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Crested Butte, Colorado
December, 2016
Crested Butte Historical City Facts
The Town of Crested Butte, fondly referred to as the “Gateway to the Elk
Mountains”, sits at an elevation of 8,885 feet and is located 28 miles north of the City of Gunnison in the County of Gunnison. The town population was 1,487 at the
2010 United States Census. The former coal mining town is now called "the last great Colorado ski town". Crested Butte is a destination for skiing, mountain biking, and a variety of other outdoor activities. The Colorado General Assembly has designated Crested Butte the Wildflower Capital of Colorado. The East River Valley where Crested Butte is located was once used as a summer residence by the Ute people. However, they were quickly displaced when European-Americans first entered the area. The first whites to explore the valley were beaver trappers, shortly followed by surveyors. Captain John Gunnison, after whom Gunnison County is named, was one of the early explorers to enter the area.
Placer miners were present in the area as early as the 1860’s. The Town of Crested Butte was named because in 1873 a geologist named Ferdinand Hayden was on expedition surveying the Elk Mountains and from the top of what is today known as Teocalli Peak referred to present day Crested Butte Mountain and Gothic Mountain as “the crested buttes.” Howard F. Smith, the founding father of Crested Butte, laid out the Town by 1878. While Smith was originally attracted to the area because of the extensive coal deposits, he first built a smelter and sawmill to service the hard rock mining camps located in the surrounding areas. This established Crested Butte as a major supply center prior to becoming a long-term coal producer. In the 1860s and 1870s coal and silver mines began to open in the surrounding area, and many little mining towns formed. However, when silver mining began to decline, many of these towns failed. Crested Butte, however, was in a better position to survive because it served as a supply town to the surrounding area. Another industry that served to support Crested Butte was ranching.
The Town of Crested Butte was incorporated on July 3, 1880 with a population of about 400 people. In addition, around 1000 miners resided in the surrounding areas. Smith served as the first mayor of Crested Butte and sold half of his interest in the Town and 1000 acres of coal land to the owner of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad in an effort to persuade the extension of the railroad from Gunnison to Crested Butte. Smith’s tactics proved successful and the railroad arrived in Crested Butte on November 21, 1881. The arrival of the railroad ended Crested Butte’s isolation and facilitated the expansion of the coal industry and the simultaneous expansion of
the Town. By 1882 Crested Butte was home to 1000 people and had five hotels, a bank, several saloons and restaurants, three livery stables, sawmills, doctors, lawyers and the Union Congregational Church, which still stands today and is Crested Butte’s oldest building. Residents got their water from a two-million gallon reservoir located above the Town and in 1882 a telephone line connected Crested Butte and Gunnison. In the early 1880’s Smith sold 320 acres of his coal land to Colorado Coal and Iron, which later became Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I), and by the mid-1880’s he departed.
Coal mining emerged in earnest in Crested Butte during the 1880’s and 1890’s. The early coal miners, and the majority of Crested Butte residents preceding 1895, were Anglo-Saxon from Wales, Scotland, Germany, Ireland and Cornwall. These immigrants were followed by Greeks, Italians and Southern Europeans from Slavic countries. By 1893 all of the silver mines in the area closed and while many other communities failed, Crested Butte survived because of coal mining and coke production. CF&I owned the Town’s coke ovens, where coal was burned to remove impurities producing a
product called coke. The coke was shipped to Pueblo, Colorado where it was used in steel production. Crested Butte was a company town through and through, with CF&I as the Town’s largest employer and providing company housing.
The most significant mine in the 1880’s was called the Jokerville Mine. The CF&I owned Jokerville mine contained bituminous coal and directly below the mine laid coke ovens. On January 24, 1884 an explosion at the Jokerville mine occurred and the mine never re-opened. Some accounts say that 59 miners
General Information
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were killed in the Jokerville Mine disaster, while others say that 69 miners were killed. Later that same year, CF&I opened the Big Mine and by 1902 it was the third largest coal mine in Colorado and produced the highest quality coal in the state. Four hundred miners produced 1000 tons of coal daily. With improved machinery and electrification,
production increased after 1930. The Big Mine operated for 58 years and not surprisingly, Crested Butte relied heavily on the Big Mine as a source of income.
With the closing of the Big Mine in 1952 the era of coal came to an end in Crested Butte. Three major factors
contributed to the closing of the Big Mine: Railroads were converting to diesel fuel; the CF&I steel mills in Pueblo found a closer and thus less expensive source of coke; and coal began being replaced by gas and electricity. In 1955 the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad removed their tracks and Crested Butte’s population and economy declined. Then, in 1960 Dick Eflin and Fred Rick from Kansas purchased a ranch northeast of the Town of Crested Butte and by the winter of 1962-63 had opened a ski area on Crested Butte Mountain with Colorado’s first gondola. This area grew into the present day resort Town of Mt. Crested Butte, home of Crested Butte Mountain Resort. With the days of coal mining long since passed, Crested Butte and the surrounding area is now a year-round vacation destination. Know as “the wildflower capital of Colorado,” Crested Butte is not only a heritage tourism site, but a playground for people of all ages and interests, with endless opportunities ranging from snow sports to wildflower viewing, river running to rock climbing, hiking to biking, and festivals and events.
Since the 1970s, several companies have attempted to mine molybdenum on Mount Emmons (called the "Red Lady") near Crested Butte. In 1977, W. Mitchell was elected mayor of Crested Butte and led a campaign which stopped AMAX (now Freeport-McMoRan) from building a billion-dollar molybdenum mine on Mount Emmons. Because of his battle against the anticipated environmental impact, Mitchell is known as the man who "saved a mountain". The same year, 1977, saw the formation of the High Country Citizens' Alliance (HCCA), an environmental organization dedicated to protecting natural resources within the Upper Gunnison River Valley.
Currently the rights for Mount Emmons molybdenum are owned by U.S. Energy Corp. On April, 25 2011, Thomson Creek Metals announced that it had terminated its option agreement with U.S. Energy Corp. to acquire an interest in the Mount Emmons molybdenum project. Although US Energy continued to maintain its commitment to moving the project forward on its own behalf, the withdrawal of Thomson Creek Metals was heralded as a major victory in the town of Crested Butte in its battle against the proposed molybdenum mine.
The primary winter activity in Crested Butte is skiing or snowboarding at nearby Crested Butte Mountain Resort in Mount Crested Butte. Backcountry skiing in the surrounding mountains is some of the best in Colorado. The mountain, Crested Butte, rises to 12,162 feet (3,707 m) above sea level. The ski area base is at 9,375 feet (2,858 m). 14 lifts serve 1,058 acres (4.28 km2) of terrain. 448 acres (1.81 km2) of the terrain are double black diamond runs. The large amount of extreme skiing terrain at Crested Butte has attracted the US Extreme Skiing Championships and the X Games. The longest run on Mount Crested Butte is 2.6 miles (4.2 km).
The town of Crested Butte itself has a Nordic Center which has an ice skating rink as well as many miles of groomed cross-country skiing trails. Crested Butte is one of the locations that claims to have created the sport of mountain biking. The Mountain Bike Hall of Fame used to be located in Crested Butte before moving to Fairfax, California, in 2014. Other popular summer activities in Crested Butte include hiking, backpacking, rock climbing, whitewater rafting and kayaking, four wheeling, disc golf, and fishing.
Information modified from the following sources:
http://www.crestedbutte-co.gov/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BF5DE677C-3C31-4EF8-BC84-006F489F66D3%7D https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_Butte,_Colorado
http://www.mtcrestedbuttecolorado.us/
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The Riverton, Wyo. – based U.S. Energy has been trying to develop the mineral deposit on Mount Emmons (known as the Red Lady) since 1970 but has faced stiff resistance from town residents. U.S. Energy has worked with a series of large mining companies — AMAX, Phelps Dodge and Kobex Minerals — to develop one of the richest molybdenum reserves in North America. “We’ve taken the work that was nearly completed by Thompson Creek and finalized it,” said U.S. Energy president Mark Larsen. The molybdenum ore body buried inside Mount Emmons, estimated to contain approximately 25 million tons of high-grade molybdenum ore and 220 million tons of lower-grade ore, was discovered in 1976.
Mount Emmons, a peak that dominates the city’s western skyline, is at the center of the longest-running mine battle in the West. Since 1977, locals and environmentalists have been fighting plans by various companies to mine the rich deposit of molybdenum under the mountain. It’s a popular hiking and back-country skiing spot, and opponents say a mine would mar the landscape and ruin the character of this former mining town that has found prosperity in tourism.
NEW MINING PROPOSAL
The new mining plan calls for a mine that would produce 20,000 tons of ore per day and operate for 33 years.
Construction would require 1,000 workers. The mine will operate on a 24 hours per day, seven days per week basis. As much as 25 miles of all-weather, heavy truck road will have to be built to join Highway 12 with Highway 135 (the main road into and out of Created Butte) in order to transport the ore to a mill located approximately 20 miles south of town. From there it will need to be trucked to Salida, Colorado (a distance of 92 miles) to be put on trains and transported to via the “Royal Gorge Route” to Pueblo, Colorado before it sent to a world-wide market. It is estimated that
approximately 20,000 tons of ore per day, which equates to nearly 7 million tones per year will be mined at the site.
Mine water will be treated at the Mother Lode Mine site. The plant will be capable of treating 4000 gallons per minute (gpm) using a two-stage lime precipitation process for removal of manganese, zinc, aluminum, and other metals. The treated mine water will be discharged into the Coal Creek, a tributary of the East River and used by various
communities down stream.
The mine will add approximately $5 million a year to the local economy in the form of taxes and nearly $6 million in wages.
ORE is defined as any known rock or mineral deposit that can be produced at a profit.
WHATIS MOLYBDENUM?
Molybdenum is a silver-to-white colored metallic element (Mo on the periodic chart of elements). Molybdenum does not occur in nature as a native element. The word molybdenum has Greek origins and means lead-like. It is hard, malleable, wear and temperature resistance and used in alloyed steel and iron products.
Molybdenum is a refractory metallic element used principally as an alloying agent in steel, cast iron, and super-alloys to enhance the hardness, strength, toughness, and wear and corrosion resistance. To achieve desired metallurgical properties, molybdenum is frequently used in combination with or added to chromium, columbium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, or other alloy metals. The versatility of molybdenum in enhancing a variety of alloy properties has ensured it a significant role in contemporary industrial technology, which increasingly requires materials that are serviceable under high stress, expanded temperature ranges, and highly corrosive environments. Moreover, molybdenum finds
significant usage as a refractory metal in numerous chemical applications, including catalysts, lubricants, and pigments. Few of molybdenum's uses have acceptable substitutions.
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As of the census of 2010, there were 1,487 people, 692 households, and 253 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,183.1 people per square mile (843.4/km²). There were 930 housing units at an average density of 1,327.9 per square mile (513.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.19% White, 0.26% African American, 0.92% Native American, 0.72% Asian, and 0.46% from other races.
There were 692 households out of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 63.3% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the town the population was spread out with 13.5% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 55.6% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 1.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 124.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $49,118. Males had a median income of $27,386 versus $23,073 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,789. 11.4% of the population and 2.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population of the town, 3.5% of those are under the age of 18.
Role: Each person in this group has their own opinion based on the mine’s impact on their own interests. Some are for it and some are against it.
Players: Local residents who enjoy living in a rural community and are happy to avoid the hectic nature of a “big city”. Some are very resentful about the impact that the ski area has had on the city and would not like to add to the confusion by adding another major industry in a small town.
Each person in this group must “create” a character for themselves that reflects the ideas listed above. They can be either for or against the proposed mine but they must work together to show the potential benefits and potential negative impacts to the city if this project goes forward.
The individuals in this group will be responsible for researching the area around Crested Butte, especially the economy, and determine what impact the proposed mine will have. They must look at both the positive and negative impacts that the mine will have on the “way of life” for citizens in the Crested Butte area. They will need to write a “non-partisan” position paper that will explain the pros and cons of the proposed mine so that the citizens of Crested Butte will become informed on the issues.
This group will also present their views to the County Commissioner’s meeting on the last day of the project.
Additional information on Crested Butte and Gunnison County may be obtained from a variety of sources including: http://www.gunnisoncounty.org/
http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-county
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The State and Federal regulators for mineral mines in the State of Colorado include the Colorado Department of Natural Resources (Division of Minerals & Geology – Minerals Regulatory Program) and since a portion of the new mine will be on land owned by the Federal
Government, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) will also be involved in reviewing the permit application. Their respective roles are discussed below.
http://mining.state.co.us/PROGRAMS/MINERALMINES/Pages/home.aspx
Under the Mined Land Reclamation Act, the Mined Land Reclamation Board and the Minerals Program issue and enforce mining and reclamation permits for all non-coal mines in Colorado on state, federal, and private lands. The mining industry and support industries are a major economic base within the State of Colorado. In addition, many mining operations generate royalty payment to the state when mining activities occur on state lands.
In order to carry out the statutory requirements of the Mined Land Reclamation Act, the Minerals staff (23 FTE) reviews new mine permit applications, amendments, and technical revisions to permits, permit transfers, notice of temporary cessation, and annual reports; responds to inquiries and holds discussions with the general public, industry,
environmental groups, and media and works with local, state, and federal government agencies. The Minerals Program is financed from approximately 34 percent general fund money from the State and 66 percent cash funds. Cash funding has been implemented by establishment of a user fee whereby all mine operators will directly pay the cost of issuing and administering their permit(s).
https://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/non-energy_minerals.html
The Department of Interior's Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers about 264 million acres of land, nearly one-eighth of the United States — mostly in the western states and Alaska. The BLM also administers the mineral estate of nearly 700 million acres throughout the country. The BLM is responsible for the balanced management of the public lands and resources and their various values so that they are considered in a combination that will best serve the needs of the American people. The BLM bases its management on the principles of multiple use and sustained yield—a
combination of uses that takes into account the long-term needs of future generations for renewable and nonrenewable resources. These resources include recreation, range, timber, minerals, watershed, fish and wildlife, wilderness, and natural scenic, scientific, and cultural values.
The public lands produce commodities that are the key to the Nation's economy, providing economic stability and growth for local and regional economies. Energy and mineral resources generate the highest economic production values among commercial uses of both BLM-administered public lands (surface) and Federal minerals (subsurface) estate. Public lands also provide substantial returns to the American people. In 1999, these activities generated $1.2 billion in revenue. Energy and mineral royalties, rents, bonuses, sales, and fees accounted for $1.1 billion of the total. The direct and indirect economic impact of energy and mineral production on the public lands amounted to an
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This group functions as an oversight group. They are responsible for making sure that the mining company follows established laws and abides by the terms and conditions outlined in the permit.P
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This group consists of government employees charged with all Americans have access to resources, both natural and mineral, and that they are used in a responsible manner. This group is neither for nor against the mine but will oversee and make recommendations to all parties concerned in this process.Individuals in this group will need to research and become familiar with the requirements of the mine permit process and be able to determine if this project will be “in the best interests” of the people of the United States of America. They will need to familiarize themselves with and supply the other interest groups with the mining permit paperwork. They will write a summary paper on the applicable State and Federal mining laws and have copies available for all of the other groups.
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MT. CRESTED BUTTE MOUNTAIN RESORTMt. Crested Butte lies three miles up the road from Crested Butte. It’s nestled at the base of Crested Butte Mountain, offering unparalleled access to extreme skiing and world-famous mountain biking trails. On top of the extreme sports,
there are plenty of options for kids of all ages to enjoy, including live music every Wednesday night during the summer season.
Crested Butte's base area is located on the western edge of the mountain. Out of the base, two learning lifts - Peachtree and Westwall - provide access to beginner and low-intermediate terrain. The sole method of access to most of the mountain's terrain is via one of two high speed quads at the north end of the base area. On the north, the Red Lady Express lift provides access to additional beginner terrain, as well as access to lifts and trails on the north side of the mountain, as well as Painter Boy. To the south, the Silver Queen Express lift runs from the base all the way up to near the bottom of the Peak. The Silver Queen Express also provides access to advanced intermediate terrain, as well as a number of black runs such as International. From the top of Silver Queen, skiers and riders can also take a catwalk to Paradise Bowl or access a number of south-facing chutes on this part of the mountain, including Forest and Peel.
Crested Butte Mountain Resort (CBMR) is a major employer in Gunnison County with more than 250 employees in 2013 – 2014. It was one of only three firms in the County that had more than 250 employees (one of those firms is the mining company whose numbers have dropped dramatically in the past year). As the leading ski state in North America, Colorado’s ski industry generates a $4.8 billion annual economic impact, comprising a significant portion of the state’s tourism and recreation sectors and supporting a sizeable share of the employment and tax base in Colorado’s
mountainous regions. Skiing and snowboarding in Colorado support more than 46,000 year-round equivalent jobs in the amusement and recreation, lodging, food services, retail, and other sectors. These jobs generate $1.9 billion per year in labor income for Coloradans.
Role: The mountain resort owners have established an organization to support their position related to any proposed mining in the area. Although they will concede that the rich mining history of the region enhances the flavor of the gaming industry, they feel that increased mining activity would deter people from coming to Crested Butte to ski in the winter and enjoy the mountains in the summer. Increased vehicle traffic in addition to the
perceived increased in the amount of noise, air, and water pollution may lead to the decline in tourism
revenues. The mountain resort owners are happy with the current economic situation and don’t wish to see any changes.
Players: The mountain resort owners are a part of the Triple Peaks LLC (Limited Liability Company), a company who just purchased the Mount Crested Butte resort. In addition the Mount Crested Butte, corporate properties include Okemo Mountain Resort in Ludlow, Vermont, (a ski and golf resort) and Mount Sunapee Resort in Newbury, New Hampshire. Triple Peaks, LLC was founded in 2001 and is based in Ludlow, Vermont. They are a small corporation in terms of resort ownership in North America.
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THE RED LADY COALITION(HTTP://REDLADYCOALITION.ORG/PAGE.CFM?PAGEID=10535) The Red Lady Coalition is a group of individuals and organizations whose mission is preservation of a safe, intact, and protected Mt. Emmons. This includes preserving the integrity of the Crested Butte Municipal water supply, Ohio Creek, broader Gunnison River headwaters and underpinnings of Gunnison Valley’s economy. A molybdenum mine on Mount Emmons is incompatible with the Coalition’s mission.
Responding to the threat of mining on Mt. Emmons in Red Lady Basin, a diverse group of individuals and organizations gathered in late 2007 to discuss how best to preserve the mountain intact and as it stands. They sought to forever ensure clean water in Crested Butte's watershed and to protect headwaters tributaries to the Gunnison River. The Red Lady Coalition is a group of long-time Crested Butte residents, established organizations and corporations, and people who have joined the community to enjoy surrounding mountains and recreational opportunities. They respect our home and intend to secure our legacy as we pass this beautiful valley to their children.
THE GREEN PARTY(http://www.greenparty.org/)
The Green Party believes that effective land and resource management practices must be founded on stewardship, such as incorporated in a land ethic as articulated by Aldo Leopold. Stringent natural resource management should serve to prevent activities that adversely affect public and adjacent lands. They call for:
a. Repeal of the Mining Act of 1872. We demand a halt to federal mineral, oil and gas, and resource giveaways, "royalty holidays," and flagrant concessions to the mining, energy and timber industries; and an immediate crackdown on their evasive and fraudulent reporting.
b. Strict enforcement of clean-up of industrial-scale natural resource extraction activities. For example, cleaning up tailings, pits, and runoff from mining operations by agreements with companies that can include posting of site restoration bonds prior to commencement of operations. The regional long term environmental and social impacts of any resource extractions should be minimized, and the land restored to a healthy ecological state.
c. Halting all current international funding policies that promote destruction of forest ecosystems, and we call for an end to the trade in endangered hardwoods. We support laws that promote paper recycling and mandate sustainable forestry practices that promote biodiversity. We also call for the development of alternative sources of paper manufacturing, such as from hemp fiber.
d. Protecting old growth forests, a zero-cut policy banning industrial timber harvest on federal and state lands, a ban on all clear-cutting, and a reduction of road building on public lands.
e. Raising grazing fees on public land to approximate fair market value, and significant grazing reforms. We support policies that favor small-scale ranchers over corporate operations (which are often used as tax write-offs, a practice that undermines family ranches).
f. Preserving and extending wildlife habitat and biological diversity by creating and preserving large continuous tracts of open space (complete ecosystems so as to permit healthy, self-managing wildlife populations to exist in a natural state). We oppose any selling of our National Parks, the commercial privatizing of public lands, and cutbacks or exploitation in our national wilderness areas.
g. Public involvement in decision making by active and well funded Resource Management Districts and Councils. This will aid a long term process on the use of federal and state trust lands, which are currently controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, National Forest Service, National Park Service, and State Land Offices.
h. Banning indiscriminate wildlife "damage control practices" and abolishing the Animal Damage Control agency that has been renamed Wildlife Services.
i. Comprehensive baseline mapping of our nation's biodiversity resources.
j. Watershed planning to mitigate the impacts of urban development on our streams, rivers, and lakes. Storm water management, soil erosion and sedimentation control, the establishment of vegetative buffers, and performance standards for development are appropriate measures in this area. Special attention must be given to the restoration and protection of riparian areas, which are critical habitats in healthy ecosystems.
Role: They oppose the permitting of any new mining activity in the area. They believe that there has been enough environmental damage done by previous mining. The Green Party believe that this area is too environmentally sensitive for this type of mining and that will contribute greatly to air pollution and pollution to the surrounding streams. This will ultimately destroy the mountain ecosystem in this area.
Players: The Green Party is made up of individuals with a variety of backgrounds from college students, professors, actors, and environmental scientists. All are politically active and none of them actually live in Crested Butte.
Individuals in this group will need to research the Red Lady Coalition and the Green Party environmentalist
For this project, the Mother Lode Mining Company will be considered to be a subsidiary of U.S. Energy a major mining company. The parent company is a multi-national company with numerous mining properties around the world. For purposes of this assignment the structure of the parent company and the local mining company will be similar to the owners of the Henderson Mine, the Climax Molybdenum Company, and its parent company, Phelps Dodge Corporation.
They feel that the mining industry produces energy, metals, and minerals that are essential to economic prosperity and a better quality of life. The fundamental benefits of mining industry products to modern economic and social development and to environmental improvement are well known. Equally important are the economic benefits that mining provides to the communities where it is located. These benefits are derived from employment, wages, economic activity due to purchases of goods and services, and from the payment of taxes, royalties and fees to local, state and national
governments.
The mining companies feel that they share a mutual responsibility with all Americans to ensure that their actions meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs. This simple statement defines the concept of sustainable development, a concept that is embraced by the American mining industry and reflected in their mining operations in the United States and abroad.
Roles: This group supports mine and natural resource development. They will need to convince the public (and the County Commissioners) that, in a global economy, there is a real need for this mine and the material it will produce. It addition there will be a positive impact on the local economy
Players: Individuals work for the parent mining company. They will be mining engineers, geologists, and land developers.
Individuals in this group will want to gather information on the mining industry from sources such as: National Mining Association (http://nma.org/)
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (http://www.smenet.org/) Colorado Mining Association (https://www.coloradomining.org/)
This group will complete a research paper on molybdenum and its uses. In addition, they will need to provide a brief summary of underground mining techniques (complete with pictures), specifically with information from the
Henderson Mine, which is the model for this assignment.
They will present their position during the County Commissioner’s meeting on the last day of the project.
