INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 1.1.1.1 Define ICT.
ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
INFORMATION
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research. The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Communication is important in order to gain knowledge.
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes products that fulfill human needs. Technology is vital in communication.
1.1.1.2 Describe the brief evolution of computers. COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First Generation (1940-1956)
The 1st. generation computer were huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1. In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the UNIVAC, which could calculate at the rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.
The new invention of hardware were needed with the new computer technology. Among them are vacuum tube, punched card, magnetic tape.
Problems:
• the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control
• the tubes also burnt out frequently
• people operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine
SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)
The creation of transistor spark the production of 2nd. generation. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic signals across a resister. Compared to other hardware technology, transistors had many advantages such as:
• transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
• they needed no warm up time
• consumed less energy
• generated much less heat
• faster and more reliable
THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
In the 3rd. generation era, the IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and sizes. It was used for business and scientific programs. Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600 and B2500.
The development of integrated circuit (IC) signal the beginning of the 3rd. generation. Silicone chips were manufactured in 1961. Then came the IC technology, which had reduced the size and cost of computers. It is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicone which is also known as semi conductor. Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memory was replaced by a
device called the microchip. Also the first 256 bit RAM was introduced and it was the basis for development of 1K bit RAM.
Advantages:
A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer which allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary.
• Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper.
•
Sold hardware & software separately which created the software industry.•
customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks)FOURTH GENERATION (1971- PRESENT)
The growth of the computer industry developed technologies of computer inventions. There are many types of computer models such as Apple Macintosh, IBM, DELL & ACER.
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer.
During the 4th. generation, hardware technology such as silicone chips, microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor is a chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.
The microprocessor is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors. The transistors are capable of performing all of the functions of a computer's CPU.
Advantages:
•
Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC the first computer• Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
•
Personal & software industry boomedFIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)
The 5th. generation are technologically advance and are still being development to become more efficient. The inventions of new hardware technology have grown rapidly including many other computer devices such as silicone chips, processor, robotics, virtual reality intelligent
systems & programs which translate languages
NEW ERA COMPUTER
After the 5th. generation computer, the technology has become more advanced, modern & sophisticated. The latest invention in are Super Computers, Mainframe Computers, Mini
Computers, Personal Computers & Mobile Computers.
In the new era of computers, expert system such as teleconferencing & speech-recognition system have been invented as part of communication tools.
1.1.2.1 List the usage of ICT in everyday life. EDUCATION
In education, teachers, students, researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT. Computers offer interactive experiences, enhanced learning, cognitif
development & better management.
Teachers:
~ use computers to search for teaching materials, participate in online forums and online
conferences as well as to aid their teaching.
Students:
~ use the computers as a reference tool. They use computers to browse the internet to look for information.
Researchers:
~ use computers to collect and process data.
School Administrators:
~ use computers for administrative purposes to make sure that the entire operation runs smoothly.
BANKING
In the banking, customers, businessman & bank administrator benefits from the usage of ICT. Customers:
~ can make any transactions at the 24 hour service centres or via online.These services
allow them to do transaction at anytime they want.
~ can save their time by using the online services offered by banks. They can access company accounts for loan applications, business transactions and update on their cash flow at any time.
Bank Administrator:
~ can oversee the entire banking activities such as reconciliations, inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the banking system.
INDUSTRY
Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector. In the industrial sector, workers, researchers and administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.
Workers:
~ use machines that are connected to computers to operate. In some productions, robots are used to take over jobs that are dangerous to the workers.
Researchers:
~ use computers to analyse and collect research data for future reference.
Administrators:
~ use computers to oversee the entire operations in the plant or factory to detect specific errors or defects that occurred in the process.
E-COMMERCE
E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier, more efficient and faster. For this application, computers, Internet and shared software are needed. In the e-commerce sector, customers, suppliers and employees benefits from the usage of ICT. Customers:
~ use computers to be connected online with suppliers to purchase products. This method can save time and cost as they do not have to go to any outlets.
Suppliers:
~ use computers to keep track of their transactions. All products are bar coded and can be
read by the computer scanner to help in determining prices and managing inventory.
Employees:
~ use computers and telephones to communicate with their customers for any enquiries. The system helps employees to get the latest updates on inventory to be informed to the customers.
OTHER SECTORS:
Among other sectors that benefit from the usage of ICT are archiecture, arts, career, goverment, healthcare, home, law enforcement, transportation and travel
1.1.2.2 State the differences between computerised and non-computerised systems.
Before ICT With ICT
EDUCATION
•depends strictly on teachers & textbook
•no or limited technology in the teaching & learning process
•more interesting & interactive experiences
•enhanced learning
BANKING SYSTEM
•banking was done manually by taking deposits directly
•transactions can only be made during working hours
•takes time to approve any loan applications
•all transactions are done by computers
•transaction can be done at anytime and place
•online services, phone banking system, credit cards are available
• INDUSTRY
•Production was slow because everything was done manually and totally depended on human labour.
•Computers and
telecommunications industry became very popular and profitable since production can be increased through an all day operation.
Before ICT With ICT
COMMERCE
•Trading was made using the barter system and it was then later developed into currency.
•Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth, billboards and printed flyers.
•Trading globally was extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find ways to market local products in the global market.
•E-commerce plays an important role in the economic scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and servicing products that are done electronically
1.1.2.3 State the impact of ICT on society. 1. FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED
With the Internet, news or messages are sent via e-mail to anyone efficiently. With the capability and connection speed on the Internet, any information can travel fast and at an instant. It saves time and is inexpensive.
2. LOWER COMMUNICATION COST
Using the Internet is cost-effective than other modes of communication such as telephone, mailing or courier service. It allows access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. We do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet. The cost of connection is relatively cheap.
3. RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATION
Computers are reliable. Information could be accessed and retrieved from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode of communication.
4. EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATION
With ICT, information can be shared all around the world. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups, mailing list and forums. This will contribute to the development of knowledge based society.
5. PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT
ICT has created the term paperless environment which means information can be stored & retrieved through the digital medium instead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instant messaging also helps in creating the paperless environment.
6. BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION
Internet has become a borderless sources for services and information. Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless. It offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and versatility. It
7. SOCIAL PROBLEMS
There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the society. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real time conversations. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert. Another negative effect of ICT are fraud, identity theft, pornography & hacking. This will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.
8. HEALTH PROBLEMS
A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently. Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic environment can be introduced.
1.2.1.1 Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime & Cyber Law. 1. COMPUTER ETHICS
Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline for computer users. It is needed to stop the current technology products from being exploited.
2. CODE OF ETHICS
Ethics is a moral philosophy where a person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to it. Code of ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the computer and the Internet.
3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual property refers to any product of human intellect that is unique and has value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique name, computer program codes and many more.
4. PRIVACY
Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy. In general, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video. Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.
5. COMPUTER CRIMES
Computer crimes is defined as any criminal activities that are related to the use of computers. These activities include computer fraud, copyright infringement, computer theft and computer attack.
6. CYBER LAW
Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and other online communication technologies.
1.2.1.2 Differentiate between ethics and law.
ETHICS LAW
Guideline: As a guideline to computer
users. Control: As a rule to control computer users.
Moral Standards: Ethical behaviour is
judged by moral standards.
Judicial Standards: Law is judged by
judicial standards.
Free To Follow: Computer users are free to
follow or ignore the code of ethics. Must Follow: Computer users must follow the regulations and law.
No Punishments: No punishment for
anyone who violates ethics.
Punishments: Penalties, imprisonments
and other punishments for those who break the law.
Universals: Universal, can be applied
anywhere, all over the world
Depends On Country: Depends on country
and state where the crime is committed.
Produce Ethical Computer Users: To
produce ethical computer users. Prevent Misusing Of Computers: To prevent misuse of computers.
Immoral: Not honouring computer ethics
means ignoring the moral elements (immoral).
Crime: Not honouring the law means
committing a crime.
1.2.1.3 State the need for intellectual property laws.
Intellectual property laws are needed to establish and safeguard the intellectual property which refers to works created by inventors, authors and artists. It is also needed as businesses today continue to expand globally. There are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are patents for invention, trademarks for brand identity, designs for product appearance and copyright for material.
1.2.2.1 List ways to protect privacy.
Privacy can be protected by privacy law and utilities software: (a) Privacy law
The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the following: • Security Services to review the security policy • Security Management to protect the resources
• Security Mechanism to implement the required security services • Security Objects, the important entities within the system environment (b) Utilities software
Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.
1.2.2.2 State authentication & verification methods/ technologies. Methods of Authentication
There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric device and callback system. Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database. Biometric devices include Fingerprint Recognition, Facial Recognition, Hand Geogmetry, Iris Scanning, Retinal Scanning, Voice Recognition and Signature Verification. Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.
Methods of Verification
There are two methods used in verification, which are user identification and processed object. User identification refers to the process of validating the user. Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card, security token and cell phone.
1.2.3.1 List effects of controversial contents on society: Pornography:
• can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children
• can lead to sexual addiction or perversion
• can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children
• can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour
Slander:
• can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth
• can develop bad habit of spreading untruths and rumours
• can lead to unnecessary argument
• can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person
1.2.3.2 Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents. Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain materials on the Internet. It is a process of controlling the access to the internet by means of filtering software. It is used to prevent children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees productive on the Internet.
The current preferred method of choice to limit access on the Internet is to filter content either by:
• keyword blocking • site blocking • web rating systems
1.2.4.1 Explain the need for Cyber Law.
Cyber Law is needed as in the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of government data placed on the Internet.
1.2.4.2 Explain briefly the computer crimes below: Fraud:
Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage over or causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through the use of computers. Computer fraud includes e-mail hoaxes, programme fraud, investment schemes, sales promotions and claims of expertise on certain fields.
Students need to be aware of other computer frauds such as health frauds, scams and hacking. Students will also most likely get false information while researching information on the Internet.
Copyright Infringement:
Copyright infringement is defined as a violation of the rights secured by a copyright. It involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyrights material by the black market group. The open commercial sale of pirated item is also illegal. With the current technology, the most perfect copy of the original copy can be downloaded from the internet.
Theft:
Computer theft is defined as the unauthorised use of another person’s property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful possession of that property or its use. Examples of computer theft include:
• transfer of payments to the wrong accounts
• tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost • divert goods to the wrong destination
Attacks:
Computer attack may be defined as any activities taken to disrupt the equipment of computer systems, change processing control or corrupt stored data.
Computer attack can be in the forms of:
• physical attack that disrupt the computer facility or its transmission lines. • an electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnetic energy to overload computer circuitry.
• a computer network attack that uses a malicious code to exploit a weakness in software, or in the computer security practices of a computer user.
1.3.1.1 Define computer security.
Computer security means protecting our computer systems and the information they contain against unwanted access, damage, destruction or modification. Three types of computer security are:
• hardware security
• software security/data security
• network security
We need to protect our computer from any intruders such as hackers, crackers and script kiddie.
1.3.2.1 Explain briefly the different threats to computer security: Malicious code
agent for malicious code is the writer of the code who causes its distribution. There are various kinds of malicious code. They include virus, Trojan horse, logic door, trapdoor and backdoor, worm and many others.
Hacking
Hacking is defined as unauthorised access to the computer system by a hacker. Hackers are persons who learn about the computer system in detail. They write program referred to as hacks. Hackers may use a modem or cable to hack the targeted computers.
Natural disaster
Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster. Examples of natural and environmental disasters:
Flood Fire
Earthquakes, storms and tornados Excessive Heat
Inadequate Power Supply Theft
Two types of computer theft:
1) Computer is used to steal money, goods, information and resources. 2) Stealing of computer, especially notebook and PDAs.
1.3.3.2 Apply the correct security procedures. Data Protection
We need to protect the data in the computer as it may somehow get lost or corrupted due to some viruses or mishap like fire, flood, lightning, machine failures and even human errors. There are a few ways to protect the information namely:
• make backup files
• detect the virus and clean the computer • warn others on virus attacks
Detecting Illegal Access To Systems
The computer system is able to detect any illegal access to the system by a user who does not have any authorisation. Tcpwrappers and tripwire are often used to detect any illegal access (unauthorize) to the system. User's access will be reviewed periodically by computer operations. On going internal audits will be made to ensure detection of violations of security and unauthorised modifications to software and data .
Tcpwrappers will control access at the application level, rather than at the socket level like iptables and ipchains. The system will run tcpwrappers to log access to ftp, tftp, rch, rlogin, rexec and telnet.
Tripwire will detect and report on any changes in the thousands of strategic system files. The system will run tripwire to determine if system files have changed.
Preventing Illegal Access To Systems
Computer systems would not allow any unauthorised users to simply access the system. Ways to prevent illegal access to systems:
• Run anlpassword to make password cracking difficult.
• Run tcpwrappers to check if the name for an ip address can be provided by DNC
• Use a callback system to prevent unauthorised use of stolen passwords.
Preventing Illegal Root Access
To prevent any illegal root access, we should have Sudo (stands for Superuser do) so that people can perform on some machine without getting access to the entire root if that is not required. In addition, with Sudo we did not have to give out the root password.
Sudo is a program in Unix, Linux and similar operating systems such as Mac OS X that allows users to run programs in the form of another user (normally in the form of the system's superuser). Sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers file.
Patch
Patch supplies small updates to software, provided that the source code is available. Patch is a name of an UNIX utility. It applies a script generated by the different program to a set of files
that allows changes from one file to be directly applied to another file. Resources are not enough to patch all security holes that we hear about through the bugtraq list.
1.4.1.1 Locate information from various sources
Informations or study materials are available offline and online. We can search for the information that we want in books, journals, articles or other resource materials found in the library and the Internet. A list of all the books, journals and electronic materials are available from the library. We can use the online databases to find the most useful materials for our study.
Anyway, the selected materials need to be evaluated in four aspects. They are relevance, reliability/credibility, perspective & update.
1.4.1.2 Describe the impact of ICT on society
The computer has change the society today as much as industrial revolution changed society in 18th and 19th century. People interacts directly with computer in education, finance, government, health care, science, publishing, tourism, and industry.
Computers help them to do their work faster and more efficient by using the software application that consist of special program for specific task.
Home & Education
Today, computers are used in schools, colleges and universities to promote better education. Students use software packages to complete their assignments. Educators use the computer-based training and web-computer-based training as replacements for lecture presentation.
Computers for Higher Education
Open Distance Learning (ODL) or online learning can be implemented as computers are the main medium in delivering the knowledge from one location to the other locations. This type of learning consists of online forum, discussion, quizzes, test questions and many more. The example of the Open Distance Learning institution is the Open University of Malaysia.
Business
People use finance or accounting software to balance check books, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, manage investments and evaluate their financial plans. Accounting software helps companies to record and report their financial transactions.
Computers in Banking
In the banking sector, many financial institutions offer online banking. People can access their financial records from anywhere in the world. One example of online banking is Maybank2u. Most of the packages on banking offer a variety of online services which requires access to the web. For example we can track our investment online, compare insurance rates and do online banking.
Industry
By using the CAM system, computers record actual labour, material, machine and computer time used to manufacture a particular product. Computers process this data and automatically update inventory, production, payroll and accounting records on the company’s network.
Examples of companies using this system are Proton and Perodua. Graphics & Multimedia
Computers are crucial in publishing especially in the process of making works available to the public. These works include magazines, books, newspapers, music and film production. Special software applications are used to assist graphic designers to develop graphics, texts, photographs and composing songs.
Communication
A government provides society with direction by making and administering policies. Most government offices or agencies have websites in order to provide citizens with up-to-date or latest information. Examples of software applications used for communication include e-mail, web browsers, newsgroups, instant messaging and video conferencing. We can access government websites to:
check information on taxes (www.hasil.org.my) register online for IPTA/IPTS application (www.moe.gov.my)
Computers in Tourism
Today, people will go online to get all related information about traveling. They can visit websites to get information on destinations, prices, hotels, flights and car rentals. They can also purchase ticket online, all payments can be made by using credit card.
Computers in the Healthcare
In the medical field, computers are very important in running the operations. Medical staffs use computers for various purposes, namely:
• maintaining patient records
• monitoring patients’ vital sign
• assisting doctors, nurses and technicians with medical tests by using computer and computerised devices .
• using medical software to help with researching and diagnosing health conditions.
Furthermore, computers and the internet are important sources for people to get all information on medical, nutrition, fitness and other tips from several available websites. The latest development in the medical field is telemedicine which help professional to conduct live conference in separate locations around the globe.
Science
In the scientific world, computers are used in all fields of science from biology to astronomy to meteorology and others. These are things that can be done by computers, namely:
collecting, analyzing and modelling data
serving as medium of communication with colleagues around the world
contributing to new inventions or breakthrough in surgery, medicine and treatment
imitating functions of the central nervous system, retina of the eye and others by tiny computers
allowing a deaf person to listen through cochlear implant
1.4.1.3 Present results in a clear, concise manner.
A good presentation should contain three well-defined sections, they are: 1. Introduction
is at the beginning of the research includes the objectives of the research
provides a clear statement on why the study was undertaken includes the limitations/assumptions and analytical techniques 2. Content
consists of facts or arguments related to subject matter
can be presented in an argument format or just as an overview 3. Conclusion
is a review of content (not repetition of content)
relates to the statement of objectives in the introduction should not introduce new issues
should contain judgment or decision that has been reached
1.4.1.4 Display cooperation in conducting study.
Cooperation in conducting study can be display through delegation of works among team members. Delegation is the ability to assign tasks to others with the authority, responsibility and accountability to finish the tasks. This means it is not enough to just give out orders to people but as a team leader you also need to give specific instructions on what to do. Tell your team members that they are responsible for the task given to them and explain to them what would happen to the project if they failed to finish the task.
2.1.1.1 Define computer systems.
A computer system is defined as combination of components designed to process data and store files. A computer system consists of four major hardware components; input devices, output devices, processor and storage devices. A computer system requires hardware, software and a user to fully function.
2.1.1.2 State the meaning of input, process, output and storage. Input
Input is any data or instructions that we enter into the computer system for processing. There are four types of input: which are text, graphic, audio and video. Example of input devices are
keyboard, light pen, joystick, microphone, mouse, video & digital camera. Process
The processing unit controls all activities within the system. The CPU is an example of a processor. It has the same important as the brain to human being.
Storage
Storage is a location which data, instruction and information are held for future use. It is the physical material that keeps keeps data, instruction and information. There are two types of storage. They are the primary storage and secondary storage. The example of storage devices are hardisk, Floppy Disk, diskette, RAM, CD ROM and DVD ROM.
Output
Output is data that has been processed into a useful form, called information. There are four types of output, which are texts, graphics, audio and video. Example of output devices are monitor, printer, speaker and plotter.
2.1.1.3 Describe the information processing cycle which includes input, process, output and storage.
Input
Users input data or instruction into the computer system to be process. Input could be either text, graphic, audio or video. Input devices are used by users to input data. Input devices are any electronic device connected to a computer and produces input signals.
Process
Data or instruction being input into the computer system is then processed by the CPU which
controls all activities within the system. The results of the processed data are then sent to an output device as usable data.
A CPU interprets the and carries out the instructions by processing data and controlling the rest of the computer’s components.
A CPU consists of two subcomponents; the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). CU’s main function is to direct the CPU to process data by extracting instructions from memory and decodes and executes them. The CU manages a four-step basic operation which is called a machine cycle. The steps are Fetching, Decoding, Executing & Storing:
Storage
Computer storage is important to help users store programs and data to be used at a later time. It is also useful to keep current data while being processed by the processor until the information is saved in a storage media such as a hard disk or a diskette. Computer storage
also stores instructions from a computer program. There are two type of computer storage; primary storage and secondary storage.
Primary storage is known as the main memory of a computer, including RAM (Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). It is an internal memory (inside the CPU) that can be accessed directly by the processor.
Secondary storage an external storage that refers to various ways a computer can store program and data. Many complex functions, such as translators for high-level languages and operating systems are placed in primary storage. Secondary storage is an alternative storage. It is very useful to store programs and data for future use.
Output
Output is the result of data processing activity when it is presented external to the system. The output from a computer can be in a form for use by people, for example, printed or displayed. There are four types of output, which are texts, graphics, audio and video.
2.1.2.1 State the relationship of data representation: bit, byte and character.
Bit
A bit is the smallest unit of data that the computer can process. Bit is a short for binary digit. A bit is represented by the numbers 1 and 0. These numbers represent the binary system. They correspond to the states of on and off, true and false, or yes and no. All digital data use the binary system to process the information. This information include letters, digits or special character.
Byte
Byte is a unit of information built from bits. One byte is equals to 8 bits. Eight bits that are grouped together as a unit. A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters. One byte represents a single character such as the number 3, letter b or a $ symbol. Bits and bytes are the basis for representing all meaningful information and programs on computers.
Character
A byte represents a single character in the computer. One character such as A, 7, 9 and + is eight bits that are grouped together.A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters. For example, the capital letter F is represented by the binary code 01000110 that can be understood by the computer system. Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte..
2.1.3.1 Explain the function of ASCII code.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) was established to:
• achieve compatibility between various types of data processing equipment making it possible for the components to communicate with each other successfully.
• enables manufacturers to produce components that are assured to operate correctly in a computer.
•
make it possible for humans to interact with a computer. It also enables users to purchase components that are compatible with their computer configurations.2.1.4.1 State the units of data measurement: Bit
A bit is represented by the numbers 1 and 0. They correspond to the states of on and off, true and false, or yes and no.
Byte
Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 bytes or 1 KB = 210 bytes Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1 048 576 bytes or 1 MB = 220 bytes Gigabyte (GB) 1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytes 1 GB = 230 bytes Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1 099 511 627 776 bytes or 1 TB = 240 bytes Note: 1 KB = 1 024 byte 1 MB = 1 024 KB = 1 048 576 byte 1 GB = 1 024 MB = 1 048 576 KB = 1 073 741 824 byte 1 TB = 1 024 GB = 1 048 576 MB = 1 073 741 824 KB = 1 099 511 627 776 byte
2.1.5.1 State the units of clock speed measurement: Hertz & Seconds
A hertz is one cycle per second. Megahertz (MHz)
Megahertz (MHz) equals to one million cycles of the system clock.
(Mega is a prefix that stands for million. A computer that operates at 933 MHz has 933 million clock cycles in one second.)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Gigahertz (GHz) equals to one billion cycles of the system clock. In relation with megahertz, 1.0GHz is equivalent to 1000 MHz.
Giga is a prefix that stands for billion. GHz is most often used as a measurement of a PC processor chip and power, with bigger numbers meaning more speed and higher price. A microprocessor that runs at 200 GHz executes 200 billion cycles per second. For a 2.4 GHz machine . Its clock rate is 2.4 billion cycles per second..)
2.2.1.1 Identify the input devices used for text, graphic, audio and video. Input Devices For Texts
Keyboard, virtual keyboard (on the screen) & an optical reader (uses a light source to read characters, marks and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process.
Input Devices For Graphics
Scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages and similar sources for computer editing and display.
Digital camera allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally. Input Devices For Audio
Audio input devices are such microphone and digital musical instruments like the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) keyboard.
Input Devices For Video
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) video camera is a type of digital video camera that enables a home or small business user to capture video and still images.
A webcam is any video camera that displays its output on a web page.
A digital video camera allows you to record full motion and store the captured motion digitally. Pointing Devices
A pointing device is another form of input device. Pointing devices such as a mouse, trackball, graphics tablet and touch screen are used to input spatial data into the computer. (Spatial data
2.2.2.1 Identify the output devices used for text, graphic, audio and video
A monitor is an example of an output device that can be used to display text. It can also display graphics and video. It iaccepts video signals from a computer and displays information on its screen.
A printer is another example of an output device that can be used to print text, apart from graphics, on mediums such as paper, transparency film or even cloths. A photo printer is a colour printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures.
An image setter produces high quality output compared to an ordinary laser printer. An image setter is a high resolution output device that can transfer electronic text and graphics directly to film, plates, or photo-sensitive paper.
A pair of speakers is an audio output device that generates sound. The headphone is a pair of small speakers placed over the ears and plugged into a port on the sound card. A woofer or subwoofer is used to boost the low bass sound and is connected to the port on the sound card. A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector uses its own light source to project what is displayed on the computer on a wall or projection screen. A digital light processing (DLP) projector uses tiny mirrors to reflect light which can be seen clearly in a well-lit room.
2.2.3.1 Identify the location of the central processing unit (CPU), expansion slots, expansion cards, RAM slots, ports and connectors on the motherboard. Motherboard is the main circuit board which has some electronic components attached to it and others built into it. CPU, expansion slots, expansion cards, RAM slots, ports and connectors are the components on the motherboard.
2.2.4.1 Explain types and functions of: Primary Storage (RAM, ROM)
Primary storage is the main memory in a computer. It stores data and programs that can be accessed directly by the processor. There are two types of primary storage which are RAM (Random-Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). RAM is installed inside computers. RAM is also known as a working memory.
RAM:
• The data in RAM can be read (retrieved) or written (stored).
• RAM is volatile which means the programs and data in RAM are lost when the computer is powered off.
•
Computer uses RAM to hold temporary instructions and data needed to complete tasks. This enables CPU to access instructions and data stored in the memory very quickly.• RAM stores data during and after processing. ROM:
• ROM is another type of memory permanently stored inside the computer.
• ROM is non-volatile. It holds the programs and data when the computer is powered off. • Programs in ROM have been pre-recorded. It can only be stored by the manufacturer;
once it is done, it cannot be changed.
•
Many complex functions, such as start up operating instructions, translators for high-level languages & operating systems are placed in ROM memory.• All the contents in ROM can be accessed and read but cannot be changed.
ASPECT RAM ROM
Data and
program Stores during and after processing Stored by manufacturer
permanently
Processing time Very fast, but uses a lot of power Fast, but uses very little power
Secondary Storage (magnetic medium optical medium, flash memory)
Secondary storage can be divided into magnetic medium, optical medium and flash memory. Magnetic Medium
Magnetic medium is a non-volatile storage medium. It can be any type of storage medium that utilizes magnetic patterns to represent information. The devices use disks that are coated with magnetically sensitive material. The examples of magnetic storage are:
• magnetic disk such as:
o a floppy disk, used for off-line storage
o hard disk, used for secondary storage
•
magnetic tape; including video cassette, audio storage reel-to-reel tape & others. Optical MediumOptical medium is a non-volatile storage media that holds content in digital form that are written and read by a laser. These media include various types of CDs and DVDs.
These following forms are often commonly used :
• CD, CD-ROM, and DVD: Read only storage, used for distribution of digital information such as music, video and computer programs.
• CD-R: Write once storage, the data cannot be erased or written over once it is saved. • CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM: Slow to write but fast reading storage; it allows data
that have been saved to be erased and rewritten.
The disk capacity of optical media is more compared to magnetic media. Durability is another feature of optical media, they are able to last for up to seven times as long as traditional storage media.
Flash Memory
Flash Memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions like RAM and a hard disk drive combined. Flash memory store bits of electronic data in memory cells just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM), but it also works like a hard disk drive that when the power is turned off, the data remains in the memory. Flash memory cards and flash memory sticks are examples of flash memory.
Flash memory cards are also used with digital cellular phones, MP3 players, digital video cameras and other portable digital devices.
Flash memory is also called USB drives, thumb drives, pen drives or flash drives, are the up-and-coming players in the portable storage market.
The advantages of flash memory are, it offers fast reading access times among the secondary storage devices, (though not as fast as RAM) it is durable and requires low voltage. It is also light and small. The disadvantage is, it is more expensive than the magnetic disk of the same capacity.
2.3.1.1 State the various types of OS used on different platforms. PC Platform Operating Systems
The examples of operating systems used on PC platforms or IBM compatible computers are: • Disk Operating System (DOS)
• Microsoft Windows XP
DOS used a command line interface when Microsoft first developed it. Microsoft Windows XP’s operating environment is a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Both are closed source software. Apple Platform Operating Systems
The operating systems used on Apple platforms are Mac OS & Mac OS X.
Mac OS was the first commercially successful graphical user interface. It is a closed source software and are targeted for use with home desktops and workstations.
Mac OS X is a multitasking operating system and targeted for use with home desktops, workstations and servers. It also has better security protection compared to Mac OS, for example the integrated firewall utility.
Cross-Platform Operating Systems Cross-platforms operating systems are:
• UNIX • LINUX
UNIX is a multitasking operating system. Some versions of UNIX have a command line interface but most versions of UNIX offer a graphical user interface.
Linux is a popular, free, UNIX-like graphical user interface operating system. It is an open source software. Linux provides a great deal of liberty to those that interact with Linux technology. Although Linux runs on many kinds of equipment, it is best known for its support of IBM-Intel PC-based hardware.
2.3.1.2 State the functions of OS. The main functions of OS are
• starting a computer • providing a user interface • managing data & program • managing memory • configuring devices Starting the Computer
The first function of an operating system is to start the computer. This process is called booting. Booting means to load & initialize the operating system. It can happen in two ways: warm boot or cold boot.
A warm boot means restarting a computer that is already on. It normally happens after installing a new software or hardware or after an application crashes or stops working.
A cold boot means starting a computer that is already off. It happens when we turn on a computer that has been completely powered off.
Providing a User Interface
This function controls how the user enters data and instruction and how information is displayed. The three type of user interface are Command-Line, Menu-Driven and Graphical User Interface . The user interface typically enables users:
• to start an application program
• to manage disks and files such as formatting, copying and renaming • to shut down the computer safely by following the correct procedures Managing Data & Programs
When we start an application, the CPU loads the application from storage into memory. In the early days, single-tasking operating systems could run only one application at a time. Multitasking operating systems enable users to work with two or more application programs at the same time.
Managing Memory
The computer's operating system is responsible for managing memory such as:
•
optimizing the use of RAM•
allocating data & instruction to an area of memory while being processed • monitoring the contents of memory•
releasing data & instructions from being monitored in memory when the process is doneConfiguring Devices
Another function of an operating system is handling input and output, as well as enabling communication with input and output devices. Most operating systems come with drivers for popular input and output devices. These drivers install new devices and check whenever there is conflict with these devices.
2.3.1.3 State the different interfaces of OS.
The three type of user interface are Command-Line, Menu-Driven and Graphical User Interface .Command-Line User Interface
The command-line user interface requires a user to type commands or press special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions that instruct the operating system what to do. It has to be typed one line at a time.
It is difficult to use because it requires exact spelling, syntax or a set of rules of entering commands and punctuation.
We must observe the complicated rules of syntax that specify exactly what you can type in a given place.
This interface also requires memorisation. It is also easy to make a typing mistake. The advantage of command-line interface is, it helps the user to operate the computer quickly after memorizing the keywords and syntax.
Menu Driven Interface
Menu-driven user interface enables the user to avoid memorizing keywords such as copy, paste and syntax. On-screen, menu-driven interface provide menus as means of entering commands. It shows all the options available at a given point in a form of text-based menu. Menu-driven user interfaces are easy to learn.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GUI makes use of the computer’s graphics capabilities to make the operating system and programs easier to use, which is also called ‘user-friendly’. Today GUIs are used to create the desktop that appears after the operating system finishes loading into memory.
We can easily differentiate the interfaces between Mac OS, Windows XP or Linux by looking at their desktops. GUI with menus and visual images such as buttons, icons and other graphical objects to issue commands.
On the desktop, we can initiate many actions by clicking icons that represent computer resources such as files, programs and network connections. GUI is commonly used and has become a standard.
2.3.2.1 State the types of application software (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, graphic).
Application software is a computer program or a suite of computer programs that performs a particular function for the user. Application software includes all programs that perform specific tasks for user such as word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, e-mail and web browsing.
2.3.2.2 Describe the uses of application software (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, graphic). Usages of Word Processing Software
A word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents containing mostly text and sometimes graphics. It provides the ability to create, check spelling, edit and format a document on the screen before printing it to paper. The software can be used to produce documents such as letters, memos, reports, fax cover sheets, mailing labels, newsletters, and web pages. Examples of word processing software are Microsoft Word, StarOffice Writer, TexMaker and Corel WordPerfect.
Usages of Spreadsheet Software
Spreadsheet software is an application that allows users to organise and manipulate data in rows and columns. It produces worksheets that require repetitive calculations – budgeting, maintaining a grade book, balancing accounts, tracking investment, calculating loan payments, estimating project costs and preparing financial statements. Examples of spreadsheet software are Microsoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro and Sun Staroffice Calc.
Usages of Presentation Software
Presentation software is an application that allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages and other information to an audience. Examples of presentation software are Microsoft PowerPoint, StarOffice Impress and CorelDraw.
Usages of Graphics Software
Graphics software is an application that allows users to work with drawings, photos and pictures. It provides the users the ability of creating, manipulating and printing graphics. Examples of graphics software are Microsoft Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Corel Painter and Macromedia Fireworks.
2.3.3.1 Differentiate between the types and usage of utility programmes (file management, diagnostic and file compression).
Utility programs, also known as service programs, perform maintenance-type tasks related to the managing of a computer, its devices, or its programs. They provide services not supplied by other system software programs. Most computers come with built-in utilities as part of the system software. However they may also be bought separately as external utility programs such as Norton SystemWorks and McAfee Utilities.
File Manager
File manager is the software used to manage files on a disk. It provides functions to delete, copy. move, rename and view files as well as create and manage folders (directories). File manager performs tasks of formatting and copying disks, displaying a list of files on a storage medium, checking the amount of used or free space on a storage medium, organising, copying, renaming, deleting, moving and sorting files and also creating shortcuts.
Diagnostic Utility
A diagnostic utility compiles technical information about a computer's hardware and certain system software programs and then prepares a report outlining any identified problems.Information in the report assists technical support staff in remedying any problems. Disk Defragmenter
When an operating system stores data on a disk, it places the data in the first available sector on the disk. The process of defragmentation is the reorganising of the disk so the files are stored in contiguous sectors. A fragmented disk has many files stored in non-contiguous sectors. Defragmenting reorganises the files so they are located in contiguous sectors, which speeds access time.
Data Compression
Data compression is a utility that removes redundant elements, gaps and unnecessary data from a computer’s storage space so that less space is required to store or transmit data. With the increasing use of large graphics, sound, and video files, data compression is necessary to reduce the time required to transmit such large files over a network.
Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files and it must be unzipped to its original form before being used. Two popular file compression utilities are PKZIP and WinZip.
2.3.4.1 Differentiate between proprietary and open source software. Proprietary Software
Proprietary software is also called closed source software. The closed source software or proprietary software offers a stable system with support if the software fails or malfunctions. Examples of Proprietary Software are Ms-Dos, Mac OS, UNIX & Solaris.
Open Source Software
Open source software is not a closed software. It is provided for use, modification and redistribution. Any programmer can make improvements which can result in better quality software. A programmer can download from the Internet for free and modify with suggested improvements. The only qualification is that changes can't be copyrighted.
Linux is an example of Open Source Software. Linux is the popular multi-tasking UNIX type operating system. Some version of Linux are command line. Others are GUI. The two most popular GUIs available for Linux are GNOME and KDE.
Many application programs, uitlities and plugins have Linux versions including OpenOffice.org, PHP-Nuke,The GIMP, Mozilla, ClamAV, OpenLDAP, Audacity and RedHat.
Users can obtain Linux in a variety of ways. Some download it for free from the web. Others purchase it from vendors.
The comparision between proprietary and open source software
SOFTWARE PROS CONS
Windows XP (Propriety Software)
• runs on a wide range of hardware
• has largest market share • has many built-in utility
• security poblems
• not efficient as a server OS • have to reboot every time a
network configuration is changed
SOFTWARE PROS CONS
(Propriety Software) • best Graphical User Interface (GUI) • secure and stable
computers
• base hardware more expensive than other platforms
• fewer utilities available • fewer games than Windows • many appications still being
uodated to run wth OS X
Linux
(Open Source Software)
• runs on a wide range of hardware
• has largest number of user interface types
• can be used as destop PC OS or server
• limited support for games • limited commercial
application available • can be difficult to learn
2.4.1.1 Assemble the components of a PC.
2.4.1.2 Display cooperation in assembling the components of a PC. Assemble components.
Follow step-by-step installation instructions provided. Test the functionality of the PC.
2.4.2.1 Format and partition the hard disk.
2.4.3.1 Install operating system, application software and utility programs.
2.5.1.1 Explain the latest open source OS and application software available in the market. 2.5.2.1 Explain the latest ICT hardware and software
2.5.2.2 Explain pervasive computing.
Pervasive computing means the technology that is gracefully integrated in our everyday life. The user is no longer aware of this embedded technology.
Pervasive computing uses web technology, portable devices, wireless communications and nomadic or ubiquitous computing systems. Other terms for pervasive computing are Ubiquitous
Computing, Calm Technology, and Things That Think.
Pervasive computing devices are not personal computers, but very tiny - even invisible - devices, either mobile or embedded in almost any type of object imaginable, including cars, tools, appliances, clothing and various consumer goods - all communicating through interconnected networks.
Thee xamples of pervasive computing in our daily lives are which is the automatic Touch 'n Go, SmartTAG toll gate & the 3G technology video phone.
3.1.1.1 Define computer networks.
Computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.
Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections.
When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.
3.1.1.2 Define communications. COMMUNICATIONS
Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere.
The information that is transmitted (sent) can be text, voice, sound, video, graphics and images, or a combination of all these, which we call multimedia. We transmit information or data by using two types of signals, namely analog and digital.
3.1.2.1 State the importance of computer networks and communications.
Information is now made easy with the availability of network communications. In a clinic for example, network communications plays an important part in keeping patients’ database for easy retrieval. Unlike in conventional practice, doctors and nurses have to look for a patient’s personal file from hundreds or maybe thousands of records. With network communication, the clinic saves time and manpower. Allocation can be effectively planned.
E-Business
E-business refers to conducting business transactions on the internet, not only limited to buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners.
E-business supports many types of business transactions, including online shopping, selling and renting. Users can browse the website and choose from the list of items or services to buy. Payment is usually via credit card.
Online Education
With a network connections, online education is made possible. Students at any location around the world can participate in an online classroom, download tutorial questions and submit their assignments.
E-Banking
E-banking handles all types of banking transactions like account management, fund transfer and payments primarily over the internet. User can pay bills, check the account balance and transfer money to other parties, using e-banking facilities twenty four hours a day and seven days a week.
With e-banking, most of the transactions can be done at home or from the office, thus users save time on traveling and queuing at the bank counters.
Long Distance Communication
Long distance communication is made easy via network availability. Communication is possible via voice, text or video. The cost of having this type of communication is cheaper than making a normal phone call and definitely faster and more effective than corresponding via letters of fax. In business, important decisions can effectively made through video conference meeting.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN covers a small region of space, typically a single building ~ Eg: within a school lab. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN is a collection of LANs with the same geographical area, for instance a city ~ Eg: within a a city
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN can be a collection of LANs or MANs or the mix of two with a very large geographical area, for instance a country or even beyond the border ~ Eg: between KL and London
3.1.3.2 Differentiate between the three types of computer networks.
LAN is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. It is the smallest network compared to the other two networks. The simplest form of LAN is to connect two computers together. LAN is operated within a limited physical area, such as at home, school, a single building or several buildings. A network which consists of less than 500 interconnected devices across several buildings, is still recognised as a LAN.
Inexpensive hardware used in LAN previously include twisted pair, coaxial cables and the higher end is fiber optic or wireless. However, coaxial cables are now being replaced by a higher speed cabling system such as CAT5 using RJ45 connectors.
LAN is a very high speed network (from previously 10Mbps) to 100Mbps, which is faster than MAN and WAN.
MAN can be defined as a group of computers and network devices connected together within a large physical area. It is a network of computers located at different sites within a large physical area, such as a city. Companies that have several branches within the Kuala Lumpur city such as banks, might find a MAN useful to them.
In this case, setting up a MAN across long distances can be best connected using fiber optics. Sometimes, a MAN can be a collection of several LANs within the same city. MAN often acts as a high speed network (although not as fast as a LAN) to allow sharing of regional resources. WANis the largest network of all network types. The Internet is the largest WAN in the world. WAN generally covers large distances such as states, countries or continents.
An example in the society using WAN is the banking organisation. Local banks have always maintained their business online by connecting all computers of their branches in the countries. International banks also use WAN to connect their computers all over the world.
Actually, WAN is a group of MANs or LANs or the mixture of both networks.
A device called a router is needed to connect the MANs and LANs all over a large physical area. A router is a special networking device that connects two or more different networks and keeps data flowing between them.
A router makes all the different networks communicate, such as connecting LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN or WAN to WAN. The transmission media in WAN uses the fibre optic cable. WAN is still considered a fast network with speeds 20 – 2000 Kbps, but slower than LAN and MAN.
3.1.4.1 Define two types of network architecture: Client/Server
A client/server network is a network in which the shared files and applications are stored in the server but network users (clients) can still store files on their individual PCs. A server is a computer that shares information and resources with other computers on a network. A client is a computer which requests services or files from a server computer.
Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-peer network is a network with all the nodes acting as both servers and clients. A PC can access files located on another PC and can also provide files to other PCs. With peer-to-peer network, no server is needed; each computer in the network is called a peer-to-peer. All computers in the peer-to-peer network has equal responsibilities and capabilities to use the resources available on the network.
3.1.5.1 State three types of network topologies: Bus Topology
A bus topology consists of a single central cable to which all computers and other devices connect. It refers to the main physical pathway or central cable where all other devices are connected to it. All nodes share the backbone to communicate with each other on the network. Sometimes, a bus network has more than one server. Sometimes, a server is not needed on the network. If one of the nodes fails, the bus network would still function as long as the backbone is working.
Ring Topology
A ring topology consists of all computers and other devices that are connected in a loop. Ring topology is also known as a ring network. In a ring network each node directly connect to two neighbouring nodes. A server may exist in a ring network, but it will not connect to all the nodes in the network. The server, like other nodes, will only communicate to its two neighbouring nodes.
Star Topology
A star topology consists of a central host which acts as the centre, and all nodes connect to the host. The host can be a server, hub or router. In a star network, every node will not connect to the neighbouring nodes. Every node must connect to the host in order to communicate.
The host will control the flow of communication in the network. If one of the nodes fails, the star network can still function as long as the host is working.
3.1.5.2 Differentiate between the three types of network topology.
Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology
Structure
There is a single central cable (backbone) and all computers and other devices connect to it
All computers and other devices are connected in a circle
There is a central host and all nodes connect to it
Host existence Depends on network needs Depends on network needs Yes
Connection
between nodes It has no connection between the nodes. Yes No
Host failure Network can still run Network will fail Network will fail Node failure Network can still run Network will fail Network can still run
Ease of troubleshooting
Difficult. Need to search for the
problematic node one by one
Depends on backbone. If there is a backbone, troubleshooting is difficult. If there is no backbone, the focus is on the two nodes not communicating
Depends on the host. It is easier to repair the problematic host. However, if the nodes fail, then each node has to be searched
Ease of adding or removing nodes
Easy Difficult Average
Number of nodes when
