GIT Competency 1

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1 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m Nju;r;rp1:

Nju;r;rp 1.1: fzzpapd; tuyhW (computer history)

fzzpAila tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

 Abacas vd;w vz;rl;l fzpg;gpl;L fUtp fp.K3000 Mz;Lfspy; fzpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 1617ல் ஸ்கெட்யாந்தைச் நாட்தைச் சே஭ந்ை ச ான் சநப்பி஬ர்(Jhon Napier) என்பல஭ால் ஫ைக்தெ

சொட்பாடு(Logarithms) அமிமுெம் கேய்஬ப்பட்ைது. இது சநப்பி஬ரின் ேட்ைெங்ெள் (Napier’s Bone) என

அதறக்ெப்படுெின்மது.

 _{1632ம் ஆண்ைரலில் ச ான் சநப்பி஬ரின் ஫ைக்தெக் சொட்பாட்தை ப஬ன்படுத்ைி லழுக்குச்ேட்ைம்}_(Slide

Rule) ெண்டுபிடிக்ெப்பட்ைது.

 1642ல் பி஭ான்ஸ் நாட்தைச் Blais Pascal vd;gtuhy; கூட்ைற்கபாமி(Adding Machine) ெண்டுபிடிக்ெப்பட்ைது.

இது Pascalineஎன அதறக்ெப்படுெின்மது.

 1674 ம் ஆண்டு ச ர்஫ன் நாட்தைச் சேர்ந்ை ெணிைலி஬ர஭ான சொட்பி஭ட் லில்யி஬ம்(Gottfried Wilhelm)

என்பல஭ால் பஸ்ெயின் ச஫லும் லிரிவுபடுத்ைப்பட்டு இ஬ந்ைி஭ம் படி ெணக்ெிையி (Step Reckoner)

உருலாக்ெப்பட்ைது. இது +, X, /, - சபான்ம கே஬ற்பாடுெதர கேய்஬லல்யது.

 1800k; Mz;L juT Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Jis ml;il fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

 1822 ஆம் ஆண்டு பி஭ானஸ் நாட்டு ெணிைலி஬யார஭ான ோர்ள்ஸ் பாசபர்ஜ் (Charles Babbage)

என்பல஭ால் லித்ைி஬ாேப் கபாமி (Difference engine) உருலாக்ெப்பட்ைது.

 Charles Babbage fzpj nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapYk; juTfis Nrkpf;f $ba tifapYkhெ லித்ைி஬ாேப் கபாமித஬ ச஫ம்படுத்ைி gFg;gha;T nghwpத஬ (Analytical engine)

உருலாக்ெினார். ,tu; fzzpfspd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.

 ,tuJ vz;zf;fU Njhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpaspj;j (Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace)vd;gtu; KjyhtJ fzzp epuyu; (programmer) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.

1945 f;F gpd;du; fzzp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyKiwfshf gpupj;Jg;ghu;f;fyhk;.

Kjyhk; jiyKiwf;fzzp (1

st

Generation computer - 1940- 1956(Vacuum tube))

 cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf ntw;wplf; Foha;fs;(Vacuum tube) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epuy;gLj;jy; nkhopahf ,ae;jpu nkhop gad;gLjjg;gl;lJ.

 gpujhd epidtfkhf fhe;j ngwy; (Magnetic drum) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J kpff; Fiwe;j nfhs;ssitNa nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ.

 cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf (Punch card) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fzzpf;F cjhuzkhf:- UNIVAC, ENIAC

2k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (2

nd

Generation Computers - 1957-1963 (Transistors))

 cs;sf nraw;ghLfSf;fhf (Transistors) kpd;kg; ngUf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,jdhy; Kd;diu tpl gd;klq;F Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lJ.

 gpujhd epidtfkhf magnetic core gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 fzdpapd; gUkd; Nkirapy; itf;ff; $ba msT rpwpajhfpaNjhL Kd;diu tpl $ba epidtf Mw;wy;, nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwz; $baJ

IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108

3k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (3rd GenerationComputers (Intergrated circutes – IC))



cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wf;fs; (IC) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj.

 IC apd; tUifapd; gpd;du; fzzpapd; Njhw;wk; rpwpjhfpaJ, Ntfk; mjpfupj;jJ, tpiyFiwe;jJ, epidtf Mw;wy; mjpfupj;jJ.

 cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf tpirg;gyif, fhl;rpj;jpiu (Keyboard, Mouse) Ngd;w Gjpa rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ.



Mini fzzpfs; xU nghJthd gad;ghl;L fzzpfshf ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa ntspaPL

nra;ag;gl;lJ Ex:- Honey well 6000 series

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2 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m

4k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (4

th

Generation Computers (Microprocessors – 1971 gpwF ))



cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf ngupa mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wfs; (Large scale integration(LSI)) kw;Wk; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wf;fs; (Very large scale integration) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,J Ez;nrayp (Microprocessors) Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

 Ez; (Micro), kPf;(Super) fzzpfs; Nghd;w gUkdpy; tpj;jpahrg;gl;;l NtWgl;l nraw;jpwd;fis nfhz;l fzdpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. .

 ,f;fzdpfs; Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lNjhL $ba epidtf nfhs;ssit nfhz;bUe;jNjhL Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij gad;gLj;jpaJ. GUI (Graphical User Interface) cld; $ba ,af;f Kiwik nkd;nghUl;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd.



xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;ghLfis nra;aj;jf;f fzdpfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.

(Parallel processing), gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd.

Ex:- Web camera, Light pen, Scanner, ETC

5k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (5th

Generation Computers (future)

 ,J Gj;jp $u;ikAs;s kdpj %isf;F epfuhd fzzpfis cUthf;ftij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.



,f; fzdpfs; nraw;if Ez;zwpT fzdpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.(Artificial intelligent)



,jid mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl %yf;$w;W fzzp (Molecular Computer) kugzf;fzzp (DNA

Computer) Nghd;w capupay; fzzpfspd; njhopy;El;gk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

Nju;r;rp 1.2:

fzdp vd;why; vd;d?

juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fis gy;NtW cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W mtw;iw epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itj;J epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;l;bUf;ff; $ba epuypapd; cjtpAld; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jp fpilf;ff; $ba tpisTfis ntspaPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; ntspaPl;lhfj; juf;$ba xU ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdNk fzdpahFk;.

fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

 fjp (Speed)

 nrk;ik (Accuracy)

 tpidj;jpwd; (Efficiency)

rupahd #oypy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s fzpdpia vt;tpj Xa;Tkpd;wpj; njhlu;r;rpahf xNu fjpapy; Njitahd msT Neuj;jpw;Fr; nraw;gLj;jyhk;

 gy;gzpr;; nra;;gzp (Versatility)

 Nrkpj;jYk; kP;l;Gk; (Storing and retrieving)

 Ez;kjpapd;ik

 czu;r;;rpapd;ik (No Feeling) juT vd;why; vd;d? (What is Data)

juT vd;gJ njspthd Mdhy; mHjkw;w kw;Wk; xOq;fw;w vz;fs;, vOj;Jf;fs;, xsp, xyp, glq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fshFk;. ,jidf; nfz;L ve;j tpjkhd jPHkhdj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ Kbtpw;Nfh tuKbahJ.

cjhuzk;:

Rigupd; caUk; 160 cm, mtdJ ngau; m]P];> Nu[h nts;is epwkhdJ, epah]pw;F fzpjj;jpy; 40 Gs;spfshFk;

Nkw;nrhd;d cjhuzq;fspy; cs;s juTfuis Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiwf;F my;yJ xOq;fikg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jpdhyNa gpuNahrdkpf;fitahf khw;wkilAk;>

jfty; (Information)

jfty; vd;gJ xU Kbtpid vLf;ff;$baJk; my;yJ jPHkhdj;jpw;F cjtf;$baJk; Njitapid G+Hj;jp nra;af;$baJkhd xU nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;l juNt (Processed Data) jfty; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;:

epah]; tFg;gpy; 1k; ,lk;, wpah]; m`kl;il tpl epiw $batd; New;W Etnuypahtpy; mjp $ba kio tPo;r;rp gjpthfpAs;sJ

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3 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m tpdhf;fs;:

1. jutpw;F cjhuzk; 5 jUf?

2. jfty; kw;Wk;; jutpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; 3 jUf? fzpdpapd; gpujhd ghfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; gzpfSk;

fzpdpapd; gpujhd td;nghUs; gFjpfs; (Main Components of a Computer)

fzpdp Kf;fpakhf ehd;F td;nghUs; gFjpfisr; Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Input Devices)

2. tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; (output Devices)

3. ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF (Central Processing Unit) 4. Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

1. cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (

Input Devices

)

fzpdpf;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; (Data and Instructions) cs;sPL nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; JizAWg;Gfs; cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

 tpirg;gyif (Key board)

 Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; (Pointing Devices) - ( Rl;b(Mouse), njhLjpiu(Touch Screen), Track Ball, Light pen, ,af;fg; gpb Joystick )

 tUb (Scanner)

 vz;zpay; glf;fUtp (Digital Camera)

 tiy xspg;glf; fUtp (Web camera)

 Barcode Reader tupf;Fwp thrpg;ghd

 MICR (Magnetic Ink character recognition) fhe;j ik vOj;JU thrpg;ghd

 OMR (Optical mark recognition) xspapy; Fwp thrpg;ghd

 OCR (Optical Character Readers) xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd;

 Audio Input Devices

2. tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; (

output Devices

)

cs;sPl;L cgfuzq;fs; %ykhf toq;fg;gl;l juTfis nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jp ntspNa ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fNs ,itahFk;.

 fhl;rpj;jpiu (Monitor)

 mr;R ,ae;jpuk; (Printer)

 Nfl;ly; cgfuzq;fs;.(Sound System)

3. ika Kiwtopahf;fy; myF (

Central Processing Unit

)

,J fzdpapd; kpfg;gpujhdkhd xU mq;fkhFk;. ,jid Ez;nrayp (Micro Processor) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gu;. ,J fzdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy;(Mother Board) nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

,jDila njhopw;ghl;L Ntfk; Hz (Hertz) ,dhy; msf;fg;gLk;.

kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myfhdJ mjd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mikthf gpd;tUk; 3 gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (Control Unit)

fzdp Kiwikapd; rfy td;, nkd; nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;, epidtfj;jpypUe;J mwpTUj;jy;fis ngw;W mtw;iw fzdpapd; Vida gFjpfSf;F toq;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

2. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (Arithmetic and Logical Unit)

,J juTfspd; rfy fzpj njhopw;ghLfshd +, -, X, / nraw;ghLfisAk;, xg;gPl;L nraw;ghLfshd =, <, > Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

3. gjpap (Register)

,J CPU tpdhy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd juT, mwpTWj;jy;, epidtf Kftup vd;gtw;wpid nradKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; Nrkpj;J itg;gNjhL nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gpujhd epidtfj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ds;s kpff; Fwpfpa Neuk; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

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4 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m 4. Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

,J gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;

1.

gpujhd

or

Kjd;ik epidtfk;

vOkW mZfs; epidtfk;

/

NeuZF epidtfk; (

Random Access Memory

)

– RAM

,J fzdpia ,af;Ftjw;F Njitahd ,af;F Kiwikapid (Operating System) td;jl;bypUe;J ngw;W jw;fhypfkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L fzdpapd; nraypapw;F toq;Fk;.

NkYk; ,J nraw;ghLfSf;fhf cl;gLj;Jfpd;w juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis jw;fhypfkhf itj;J Njitg;gLk; nghOJ toq;Fk;.

,it mopAk; or epiyaw;w epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpdwJ. ,it fzdpapd jha; gyifapy; (Motherboard) ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; ,it 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, Nghd;w gy;NtW nfhs;syTfspy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk

2. ,uz;lhk; ju / Jiz Nrkpg;gfk; (Secondary / Utility Storage)

jfty;fisAk; juTfisAk; vjph;fhy Njit fUjp epiyahf Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLitNa ,uz;lhk; ju epidtfk; vdg;gLk;;. Njitg;gLk; NghJ jfty;;fis ngw;W mjpy; khw;wq;fis nra;af$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,it Gwj;Njf;fk;(Backing Storage) my;yJ Jiz epidtfk;(Auxilary Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

NkYk; Jizj; Njf;f myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F fhe;jj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Magnetic technology) my;yJ xspj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Optical technology) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

fzpdpapd; gpujhd gzpfs;;

fzpdp %yk; Ie;J gpujhd gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd mitahtd : 1. cs;sPL (Input) 2. Kiwtopahf;fk; (Process) 3. tUtpisT (Output) 4. Njf;fy;/Nrkpj;jy; (Store) 5. fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Control)

cs;sPL (

Input

):

gy;NtW cs;sPl;L fUtpfspd; cjtpAld; fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jypid fzdpapw;F toq;Fjy; ,r;nraw;ghlhFk;.

Kiwtopahf;fk;

(Process

):

Nrkpf;fg;l;bUf;ff; $ba epuypfspd; cjtpAld; cs;sPL nra;j juTfis jty;fs;fshf khw;Wk;; nraw;ghlhFk;.

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5 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m

tUtpisT (

Output

):

juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Gwj;Nj ghtiidahsu;fSf;F gy;NtWgl;l fUtpfs; %yk; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; mDg;Gk; nraw;ghNl ,JtFk;.

Njf;fk; (

Store

):

juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njitahd NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; nraw;ghNl ,JthFk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (

Control

)

fzdpapd; td; kw;Wk; nkd; nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;jp Kfhkpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk; ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfNs fl;Lg;gLj;jyhFk;

Nju;r;rp 1.6

fzzpia gpd;tUk; Kiwfsps; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;.



gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L.



Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

njhopw;Ew;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

1)

gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;

gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; msT, nraw;wpwd;, xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidahsu; msT, mjDila ngWkjp vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff ;nfhz;L ,J tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

kPf;fzdpfs;

Super computer

kPf;fzdpfs; ,d;iwa fzzpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk; tpiy $baJk; mjp cau; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; mikag;ngw;wpUf;Fk; fzzpNa ,JthFk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rp$lq;fs; ngUk;Ntiyg gOTs;s epWtdq;fspNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it1000 f;fzf;fhz (micro processors) fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sNjhL vkJ tPl;bYs;s fzzpfis tpl gd; klq;F nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJ.

jiyikf; fzdpfs; Main frame computer

,e;j fzzpfshdJ ngua rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;. ,e;j fzzpapd; ghtidahsu;fs; (Terminal) Clhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. ,it xU jlitapy; 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l ghtizahsu;fis ifahsj;jf;f ty;yikAilaJ. ,it tq;fpfspy,; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdq;fsJ nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ 1000f;fzf;fhz ghtidahsu;fSila Njitfis rPuhff; ifahStjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mini computer

,J (Main frame) fzzpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy; (PC) fis tpl nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd fzzpfshFk; mJ ntspahd Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fzzpfis tpl rpwpajhf ,Ue;jjpdhy; ,e;jngaiu ,J ngw;wJ. ,JTk; (Main frame) fzzpfisg;Nghy gy ghtidahsu;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; ifahsf; $ba jpwd;kpf;fJ. (Terminal/PC) %yk; ,jDld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.

Network Severs

xU fzzp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy (pc) f;fs;, fUtpfs ;,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thW ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f $ba fzzpfs; fUtpfis Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpid Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fnkd njhopw;glf;$ba fzzpNa (Net work sever) vdg;gLk;. nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; Njitapid nghWj;J gy fzzpfs; ,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

jdpahs; fzdp Personal computer (PC)

jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghtidf;fhfntd cs;s fzzpfNs ,itahFk;.mjdhNyNa ,J (Personal computer) PC vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it nghJthf fhupahya kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Ntiyg;ghLfshd jl;lr;R nra;jy; tiujy; md;whl tzpf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; nra;jy; jdpg;gl;l nghoJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

(6)

6 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m ,jid xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtNu gad;gLj;jKbAk;. NkYk; ,jDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; mstpid Kd;dpl;L rpy Neuk; ,J (Micro computers) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

gpd;tUk; tifahd (PC) f;fs; ,d;W gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.

1.

Nkirf; fzdpfs; Desk top computers

,it jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfntd Nkirapy; itj;Jg ;ghtpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j ngaiu ngw;wJ.

2.

Ntiyepiyaq;fs; (Work

station)

,JTk; jdpg;gl;l ghtdf;fhfTs;s xU fzzpahFk; Mdhy ,J rhjhuz(Desk

top) ia tpl rf;jp tha;e;jnjhd;W ,J tpQ;Qhdpfs;, xspg;gl gilg;ghspfs;, tiugl nghwpapashsu;fSf;fhd fbdNtiyfis Ntfkhf nra;tjw;Fs;s xd;whFk;.

3.

kbf;fzdp (Note

book computers)

,J tpUk;gpa ,lj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yj;jf;ftifapy; nky;ypajhfTk; Fiwe;j epiwAlDk;

Desk top apd; nraw;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;s fzzpfshFk;. ,it kpd;fyj;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L ,aq;ff;$baJ.

4. Tablet

pc

(Note book) ia tpl tpiy Fiwe;jJk; (Note book)apy; cs;s ,ay;Gfis tpl $Ljyhd

,ay;;Gfis nfhz;lJkhFk;.

;fhfTs;sJ. ,J rpy nkd; nghl;fspd; tpN\l gjpg;gpd; %yNk nraw;glf;$bajhfTs;sJ. 5. Hand held pc

,J iff;flf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j ngaiu nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

kpfTk; gpugykhd (Han held

) fzzpahf Personal Digital assistant (PDA) njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

6.

Smart phone

,J tpN\l ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l njhiyNgrpahFk;. ,J toikahd ifj;njhiyNrpia tpl ngupaJ. xU rpwpa (Key board, Internet, Email, Calendar, etc ) Nghd;w trjpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

2). Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;

fzzpfshdJ gy;NWgl;l NjitfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xU fzzp vy;yh NjitfSf;Fk; gad;Lj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. NjitfSf;F Vw;g mit gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpN\l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzzpfs;.

Muhar;rp Nghd;w tpN\l NjitfSf;fhfntd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. fzzpfs ahTk;

,t;tifia rhUk;. ,it me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fjhfTk; ,aYik kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;L mikAk;

Eg:- Super computer

nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzzpfs;.

,it gy;NWgl;l Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; jahupf;fg;gl;l fzzpahFk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,it tpN\l Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;aTk; gad;gLk;.

Eg:- PC

3). njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzzpfis tifg;gLj;jy;.

Digital computers vz;zpay; fzdp

vz;zpay; fzdpfshdJ gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk; ,yf;fq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fisg; ;ngw;W mjid mt; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs; kpd;rhu Jbg;Gf;fshf khw;wp mjid fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLj;Jk;

Analog computers (njhlupay; fzdp/ xg;Gikf; fzdp)

,f;fzdpfspy; juT cs;sPlhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLk;. ,jhtJ cs;sPlhf toq;fg;gLfpd;w

Voltage, ntg;gepiy> mOj;jk; vd;gd fzdpapd; Kwptilahj xl;lj;ijAila jftyhf

nfhs;sg;gLk;. NkYk; nghwpapay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tpz;zg;gq;fspy; ngupa mstpy; nrad; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. juTfshdJ miy tbtpy; >jho;e;JNghf $ba voltage mOj;jq;fshf

(7)

7 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m Nju;r;rp 1.7 :fzdp nkd;nghUs; (Computer Software)

fzdpapd; td;ghfq;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fk;, gadu;fspd; Ntiyfis nra;tpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lis, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng nkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

,jd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika nkd;nghUshdJ gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software)

2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software) 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software)

,J fzdpapd; td;nghUspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F my;yJ ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;, fzdpapd; nraw;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;, fzdp Kiwikapy; VjhtJ gpiofs; Vw;gl;lhy; mjid epgu;j;jpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;Ng Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;.

,JTk; mjd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating System Software)

b. nkhop ngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (translators) c. gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) a.

,af;f Kiwik (

Operating system

)

,J ve;;jnthU fzdpiaAk; nraw;gl itg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jiy nfhz;Ls;s xd;whFk;. xU fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;F ,e;j OS ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,J fzdpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;;s rfy fUtpfisAk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd fl;lisfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Eg: Apple Mac, windows xp, Vista, 7, Ubundu, Ms Dos, Chrome OS, etc

b.

nkhopngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (

Translators

)

fzdp epuyp nkhopapid gad;gLj;jp fl;lisapid my;yJ mwpTWj;jypid toq;Ffpd;w NghJ mjid fzdpapw;F tpsq;ff; $bajhf nkhop ngau;j;J nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s nkd;nghUl;fNs nkhopngau;;g;ghf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. Eg: Assembler, Interpretor, Compiler

c.

gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs; (

Utility Software

)

fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;L tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfTk;, mjpy; Vw;glf; $ba jtWfis epgu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfTk; vdTs;s fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,JthFk;.

Eg: Antivirus Software (Avira, AvG, kaspersky, ets) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software)

gad;ghl;lhsu;fspd; nghJthd Njitfspid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;glf;$ba

nkd;nghUl;fNs ,itahFk;. Eg: MS Office, Photo Shop, Browser Software, Media Player, etc, CAD rpy ree;ju;g;gq;fspy; gadhspfspd; Ntz;LjYf;F Vw;gTk; ,t;thwhd nkd;nghUl;fs; jahu; nra;J toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tq;fp eltbf;iffSff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpN\l Software, itj;jparhiyia Kfhik nra;ag; gad;gLj;Jk; Software, etc vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;

Nju;r;rp 1.8: jfty; Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;jy; jfty; Kiwik (Information System)

xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;j $WfshdJ (Components) xU Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jutpid Nrfupj;jy;, Nrkpj;jy;, nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; jftiy ntspaPL nra;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis nra;tjw;fhfTs;s xU KiwikahFk

nghJthf IS MdJ gpd;tUk; ,uz;L mbg;gilapy; mike;J fhzg;gLk;. 1. fzdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS(Computer Based Information System) 2. ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik.(Manual Information System) fzdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS (Computer Based Information System)

td;nghUs;, nkd;nghUs;;;;, juTj;jsk, njhiyj;njhlu;ghly;, kf;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L mjD}lhf juTfis Nrfupj;J fzpj;jy;, Nrkpj;jy;, nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gitfspD}lhf jftyhf khw;Wtij CBIS vd;gJ Fwpf;Fk;.

xU CBIS MdJ nghJthf gpd;tUk; gFjpfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

1.td;nghUs; 2. nkd;nghUs; 3. juTj;jsk; 4. njhiyj;njhlu;ghly, tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; ,izak; 5.kf;fs; 6. nrad;Kiwfs;(Procedures)

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8 | I L M . I r f a n G I T | | K M / Z a h i r a C o l l e g e l e a r n b y s e l f . c o m ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwik (Manual Information System)

fzdpiag;gad;gLj;jhJ juTfis jftyhf khw;Wtjw;fhd fzpj;jy;, nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffis ifahy; Nkw;nfhs;tij ,J Fwpf;Fk;.

fzdpia mbg;gilahff; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l IS w;Fk; ifahy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty; Kiwikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs

jfty; Kiwikapd; tiffs;

1. Automated Systems (AS) - jd;dpaf;f Kiwikfs;

2. Management Support Systems(MSS) - Kfhikj;Jt xj;Jiog;G Kiwikfs; 3. Geographical Information Systems(GIS) - Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwikfs;

4. Knowledge Management Systems(KMS) - mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; 5. Content Management Systems(CMS) - cs;slf;f Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; 6. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems - tpahghu ts jpl;lkply; Kiwikfs; 7. Expert Systems - epGzj;Jt Kiwikfs;