e

(

M

I E X

)

1 7

(6)

2 6

.

2

M

a

g n

et

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x c

h

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g

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e ct

i

v en e s s

1 9

3

.

E f f

e ct o

f

na t ur a

l

or

g

an

i

c

m

at

t

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li

m

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f

ten

i

n

g

:

A

n a

p

p l i

c a

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m

a

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net

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c

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h

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g

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A b

s

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1

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d

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b

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4

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1

O

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M

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s

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l

ts an

d D

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s cu ss

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m

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aters

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3

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3 6

.

C

o n c

l

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4 1

4

R

e

m

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l

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f b

r o

m

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e an

d

nat ur a

l

or

g

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c

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h

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g

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4 2

4 1

.

A b

s

t

ra c

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4 2

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n

t

ro

d

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4 3

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O

b

j

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4 4

M

e

t

h

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s

4

4

4 4

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1

E

x

p

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m

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n t

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M

et

h

o

d

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l

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g y

4 4

4 4 2

A

na

ly

t

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c a

l

M

e

t

h

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d

s

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4 5

R

e su

l

ts a n

d

D

i

s cus sio n

4 7

4

.

5

.

1

.

B

r o

m

i d

e

R

e

m

o va

l i

n

Si

n

g l

e -

S

t a

g

e

J

ar

T

e s

t

s

4 7

4 5 2

B

ro

m

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R

e

m

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l i

n

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o-

S

t

a

g

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J

ar

T

e s

t

s

5 2

4 5 3

.

C

o

m

p

ar

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so n o

f

M

I E

X

R

e s

i

n

w i

t

h P

o

l y

st

y

r ene

R

e s

i

ns

5 5

4 6

.

C

o n c

l

us

i

o ns

6 0

5

C

o n c

l

us

i

o n s an

d R

e co

m

m

en

d

a

t

i

o n s

6 1

5 1

S

u

m

m

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y

an

d C

o n c

l

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i

o ns

6

1

5

.

2

R

e co

m m

en

d

a

t

i

o

n

s

6 3

(7)

L

i

s

t o

f T

a

b l

e s

T

a

b l

e

2 1

:

H

a r

d

ne s s c

l

a s s

i f i

c a

ti

o n s c

h

e

m

e

3

T

a

b l

e

2 2

:

S

e

p

ara

ti

o n

f

a c

t

or s o

f

co

m

m

o n

i

n or

g

an

i

c an

i

o n s o n a

p

o

ly

s

t

y

r ene,

SB A

r e s

i

n

1 7

T

a

b l

e

3 1

:

C h

ara c

t

er

i

s

ti

c s o

f w

a

t

er s su

b

j

e c

t

e

d

t

o

U

m

e so

ft

en

i

n

g

ex

p

er

i

m

en

t

s

2 5

(8)

L

i

s

t o

f F i g

u

r e s

F i g

u re

2 1

:

C

o n

t

i

n u o us

fl

o

w

M

I E

X p

r oc e s s s c

h

e

m

a

t

i

c

1 8

F i g

ur e

2

.

2

:

H

i g h

rate

M

a

g

na

P

a

k

s c

h

e

m

at

i

c

1 9

F i g

ur e

3 1

:

E f f

e ct o

f

D O

C

o n

l i

m

e so

f

t

en

i

n

g

o

f

m

o

d

e

l w

a

t

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t

a

i

n

i

n

g L

a

k

e

D

r u

m

m

o n

d

F

u

l

v

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c

A

c

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- a

)

h

a r

d

ne s s,

b

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p

H

, c

)

d

e

g

r e e o

f

o ve r s a

tu r

a

t

i

o n

2 9

F i g

ur e

3

.

2

:

E f fe c

t o

f

M

I E

X

re s

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D O

C l

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l

s

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d

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l

w

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n

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L

a

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D

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m m

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v i

l

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A

c

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F i g

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3

:

E f f

ec

t

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M

I E

X

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m

en

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L

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D

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m

m

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c

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p

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, c

)

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e

g

re e o

f

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t

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3 2

F i g

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3 4

:

E f f

e ct o

f

M

I E

X

r e s

i

n

d

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C

an

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V

2 5 4 r e

m

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l i

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w

P

a

k

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r

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n

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s

W

ater

3 4

F i g

ur e

3 5

:

E f f

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t

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f

M

I E

X

r e sin

t

r e a

t

m

en

t

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H

m

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w

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,

b

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p

H

, c

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e

g

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f

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rs a

tu

r a

t

i

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3 6

F i g

ur e

3

.

6

:

M

o n t

h l y

a v e r a

g

e r es

i d

ua

l

c a

l

c

i

u

m

co nc en t ra

t

i

o ns

w i

t

h

an

d w i

t

h

o u

t

M

I E

X

t

r e a

t

m

e n

t

a

t

P

a

l

m

S

p

r

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g

s- a

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a v e ra

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l

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m

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f

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h

m

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b

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ave r a

g

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m

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h

m

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3 8

F i g

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3 7

:

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ti

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l

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w i

t

h

an

d w i

t

h

o u t

M

I E

X

tr e at

m

en t at

P

a

l

m

S p

r

i

n

g

s

3 9

F i

g

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3 8

:

C

o

m

p

a r

i

so n o

f

q

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l

y

a

)

t o

t

a

l T

H

M

an

d b

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H

A

A

S

co n c en tr at

i

o ns

at

B

a r

b

a

d

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D

r s a

m p

H

n

g

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b

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f

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M

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X

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m p

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p l i

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d

ate s a r e

g i

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b

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h b

a r .

4 0

F ig

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4

.

1:

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r o

m

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t

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g

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M

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m

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r ^ ^ ^

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l i

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F i g

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3

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F i g

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r

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F i g

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l i

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m

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M

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F i g

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F i g

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F i

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:

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ru

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