Data Analysis Using SPSS

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Statement TF TF HypothesisHypothesis

Research Research Design Design Findings Findings D & C D & C PO PO LR LR

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 Operationally defining a concept is basically to render Operationally defining a concept is basically to render

that concept measurable.

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 This is achieved by looking at the behavioralThis is achieved by looking at the behavioral

dimensions, facets or properties denoted by

dimensions, facets or properties denoted by the concept.the concept.

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 Measures for many concepts has already beenMeasures for many concepts has already been

developed by researchers. Eg. Job satisfaction,

Organizational Culture, …etc.

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 Researchers are advised to note the measures used toResearchers are advised to note the measures used to

measure a construct of interest when conducting the

literature review.

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Variable

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A variable is something that can be observed andA variable is something that can be observed and

measured.

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Examples: Age, Exam scoreExamples: Age, Exam score

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Both of the Age and Exam score are wellBoth of the Age and Exam score are well

defined and measurable.

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There are four main types of variables:There are four main types of variables:

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Independent variableIndependent variable

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Dependent variableDependent variable

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Moderating variableModerating variable

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The operational definition of a construct is theThe operational definition of a construct is the

way through which this construct is going to be

measured.

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There are four types of measurement scales, or There are four types of measurement scales, or

called sometime the level of the data:

  Nominal Nominal  OrdinalOrdinal  IntervalInterval  RatioRatio

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Much of the data in management and socialMuch of the data in management and social science research is gathered using

science research is gathered using questionnaires or interviews.

questionnaires or interviews.

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The validity of the results depends on theThe validity of the results depends on the quality of these instruments.

quality of these instruments.

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Good questionnaires are difficult to

construct; bad questionnaires are

difficult to analyze.

Remember!!!!!

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