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Access Point Configuration

Developed by IT +46

Based on the original work of:

Onno Purbo and Sebastian Buettrich

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Goals

• Provide a general methodology to installation and  configuration of access points

• Give a technical understanding to each setting

• Make the reader aware of the implications of each  setting

• General Tips and Tricks

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Table of Contents

• General tips before you start

• Installing hardware and firmware

• Configuring hardware (OSI model)

– Physical layer (wireless) – Link layer (wireless)

– IP layer (in the wireless box)

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General Tips

Read the manual and get to know the AP

Consider the physical installation placement 

Plan the network (topology, TCP/IP settings).

Have physical access (not online) to  documentation and material

Take notes of every step you take

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General Tips

Consider hardware needed (PC/laptop with  wireless and Ethernet interfaces)

Consider software needed: 

TCP/IP software tools (ping, route) 

Vendor specific software

Software to measure/detect wireless signals 

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Physical Installation: LEDS

Comes handy when troubleshooting

Green/red diodes typically indicating:

Power to the access point

Active ports

Internal error

Internet connection (uplink)

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Physical Installation: Interfaces

• Radio Interface (WLAN)

– wireless connection to clients

• Ethernet Interface

– WAN (to an Internet connection (upstreams)) – LAN  (connection to “same” LAN)

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Physical Installation: Interfaces

Power input (12 V, 6V ...): to DC power source

Reset button: Used to restore default settings

LAN Connectors (RJ45): 

WAN port (RJ45): uplink connectivity

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Steps in configuring an AP

Reset the device, 

if you are uncertain if it is in default state.

Connect your computer to it ­ wired or wireless

• First thing: change the default Admin password. Do it! Now! :)

• If your device can be more than a pure Access Point: 

Set the Mode: 

Access Point, Bridge, Client, Repeater, Gateway?

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Update Firmware

• A software written into the ROM 

• Permanent part of the device

• Vendors update firmware continuously 

– Offer the latest “stable” configuration – Fix reported bugs

• Keep your firmware updated

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Connect your computer to the AP

• Wired

– Ethernet cable via HTTP

– Ethernet using vendor specific software (SNMP) – Serial cable using HyperTerminal (if serial port is 

available)

• Wireless (HTTP(S))

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Configure Hardware (OSI model)

• Physical Layer

– Channel, TX Power, Speed

• Link Layer

– Mode, SSID, MAC filter, WEP/WPA

– Beacon interval, RTS/CTS, Fragmentation

• IP Layer

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Physical Layer

• Channel

– What frequency is idle?

• Transmit power – Regulations

– What is your purpose? Large coverage or more  capacity?

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Link Layer: Operational Modes

• Access Point Bridging (Access Point Mode)

• Gateway

• Point­to­Point bridge (Repeater mode)

• Point­to­Point routing (Wireless Bridge Link)

• Wireless Ethernet adapter (Wireless Client mode)

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Link Layer: SSID

• SSID = Service Set Identifier

• The name “tag” of the wireless LAN

• Used to associate/connect to one network or another

• Case sensitive 32 alphanumeric characters

• Broadcasted or not?

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Link Layer: Media Access Control

• Beacon Interval

– Increase mobility

• RTS/CTS

– Hidden nodes

• Fragmentation

– Interference or poorly covered areas

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Link Layer: MAC Filtering

• Allow only a limited set of known MAC addresses

• A weak security measurement

– Clients can capture packets and find our which  MAC addresses that are granted access

– It changes its own MAC address to one of the  accepted ones and “fools” that access point

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Link Layer: WEP and WPA

• WEP: Weak encryption protocol but frequently used – 64bit or 128 bit keys (hexadecimal)

– Same key for AP and client

– Update keys on a regular basis

Remember! WPA2 is the follow up on WEP

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IP Layer

• IP layer is not a part of the “access point”

•  “Non­pure” access points includes functionality  for routing and NATing.

– IP address/Netmask – Gateway/Routing Table – DNS for DHCP

(20)

Application Layer

• Password of Access Point

– Change the default password – Choose a strong password

– Prevent “hijacking” of your access point

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Conclusions

• Follow the general guidelines for setting up wireless devices 

• Remember general steps (concepts) in setting up an access point or  wireless router

• Focus on understanding what each parameter does and how they  depend on each other. 

• “Concepts” are not specific vendor or interface – the important part  is to recognize the basic settings, even if they come under different  names and in different colors.

References

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