biofertilizer projec

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DESCRIPTI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... 22 INTRODUCTION... INTRODUCTION... 33 BIOFERTILIZERS... BIOFERTILIZERS... 66 ADVANTAGES OF

ADVANTAGES OF USING BIOFERTILIZERS...USING BIOFERTILIZERS... 99

BIOFERTILIZE

BIOFERTILIZER UNIT AT R UNIT AT V.P...V.P... 1010

SURVEY... SURVEY... 1616 CONCLUSION... CONCLUSION... 1717 FUTURE SCOPE... FUTURE SCOPE... 1818 BIBLIOGRAPHY... BIBLIOGRAPHY... 1919 REMARKS... REMARKS... 2020

INDEX

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We feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Biology on the topic “To We feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Biology on the topic “To

Study The Biofertilization Unit At Vidya Prathishthan And Carry Out A Study The Biofertilization Unit At Vidya Prathishthan And Carry Out A

Comparitive Study Of Chemical And Biofertilizers” which aims at using Comparitive Study Of Chemical And Biofertilizers” which aims at using

Biofertilizers for effective agriculture. Biofertilizers for effective agriculture.

This project wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper and rigorous This project wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper and rigorous

guidance of my Biology teacher Mrs.Sabiya Baig who guided me throughout this guidance of my Biology teacher Mrs.Sabiya Baig who guided me throughout this project in every possible way. Rigorous hard work has

project in every possible way. Rigorous hard work has been put in this project tobeen put in this project to ensure that it proves to be the best.

ensure that it proves to be the best.

We thank Dr Potdar,Head of Biofertilizer unit , V

We thank Dr Potdar,Head of Biofertilizer unit , Vidya Prathishthanidya Prathishthan for his golden guidance and inspiration.Last but not the least the regular

for his golden guidance and inspiration.Last but not the least the regular helpinghelping

hand of our principal , Mrs N.S Kharosekhar is the main power for the project’s hand of our principal , Mrs N.S Kharosekhar is the main power for the project’s

success.We hope that this project will prove to

success.We hope that this project will prove to be a breeding ground for thebe a breeding ground for the next generation of students and will guide them in every

next generation of students and will guide them in every possible way.possible way.

Acknowledgement

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1) NEED OF FERTILIZERS 1) NEED OF FERTILIZERS

Agriculture is said to be main backbone of our country.

Agriculture is said to be main backbone of our country.It can’t be false whenIt can’t be false when

more than 70% population lives on the occupation. Per 2010 FAO world more than 70% population lives on the occupation. Per 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics,

agriculture statistics, India is the world's India is the world's largest producer of largest producer of many fresh fruits and many fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, vegetables, milk, major spices, select major spices, select fresh meats, select fresh meats, select fibrous crops such as fibrous crops such as jute,

jute, several several staplesstaples such as millets and such as millets and castor oil seed. India castor oil seed. India is the second largest is the second largest

producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples. India is also the producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples. India is also the world's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-based world's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked within the world's five sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked within the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is also one of the world's cash crops such as coffee and cotton, in 2010. India is also one of the world's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of

growth rates, as of 2011.2011.

INTRODUCTION

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In order for a plant to grow and thrive, it needs a number of different chemical In order for a plant to grow and thrive, it needs a number of different chemical elements. The most important are:

elements. The most important are:

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1) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen - Available from air and water and thereforeCarbon, hydrogen and oxygen - Available from air and water and therefore in plentiful supply Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

in plentiful supply Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (a.k.a. potash)(a.k.a. potash) – –

2)

2) The three macronutrients and the three elements you find in mostThe three macronutrients and the three elements you find in most packaged fertilizers Sulfur, calcium, and magnesium

packaged fertilizers Sulfur, calcium, and magnesium – –

3) Secondary nutrients Boron, cobalt, copper, iron,

3) Secondary nutrients Boron, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenummanganese, molybdenum and zinc

and zinc – –MicronutrientsMicronutrients

The most important of these (the ones that are needed in the largest quantity The most important of these (the ones that are needed in the largest quantity by a plant) are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and by a plant) are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are important because they are necessary for

potassium are important because they are necessary for basic building blocks.basic building blocks.

2) Manures 2) Manures

Manures are partially decomposed organic Manures are partially decomposed organic matter added to soil to increase

matter added to soil to increase the fertility of the fertility of soil and productivity of crop.They

soil and productivity of crop.They containcontain almost all the essential nutrients required by almost all the essential nutrients required by the plants. There are following types of

the plants. There are following types of manures.manures.

Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply

(other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plantone or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

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1) Farm Yard 1) Farm Yard

Manure-

 It is oldest manure used by It is oldest manure used by mankindmankind



 It is made up of It is made up of dung of farm animals,urine,farm refuse and crop residuesdung of farm animals,urine,farm refuse and crop residues which are allowed to partial decay with

which are allowed to partial decay with the help of soil microorganisms.the help of soil microorganisms.



 It contains many organic substances which are It contains many organic substances which are required for the normalrequired for the normal growth and development of plants.

growth and development of plants.

2) 2)

Compost-

 It is prepared by degrading dung of farm animals , crop residues farmIt is prepared by degrading dung of farm animals , crop residues farm wastes and other organic debris

wastes and other organic debris



 It takes about 6-8 months to prepare compostIt takes about 6-8 months to prepare compost

3)Green Manure 3)Green Manure



 Many leguminous and non leguminous crops grown in the field andMany leguminous and non leguminous crops grown in the field and ploughed back into the soil while they are

ploughed back into the soil while they are still young and green.still young and green.



 Complex organic matter present in the plants is decomposed by theComplex organic matter present in the plants is decomposed by the action of micro organisms.

action of micro organisms.



 Green manures enhance crop yield by 30-50 %Green manures enhance crop yield by 30-50 %



 Commonly used green manures in India are-Commonly used green manures in India are-Crotolaria junceaCrotolaria juncea(Sunn(Sunn hemp) ,

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BIOFERTILIZERS

What are Biofertilizers ? What are Biofertilizers ?

Biofertilizers are live formulates of microorganisms that are ready to be used Biofertilizers are live formulates of microorganisms that are ready to be used and improve the quality and the health of the

and improve the quality and the health of the soil and the plant species bysoil and the plant species by increasing the nutrient availability for the

increasing the nutrient availability for the soil, seeds and soil, seeds and roots. Biofertilizersroots. Biofertilizers naturally activate the microorganisms found in the

naturally activate the microorganisms found in the soil restoring the soil'ssoil restoring the soil's

natural fertility and protecting it against drought and soil diseases and therefore natural fertility and protecting it against drought and soil diseases and therefore stimulate plant growth .

stimulate plant growth .

TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS

Biofertilizers

Nitrogen Nitrogen Biofertlizers Biofertlizers Compost Compost Biofertilizers Biofertilizers Phosphorus Phosphorus biofertilizers biofertilizers

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1) Nitrogen B

1) Nitrogen Biofertilizersiofertilizers



 Nitrogen biofertilizerNitrogen biofertilizers help to correct s help to correct the nitrogen levels of the nitrogen levels of the soil. Nitrogen is a limiting factor for plant growth because the soil. Nitrogen is a limiting factor for plant growth because plants need a certain amount of nitrogen in the

plants need a certain amount of nitrogen in the soil to thrive.soil to thrive. Different biofertilizers have the optimum effect for

Different biofertilizers have the optimum effect for differentdifferent soils, so the cultivated crop determines what type

soils, so the cultivated crop determines what type of nitrogenof nitrogen biofertilizer should be used. Use

biofertilizer should be used. Use Rhizobium for legume crops,Rhizobium for legume crops, Azotobacter or Azospirillum for non-legume crops,

Azotobacter or Azospirillum for non-legume crops,

Acetobacter for sugarcane and blue-green algae and Azolla for Acetobacter for sugarcane and blue-green algae and Azolla for low land paddies used to grow rice.

low land paddies used to grow rice.

2)Phosphorus Biofertilizers 2)Phosphorus Biofertilizers



 Just like nitrogen, phosphorus is also a limiting factor for plantJust like nitrogen, phosphorus is also a limiting factor for plant growth. Phosphorus biofertilizers help the soil to

growth. Phosphorus biofertilizers help the soil to reach itsreach its optimum level of phosphorus and correct

optimum level of phosphorus and correct the phosphorusthe phosphorus levels of the soil. Unlike nitrogen biofertilizers, the usage of levels of the soil. Unlike nitrogen biofertilizers, the usage of phosphorus biofertili

phosphorus biofertilizers is zers is not dependent on the not dependent on the cropscrops cultivated on the soil. You can use

cultivated on the soil. You can use Phosphatika for all cropsPhosphatika for all crops with Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Acetobacter.4) with Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Acetobacter.4)

3)Compost Biofertilizers 3)Compost Biofertilizers



 You can also use You can also use biofertilibiofertilizers to enrich your compost and thezers to enrich your compost and the bacterial processes breaking down the compost waste.

bacterial processes breaking down the compost waste. Suitable biofertilizers for compost use are

Suitable biofertilizers for compost use are Cellulolytic fungalCellulolytic fungal culture and Phosphotika and Azotobacter cultures.

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Why to use biofertilizers? Why to use biofertilizers?

Biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe alternative to chemical fertilizers to Biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe alternative to chemical fertilizers to minimize the ecological disturbance. Biofertilizers are cost effective, minimize the ecological disturbance. Biofertilizers are cost effective, eco-friendly and when they are required in bulk can be generated at the farm itself. friendly and when they are required in bulk can be generated at the farm itself. They increase crop yield upto 10-40% and fix nitrogen upto 40-50 Kg. The other They increase crop yield upto 10-40% and fix nitrogen upto 40-50 Kg. The other plus point is that after using 3-4 years continuously there is no need of plus point is that after using 3-4 years continuously there is no need of application of biofertilizers because parental inoculums are sufficient for

application of biofertilizers because parental inoculums are sufficient for growthgrowth and multiplication. They improve soil texture, pH, and other properties of soil. and multiplication. They improve soil texture, pH, and other properties of soil. They have 75% moisture and it could be applied to the field directly. They have 75% moisture and it could be applied to the field directly. Biofertilizers contained 3.5% - 4% nitrogen, 2% - 2.5% phosphorus and 1.5% Biofertilizers contained 3.5% - 4% nitrogen, 2% - 2.5% phosphorus and 1.5% potassium. In terms of N: P: K, it was found to be superior to farmyard manure potassium. In terms of N: P: K, it was found to be superior to farmyard manure and other type of manure .

and other type of manure . Microbes used as

Microbes used as BiofertilizerBiofertilizer

Microbes are effective in inducing plant growth as they secrets plant growth Microbes are effective in inducing plant growth as they secrets plant growth promoters (auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinis, ethylene) and promoters (auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinis, ethylene) and enhance seed germination and root

enhance seed germination and root growth..growth.. Nitrogen fixing Bacteria

Nitrogen fixing Bacteria

1. Rhizobia: - Legumes plants have root nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen 1. Rhizobia: - Legumes plants have root nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria belonging to genera, Rhizobium, Bradyshzodium, fixation is done by bacteria belonging to genera, Rhizobium, Bradyshzodium, Sinorhizobium

Sinorhizobium, Azorhizobium and Mesorhizobium collectively called as , Azorhizobium and Mesorhizobium collectively called as rhizobia.rhizobia. When rhizobial culture is inoculated in field, pulse crops yield can be increased When rhizobial culture is inoculated in field, pulse crops yield can be increased due to rhizobial symbiosis . Rhizobium can fix 15-20 N/ha and increase crop due to rhizobial symbiosis . Rhizobium can fix 15-20 N/ha and increase crop yield upto 20%.

yield upto 20%.

2. Azorhizobium: It is a stem nodule forming bacteria and fixes nitrogen 2. Azorhizobium: It is a stem nodule forming bacteria and fixes nitrogen symbionts of the stem nodule.

symbionts of the stem nodule.

3. Bradyrhizobium: Bradyrhizobium is reported a good nitrogen fixer. 3. Bradyrhizobium: Bradyrhizobium is reported a good nitrogen fixer. Bradyrhizobium strain inoculation with Mucuna seeds enhances total organic Bradyrhizobium strain inoculation with Mucuna seeds enhances total organic carbon, N2, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, increases plant growth and carbon, N2, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, increases plant growth and

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consequently plant biomass, reduction in the weed population and increased consequently plant biomass, reduction in the weed population and increased soil

soil microbial population.microbial population.

ADVANTAGES OF USING BIOFERTILIZERS.

A bio-fertilizer provides the following benefits: A bio-fertilizer provides the following benefits: Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can

Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can symbiotically associate with plantsymbiotically associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material in simple compounds, so that plants are easily taken up. organic material in simple compounds, so that plants are easily taken up. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habita

fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by t of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20- 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%, and stimulates plant 30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases.

diseases.

Bio-fertilizers are cost-effective relative to chemical fertilizers. They have lower Bio-fertilizers are cost-effective relative to chemical fertilizers. They have lower manufacturing costs, especially regarding nitrogen and phosphorus use.

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LOCATION LOCATION

Biofertilizer unit at V.P.

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Dr Potdar,H.O.D of Biofer

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MACHINES AT BIOFERTILIZER UNIT MACHINES AT BIOFERTILIZER UNIT

CONTROL STARTER

PANEL

FERMENTOR

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FINISHED PRODUCTS AT BIOFERTILIZER UNIT

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PLANTS GROWN USING BIOFERTILIZEERS

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The biofertilizer unit at Vidya Prathishthan was the good

expiriance where we could see the actual place where the

biofertilizers are made.

Following Biofertilizers are made in the

Following Biofertilizers are made in the biofertilizer unit.-

biofertilizer

unit.-We came to know that biofertilizers are very useful in

We came to know that biofertilizers are very useful in

increasing the fertility of soil.

ACETOBACTER

AZOTOBACTER

RHIZOBIUM

PHOSPHATE SOLUBLE BACTERIA

POTASSIUM SOLUBLE BACTERIA

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In order to diagnose the real use of biofertilizers and

mannures among the farmers, We did a short survey in which

we interviewed 10 different farmers in Baramati , Tandulwadi

, Shriramnagar

regions-SURVEY

SURVEY

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After interviewing farmers we came to know that many

farmers still use the combination of manures and chemical

fertilizers like urea , Diammonium Phosphate , Potash e.t.c.

Farmers who use Manures generally get them free of cost

from the cowdung , bird excreta, dried leaves etc.This things

are very easily avaliable and are free.

But many farmers avoid usage of only manures. They use

chemical fertilizers with them too.Avaibility of manures is the

biggest challenge before farmers.The manures are costly but

not more than chemical fertilizers.Manures are reported to

show slow but a quality effect. It was also told that Manures

are required in large quantities than chemical fertilizers.

Farmers told that if they get enough amount of manures

surely they would adopt a total organic farming.

It was amazing to know that still many farmers do not

know anything about biofertilizers and its nature friendly

applications. This enlightens the need of awareness about

biofertilizers among our farmers. The increasing population of

India is consequently increasing the demand of food in

affordable prices.This problem can be effectively overcomed

by the use of Biofertilizers and organic farming .

CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM SURVEY

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

This project unmasks the bright future of

biofertilizers and organic farming.Biofertilizer is

the need of the time.



It can greatly reduce our dependancy on other

chemical

fertilizers

which

have

many

chemical

fertilizers

which

have

many

disadvantages over a few advantages. It is

greatly influencial for increasing the fertility of

soil and productivity of good quality goods.



In nearly future there will be shortage for land

under cultivation and will be treamondous

increase in demand for food. Biofertilizers can

greatly increase the per acre yield and bring the

agricultural expenses down as compared to

chemical fertilizers.



But to achieve the use of biofertilizers

government needs to boom the awareness

about biofertilizers.

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1)

“Microbes in human welfare”

- Fundamentals of

Biology-Pradeep Publications.

2)

2) N.C.E.R.T Text book of Biology 12

N.C.E.R.T Text book of Biology 12

thth

3)

3) Wikepedia.com

Wikepedia.com

4)

4) How stuffworks.com

How stuffworks.com

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