AN5116-02 Technical Manual

AN5116-02 Broadband Access Unit

Technical Manual

Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies, Co., Ltd.

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comprehensive technical support and after service.

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Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: #88 Youkeyuan Rd., Wuhan, China

Zip code: 430074

Tel: +86-27-87691549 (Service Hotline)

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version) may be reproduced or disseminated in any form

or by any means without prior written permission of

FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

(Hereinafter referred to as FiberHome)

Information in this document is subject to change

without notice.

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are trademarks of FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their

respective owners.

Contents

Foreword ... VII

Abbreviation...IX

Chapter1 General Introduction... 1

1.1 Network development and requirement... 1

1.2 AN5116-02 unit introduction... 2

1.3 AN5116-02 unit position in network... 3

1.4 Unit features... 5

1.5 Unit compatibility... 7

1.6 Typical networking examples... 8

1.6.1 Broadband/narrowband services divided networking example...8

1.6.2 Broadband/narrowband services integrated networking example...10

Chapter2 Unit Elements and Structures...11

2.1 Unit elements frame... 11

2.2 Unit subrack structure... 12

2.3 Service support...15

2.4 Card arrangement...15

Chapter3 Card Function Introduction...17

3.1 Gigabit switch card (GSWC)...17

3.2 EPON interface card (EC2)... 18

3.3 Service aggregation control card... 20

3.3.1 Narrowband control card (AC16)... 20

3.3.2 STM-1 interface card (TDM)... 21

3.4 Uplink interface card... 23

3.4.1 Gigabit uplink card (GUP7)...23

Chapter4 Network Management Introduction...27

4.1 Network management description... 27

4.2 CLI interface... 27

4.3 GUI interface... 29

4.4 Networking management method...30

4.4.1 COM port CLI management... 30

4.4.2 TELNET management... 31

4.4.3 SNMP management... 33

Chapter5 Technical Specifications...35

5.1 Unit technical specifications... 35

5.2 Rack external interfaces...36

5.2.1 Service interface...36 5.2.2 Management interface...36 5.2.3 Other interfaces... 36 5.3 Working condition...37 5.3.1 Environment condition...37 5.3.2 Power supply... 37 5.3.3 Unit earthing... 37

Appendix A Unit Protocols and Technologies Introduction... A-1

A.1 EPON...A-1

A.2 VLAN...A-3

A.3 STP...A-6

A.4 Port trunking... A-7

A.5 Multicast...A-8

A.6 V5 protocol... A-12

A.7 Cluster management... A-13

Figures

Figure 1-1 AN5116-02 unit position in network...4

Figure 1-2 Broadband/narrowband services divided networking method... 9

Figure 1-3 Broadband/narrowband services integrated networking method... 10

Figure 2- 1 Unit elements frame... 11

Figure 2-2 AN5116-02 product view... 13

Figure 2- 3 AN5116-02 subrack front view... 13

Figure 2- 4 AN5116-02 subrack rear view... 14

Figure 4- 1 COM port connection...30

Figure 4- 2 Telnet connection in LAN... 31

Figure 4- 3 Telnet connection in WAN... 32

Figure 4- 4 Telnet connection in internal network management... 32

Figure 4- 5 ANM2000 SNMP management connection...33

FigureA-1 Port-based VLAN example... A-4

FigureA-2 IEEE802.1Q VLAN frame structure... A-5

FigureA-3 Multicast... A-8

FigureA-4 Cluster management structure... A-13

FigureA-5 PPPoE protocol stacks for Ethernet... A-15

FigureA-6 PPPoE communication process... A-16

Tables

Table 2-1 Card arrangement...15

Table 3- 1 GSWC gigabit switch card technical specifications...18

Table 3- 2 EPON interface card technical specifications... 19

Table 3-3 AC16 card technical specifications... 20

Table 3-4 STM-1 interface card technical specifications... 22

Table 3- 5 Gigabit uplink card technical specifications...23

Table 3- 6 Gigabit uplink card (GUPE7) technical specifications... 24

Foreword

Thank you for choosing products of FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd, and it’s our great honor for you to be our customer. For customers to get ready to use this equipment, we prepared this user manual with entire and specific contents. Before using AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit at the first time, please read though the whole manual carefully, and this helps you to use this unit better.

This manual introduces functions and specifications of AN5116-02 broadband/ narrowband access unit produced by FiberHome, and network management and protocols.

This manual includes:

& Unit working principle, structure and config; & Card function description;

& Unit network management introduction; & Technical specifications;

& Relative protocols and technical standards.

This manual is organized for:

Sales and marketing persons, technical support engineers and users of our products.

No part of this document (including the electronic version) may be reproduced or disseminated in any form or by any means without prior written permission of FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

The manual is subject to change without notice.

Abbreviation

BAS Broadband Access Server CATV Cable Television

DBA Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DMT Discrete Multi-Tone

EDFA Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network FDD Frequency Division Duplex FTP File Transfer Protocol FTTH Fiber To The Home FTTO Fiber To The Office

IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol IP Internet Protocol

IPTV Internet Protocol Television LAN Local Area Network LLID Logical Link Identifier MAC Medium Access Control NGN Next Generation Network OLT Optical Line Terminal ONU Optical Network Unit OSPF Open Shortest Path First PTMP Point to Multipoint PCR Peak Cell Rate

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPOE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network QoS Quality of Service

RIP Routing Information Protocol SLA Service Level Agreement SNI Service Node Interface SNI Service-Network Interface

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol STM Synchronous Transport Module STP Spanning Tree Protocol

UNI User-Network Interface VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

Chapter 1

General Introduction

1.1

Network development and requirement

Aggregation is the final aim to pursuit in telecom network development all the time, and people agree with the “Aggregated Network” method long time ago. Nowadays as “Fiber to the Home” technology develops and NGN soft switch comes true, it delivers a strong message of network aggregation, and shows a tendency of fast developing network. Subscribers’ service requirements also vary from single voice service in the early period to the requirements for data, video multimedia and online game services, coming from separated single service to integrated multiple services, and still in changing.

As competition increases in the access market and switch technology matures, FTTH, aggregated network, and integrated access are being important methods in access network. Unit designed for this access network shall include the following features:

♦ Service access ability: integrated equipment can provide multiple narrowband services such as POTS, ISDN, and DDN; and broadband services such as ETHERNET, ADSL, VDSL, and SHDSL. Optical fiber access method can provide an infinitude of bandwidth, and its utility bandwidth is not affected by distance.

♦ Network construction: using this unit saves the machine room space, saves facility construction cost, and makes full use of the utility equipments. All these lowers the network constructing cost greatly. Adopting optical fiber access can aggregate networks together, namely providing multiple services such as voice, data and video together in a single mode optical fiber. This saves much optical fiber and copper wire resources, and no need to lay other lines when new services are available. When adopting point to multipoint technologies in passive optical network, optical fiber is

♦ Network operation: it provides unified network management system for broadband and narrowband, and that is convenient for integrated maintenance and management in broadband and narrowband networks, increases operation and maintenance efficiency, and lowers operation and maintenance cost.

♦ System maintenance: failure rate of optical fiber access is much lower than copper wire access, and that decreases much of the cable maintenance cost; point to multipoint passive optical network is more convenient for maintaining because it is passive, and it solves the problems of power supply and difficult maintaining for equipments with power supply.

1.2

AN5116-02 Unit introduction

AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit developed by FiberHome is an optical fiber access unit for aggregated network. It is an integrated access system of a new generation (FSAN), a unified access unit of carrier class designed for telecommunication companies. It combines the data network, telephone net and TV net together, providing all telephone services with traditional link switch method, and new broadband services via package switching. It integrates the two methods, and adopts multi-service transmitting technology, so as to provide a unified network and service operation. In a unified platform, it accesses, aggregates and transmits multifold services to various broadband/narrowband networks, and is capable to upgrade into soft switch networks, meeting the requirements of network development.

AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit is based on gigabit Ethernet passive optical network technology. It supports single fiber three wavelengths (1550nm, 1490nm, 1310nm)

mode and dual-fiber three wavelengths mode, 1550nm wavelength for CATV service, 1490nm and 1310nm wavelengths for synchronous shared bandwidth as high as 1G. Besides CATV services, users can enjoy various of broadband/narrowband services such as telephone, fax, and IPTV in the same remote-end unit (ONU).

This unit is based on pure IP core, provides EPON broadband IP service interface, narrowband voice service and CATV image service in user end user network interface (UNI); in service network interface (SNI) for E1 (V5), STM-1, and FE/GE interfaces, connecting PSTN, DDN and ATM/IP networks, separating services.

AN5116-02 is industrial leading, aggregation network supporting FTTH access unit. It is highly reliable, manageable, flexible for expansion capacity and networking with guarantee of quality of service (QoS). All functions and performances meet the ITU-T and IEEE suggestions and related international industrial standards. Its electro magnetic compatibility (EMC) meets requirements of CISPR22, CISPR24 and IEC61000 relative standards. Considering technical standards and requirements of next generation network (NGN), this unit is capable to upgrade VoIP to soft switch network.

1.3

AN5116-02 unit in network

AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband unit is located at the edge of the access network, between the subscribers and converge equipments, directly connecting the subscribers. It is suitable for FTTH/FTTO applications. Generally it is laid in districts or buildings. Users can choose proper user-end units, and it is also capable to connect simple network with the trunk layer equipment directly. AN5116-02 unit position in network is shown as follows:

Figure 1 -1 AN5116-02 unit position in network

AN5116-02 is an access equipment in the office-end, and ONU is user-end equipment, generally AN5006-0X unit.

This unit adopts carrier class redundancy protection and integrated power supply. It supports prioritized redundant protection for core switch card, avoiding single card failure, and is highly reliable.

With AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit, an entire solution of an aggregated FTTH network is provided for users, and including multifold equipments and systems of low cost, efficient, manageable, and easy operating for operators.

ONU ONU ODU 1:32 Adjustable Attenuator Wave Coupler IPTV Set-on-Top Box

TV Computer Phone1 Phone2 Backup

1.4

Unit features

AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband unit has the following features:

♦ As a Gigabit IP switch platform, its core switching speed reaches 48G, and 96G of backboard switching capability.

♦ Integrated broadband and narrowband, card inserted upright, broadband and narrowband services supported simultaneously, and dense ports. Each subrack supports 32 1000M EPON optical interfaces, and each EPON port supports 64 ONUs (Optical Network Unit) max. When it provides phone service adopting EPON method, each subrack is capable to connect to 2048 phone lines if line split rate is 1:64 and each ONU connects 2 phone lines. The 2.2m subrack supports up to 3 AN5116-02 subracks.

♦ User interface card of this unit contains EPON interface card (2 PON ports in each card), STM-1 interface card, and uplink card provides uplink interfaces, such as 10/100/1000M electrical port, 1000M optical port, and all have port aggregation ability.

♦ Supports hot plug for all types of interface cards, and supports redundancy card switch for core switch card to achieve 1+1 protection.

♦ When optical split rate is 1:32, the unit supports no less than 20km transmitting, and when optical split rate is 1:64, it supports at least 10km transmitting.

♦ It supports flexible configuration of PON cards, and the two PON ports can be set to 1:1 protection for EPON service, or two individual PON.

♦ It supports user line test, automatic alarm for fiber breaking of remote-end ONU, and automatic alarm for power failure of remote-end ONU.

♦ It supports remote-end unit power backup, and this ensures phone service continuing for at least 1 hour when power fails.

♦ Each PON supports up to 192 logic links, and single ONU supports 3 individual LLID (Logic Link Identifier), providing fine QoS for users; service classifying mode based on layer 2 and 3 supports flexible service mapping selection for users.

♦ -48V independent power source supplies separate power. This enhances system stability, and the entire system will not be affected by power failure.

♦ The unit supports multiple telecom characteristics such as MAC address and IP address binding and filtering, bandwidth controlling, VLAN (two classifying modes based on port and 802.1Q), and flow controlling, which are operative and manageable.

♦ The unit is highly capable for dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) and bandwidth share, and it enhances bandwidth utility effectively.

♦ It is flexible for bandwidth management. Its double management mode based on SLA and priority ensures users’ requirements for minimum assigned bandwidth and low time delay of high priority level services (TDM).

♦ The system supports automatic discover and register for ONU, and supports a service mode of first set and then discover.

♦ The unit supports AES-128bit encryption, providing a fine security guaranteed system for users.

♦ It is fully capable for network management, convenient for maintenance, and is of multiple operative and administrable telecom characteristics.

♦ With centralized network management system based on SNMPv1/v2c, it supports remote control method of RMON, TELNET, and FTP, and also supports local management via COM port.

♦ Supports full functions of layer 2 Ethernet switch, including 802.1Q VLAN (VLAN based on port or 802.1Q), 802.1D spanning tree protocol (STP), priority control, IGMP snooping, IGMP proxy, 802.3X flow control, port mirror, 802.3ad port aggregation, Mac address binding/filtering, and broadcast control, etc.

♦ Its BRAS function supports PPPoE certification and charging; capable to terminate 2048 PPPoE conversations simultaneously; providing charging function based on standard RADIUS protocol, it can charge by time or flow, and supports switching between the main certificated charging servers and the backup ones.

♦ It supports 802.1X certification.

♦ The unit supports group management function in national standards, and supports Ethernet switch group management technical standard patent of FiberHome. This patent is authorized, and is capable to enhance IP address utility fully.

♦ Narrowband service interface adopts V5 protocol when connected via E1 port; adopts MGCP/H.248/ SIP protocols via soft switch.

♦ It supports QoS and ACL functions, and is capable to classify and process data flow.

1.5

Unit compatibility

The structure of this unit is similar with AN2200-02 / AN3300-01 units produced by FiberHome, and using the same backboard; and also capable to use ADSL, VDSL, and LAN interface board of AN2200 series units; uplink port provides standard Ethernet interface, and it can work together with BE2000 series Ethernet switches to networking.

1.6

Typical networking examples

AN5116-02 unit can be used in various conditions according to users’ demands, and the followings are examples of broadband/narrowband services individual networking and integrated networking.

1.6.1

Broadband/narrowband services divided networking example

Broadband data service and POTS narrowband service are transmitted via each uplink port, and are individual. In ONU, narrowband service in TDM form is transacted in IP packages, and transmitted to GSWC card via optical fiber together with broadband signals. Then broadband signals are transmitted to uplink card directly and uplinked to internet; narrowband voice signals are transmitted to AC16 card, and when reverted to TDM signals, they are uplinked to PSTN switch in V5 protocol via E1 port. The networking method is shown in Figure 1-2.

1.6.2

Broadband/narrowband integrated networking example

This networking method combines broadband and narrowband services. In ONU narrowband services are converted into IP form, and transmitted to GSWC card together with broadband signals via optical fiber, and then transmitted to Gigabit uplink card and uplinked to soft switch network. The networking method is shown as follows.

Chapter 2

Unit Elements and Structures

This chapter introduces AN5116-02 unit basic elements and subrack structures, giving an overall introduction of the unit, and introducing unit card arrangement.

2.1

Unit elements frame

This unit is composed by core switch module, uplink interface module and user interface module three parts together.

♦ Core switch module: providing switch network platform and switch control system.

♦ Uplink interface module: the Gigabit uplink port provides data service, and STM-1/E1 uplink port for TDM voice service.

♦ User interface module: provides EPON user interface.

This unit adopts full IP kernel, namely IP packages flow inside the unit. Signals flow in the unit is shown in the following figure:

Note: each arrow in this figure stands for:

Data bus in host mode

Databus in backup mode Control bus

In network management path, special management VLAN can be set to separate management and data, and this ensures management commands and data services will not affect each other.

Data processing progress includes uplink data process and downlink data process.

When uplink data enters EPON user interface card via PON port, EPON data flow will be reverted to Ethernet data flow when processed by this card, and be transmitted to GSW core switch card. After switch processing, it is uplinked to uplink card, and uplink data service processing is completed.

Downlink data enters AN5116-02 system via uplink Gigabit card. When GSW core switch card receives data, it confirms corresponding output ports according to destination MAC address, and forwards data to the corresponding EPON user interface cards, and after that the EPON user interface card forwards to ONU.

2.2

Unit subrack structure

AN5116-02 subrack is standard 19” rack, 14U high, dimension is 480×621.5×365 (width ×height×depth, mm), 40kg weight.

When rack height (height can be customized) is 2.2m, 3 subracks can be installed in each rack, and supports cascade connection. Figure 2-2 is product view of the unit subrack.

Figure 2- 2 AN5116-02 product view

Backboard of this unit is in the center of the subrack, and card can be installed in the front side and in the back side. Figure 2-3, Figure 2-4 shows front view and rear view of card installation in the subrack.

As shown in the upper figure, there are 20 slots in the front panel. They are numbered 1-20 from left to right, in which number 1-8 and 11-18 slots are for user interface cards, slots number 9 and number 10 are for core switch card (GSW), and number 19, 20 for narrowband voice control card. Upside of the subrack is fan unit, and in the bottom is air flow unit. In the front of the fan unit are a working indicate LED and an alarm indicate LED.

Subrack rear view

Figure 2- 4 AN5116-02 subrack rear view

As shown in the upper figure, the number 29 slot corresponding to GSW is for uplink card slot, and slot number 39 is for 2M interface card. In the upper side of the subrack are two –48V connectors and an alarm connector.

2.3

Service support

16 user interface cards (EC2) can be installed in an AN5116-02 single subrack, actualizing triplex services binding of voice, data and image (triple play). STM-1 interface is uplink port for E1 path to access E1 service; AC16 card is control part unit compatible with narrowband data and voice services, to actualize voice service access. When connected to PSTN network via V5 protocol, 16 V5 interfaces for 2M uplink are provided by AC16 card.

There are plenty types of data and VOIP uplink cards, including GUP7 (3 10/100/1000Base-T ports, 4 1000Base-SX ports), GUPE7 (7 10/100/1000Base-T ports) and 2M uplink interface card, and it is highly convenient for users networking with these interfaces.

2.4

Card arrangement

The table below lists all cards which can be installed in the unit, and users can select if need.

Table 2- 1 Card arrangement

Install Direction

Card Slot Card Name

Code Name

Quantity Note

Front

9, 10 Gigabit core switch card GSWC 1-2 Max 2, as hot backup

1-8, 11-18

EPON interface card EC2 1-16

User select STM-1 interface card TDM 0-4

19, 20 Voice interface card AC16 1-2

Back

29

Gigabit uplink card GUP7 0-1 One for each subrack, choose one from the two Gigabit uplink card GUPE7 0-1

Chapter 3

Card Function Introduction

This chapter classifies cards by card slot, and introduces all functions of cards that may be used in this unit, including Gigabit core switch card, EPON interface card, AC16 card, STM-1 interface card, Gigabit uplink card and 2M interface card.

3.1

Gigabit switch card (GSWC)

This card is installed in slot number 9, and 10 in front of the subrack. Card number/board number: 2.115.244/7..822.991.

Structure: this card is mainly built up by main switch part and CPU control core.

Main function: this Gigabit switch card is the core of the entire unit, and it is for performance management, failure management and config management of the unit. Protocol support: this unit supports layer 3 route and layer 2 switch technique, data packages classifying and filtering of layer 2-7, and TRUNK, QoS, etc; supports mapping tree protocol, avoiding looping in the network; supports priority protocol, and provides multiple services; supports IPv4/IPX route protocol; provides various of flow control methods; supports 802.1q VLAN technique, providing powerful network management function, and fits application of the carrier class.

Table 3- 1 GSWC Gigabit core switch card technical specifications

3.2

EPON interface card (EC2)

This card is installed in any slot of number 1-8 and 11-18 in front of the unit.

This card is the most important one in the EPON system, providing access services for broadband data service and telephone service. It provides two PON port, can be set as two lines of individual PON, as well as 1:1 protection.

There are two types of EC2 card according to different transmit length.

Ø When optic transmit length is 10 km, EC2 card number/board number is 2.170.712/7.824.015.

Ø When optic transmit length is 20 km, EC2 card number/board number is

Network standards IEEE802.3, IEEE802.3u, IEEE 802.3z, IEEE802.3x, IEEE 802.1d, IEEE 802.1p, IEEE 802.1q, etc. Port 1 COM port for command line debug Work mode 10/100/1000Mbps, full duplex Switch mode Store-and-Forward

Backboard switch speed 96 Gbit/s

Max package forward speed 1,488,100pps (1000MBase-TX) MAC address 16 K

Buffer 1M Bytes

Work state indicate LED 1 working indicate LED and 2 alarm indicate LEDs Power -48V DC

Power consumption <60W Operating temperature -10℃ ~ 45℃

Storage temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Storage humidity 10% ~ 90%

EPON data path provides services for broadband data service and narrowband voice service. System provides definite individual logic path for each broadband and narrowband users, separates them and provides different QoS guarantees for them via logic paths. Each user can monopolize one logic path, or share a logic path with other users via a common port.

Technical specifications are listed in table 3-2.

Table 3- 2 EPON interface card technical specifications

Network standards IEEE802.3, 802.3ah, IEEE802.3u, IEEE 802.3z, IEEE802.3x, IEEE 802.1d, IEEE 802.1p, IEEE 802.1q, RFC2236, etc.

Ports Two 1000BASE-PX10/20 ports, one 10/100/1000BASE-TX port, 1 debug COM port

Work mode Full duplex/ half duplex Switch mode Store-and-Forward Max package forward

speed 1,488,100pps (1000Mbase-TX) MAC address 4 K

Buffer 1M Bits

Work indicate LED 3 ACT indicate LEDs, 2 ALM indicate LEDs Max split rate 1:64

Max LLID 192/ PON Bandwidth assign

granularity 256 k Optical fiber connector Type SC/PC

Network cable

ü 1000Base-TX: standard CAT5 unshielded twisted pair; Under 1:32 split rate:

ü 1000Base-PX10: G.652 single mode fiber, transmit length≥10KM ü 1000Base-PX20: G.652 single mode fiber, transmit length≥20KM Power -48V DC

Power consumption <40W Operating temperature -10℃ ~ 45℃

Storage temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Storage humidity 10% ~ 90%

3.3

Service aggregation control card

3.3.1

Narrowband control card (AC16)

This card is installed in slot numbered 19 and 20 in front of the subrack. Card number/board number: 2.119.130/7.824.014.

Structure: this card is built up by Ethernet interface, E1 line interface, 2M framing, FPGA circuit, cross connect, VOIP module, buffer drive module, line busy generator, main control module and interface conversion module.

Main function: it completes control and management to POTS narrowband service cards. Two types of interfaces, E1 and Ethernet, are provided. V5 interface and soft switch interface are provided to POTS cards, and also for EPON users (ONU).

Technical specifications are listed in table 3-3.

Table 3- 3 AC16 card technical specifications

Interface

ü 16 E1 ports and 1 100M Ethernet port in backboard, E1 port impedance 120Ω or 75Ω

ü one 232 debug COM port and 1 10M Ethernet port in front panel

E1 port standards Meet requirements of ITU-T G703, G823 and related international standards

Indicate LED 4 types of indicate LED Power -48V DC

Power consumption < 20 W Operating temperature -10℃ ~ 45℃

Storage temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Storage humidity 10% ~ 90%

3.3.2

STM-1 interface card (TDM)

This card can be installed in any slot of number 1-8 and 11-18 in front of the subrack. Card number/board number: 2.170.709/7.824.053.

This card actualizes E1 circuit emulation and multiplex access functions of STM-1 based on package switch network , providing E1 circuit access service for EPON system. It extends available services provided in EPON system, and makes EPON system support TDM service besides data and voice services. It adopts enhanced auto-select clock restore method. This simplifies system design, for there is no need to adjust pointer or clock reference source.

Table 3 -4 STM-1 interface card technical specifications Power -48V DC Power consumption <25W Operating temperature -10℃ ~ 45℃ Storage temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Storage humidity 10% ~ 90% Interface type STM-1 Bit rate 155520 kbit/s Application classify code S-1.1 L-1.1

Operating wave range 1261-1361 Nm 1261-1361 Nm

Transmitter performance in S point Optical type MLM MLM SLM Max rms spectrum (σ) 7.7nm 4nm -Max -20DB spectrum - - 1nm Min side mode

suppression ratio - - 30dB Max transmit power -8dBm 0 Min transmit power -15dBm -5dBm Min extinction ratio 8.2dBm 10dBm

Performance in S, R point

Attenuation range 0-12dB 10-28dB Max chromatic dispersion 96ps/nm 185ps/nm NA

Min optical fiber return loss in S point (with any slip connector)

NA NA

Max discrete reflectance

in S, R point NA NA Receiver performance in R point Worst sensitivity (BER≤10-10₎ -28+3dBm (aging redundancy) -34+3dBm (aging redundancy) Min overload point

(BER≤10-10₎ -8dBm -18dBm

Max optical path penalty 1dB 1dB Receiver max reflectance

3.4

Uplink interface card

Card of this series can only be installed in number 29 slot in back of the subrack.

3.4.1

Gigabit uplink card (GUP7)

Card number/board number: 2.170.722/7.824.108.

This card is mainly for broadband service uplink, including 3 10/100/1000M auto-select electrical ports, 4 1000M optical ports and 1 FE 100M port. The optical port adopts SFP packaging, optical connector type is LC/PC, and supports hot plug; the electrical port is Gigabit Ethernet interface. These electrical ports can be used as interfaces for internal network management, and the FE 100M port can be used as external network management interface. Network management interface can be connected to ANM2000 network management unit or be connected to general PC via Telnet to control the unit. Furthermore, there is an RS485 port for power environment monitoring unit and two test port T1 and T2. Technical specifications are listed in table 3-5.

Table 3 -5 Gigabit uplink card technical specifications

Network standard IEEE802.3, IEEE802.3u, IEEE802.3x and IEEE802.3z

Ports 4 Gigabit optical ports ; 3 10/100/1000Mbps electrical ports, full duplex; 1 FE 100M port; 2 test ports and 1 RS485 port.

Max package forward

speed 1,488,095bps Power -48V DC Power consumption <15W

Network cable

1000Base-TX: standard CAT5 unshielded twistewd pair 1000Base-SX: 50/125µm multimode optical fiber (500m max) 1000Base-LX: 1310/1510nm single mode optical fiber (120km max) Operating temperature 0℃ ~ 45℃

3.4.2

Gigabit uplink card (GUPE7)

Card number/board number: 2.170.723/7.824.109 .

This card is mainly used for broadband service uplink, providing 7 10/100/1000M auto-select electrical ports and 1 FE 100M port. The Gigabit electrical port can be used as internal network management interface, and the FE 100M port can be used as interface for external network management. Network management interface can be connected to ANM2000 network management unit or general PC via Telnet to control the unit. Furthermore, there is an RS485 port for power environment monitoring unit and two test port T1 and T2.

Technical specifications are listed in table 3-6.

Table 3 -6 Gigabit uplink card (GUPE7) technical specifications

Network standard IEEE802.3, IEEE802.3u, IEEE802.3x and IEEE802.3z

Ports

7 10/100/1000Mbps uplink ports, full duplex; 1 FE 100M port; 2 test ports and 1 RS485 port.

Max package forward speed

1,488,095bps

Power -48V DC Power consumption <10W

Network cable 1000Base-TX: standard CAT5 unshielded twisted pair Operating

temperature 0℃ ~ 45℃ Storage

temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Storage humidity 10% ~ 90%

3.5

2M interface card (16E1)

This card is installed in number 39 slot in the back of the subrack. Card number/board number: 2.170.688/7.824.008.

This card provides 16 2M ports for narrowband services, and it is installed from behind. This interface card is installed in the rear slot of the narrowband control unit, and is used for 16 E1 ports connecting function.

Chapter 4

Network Management Introduction

4.1

Network management description

There are two types of network management interfaces for AN5116-02 unit, namely command line network management interface (CLI) and ANM2000 network management interface (GUI), which makes convenience and direct for interactiving.

Two types of management authorities are provided in AN5116-02 unit, namely common user and supervisor. Correspondingly there are two modes, read-only mode and config mode. When users login as common user, they can only enter read-only mode, and when login as supervisor, users can enter config mode. In read-only mode, users can only read system information, and can not modify configs. In config mode, supervisors can set all system configs.

4.2

CLI interface

CLI stands for Command Line Interface, which is command line management system interface. AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit provides this interface for users, and it is convenient for users to manage and set config to this unit via common computers. CLI interface has the following characteristics:

♦ Provides two control platform based on command line method, which is COM port Hyper Terminal and Telnet terminal.

♦ Provides full user help system, so users can get real time help in various ways.

♦ Supports command memory and copy function, can recall and shift to run some past command.

♦ Supports command abbreviation. The command line interpreter will search for keywords, and once users input non-conflict keywords, the system will recognize this command.

♦ Supports user authority management, and all commands are protected by authorities. Only users who have certain authority can access the command, and this enhances unit access safety.

♦ Commands are classified. The directories are classified into root directory and subdirectories, and commands with relative functions are put in the same directory. When connect the Console COM port in GSWC card of this unit with an RS-232 COM port of a computer, users can manage this unit by Hyper Terminal command line method via CLI network management interface. Users can manage AN5116-02 unit by standard character terminal or terminal emulation programs of a PC. This management method is only suitable for local management.

For remote managing, users can manage the unit via TELNET command line. It manages AN5116-02 unit via LAN, WAN or internal network management. There are two ways for TELNET connection: one is to connect via uplink card FE port in GUP7 or GUPE7 of AN5116-02, namely external connection; the other is to connect via Gigabit uplink port in uplink card of GUP7 or GUPE7, namely internal connection. Both ways can achieve the same management function with COM port Hyper Terminal.

4.3

GUI interface

AN5116-02 unit can be managed via e-Fim ANM2000 broadband access management system developed by FiberHome, and its network management interface is GUI type, with the same connecting mode of Telnet. It has the following characteristics:

♦ It is a management system designed after considering complication of access network, standard protocol, user sensitivity, adaptability, and expansion. It fits broadband access network well, and is capable to cross multiple TMN management layers. It adopts Web style of the NT system, has friendly interactive interfaces, provides standard SNMP protocol uplink and downlink interfaces, and is able to manage broadband access products with SNMP protocol network management interface produced by other companies.

♦ It is a management system of the unified network level accessing products developed by FiberHome. Its communication protocols, management functions and management objects all meet the requirements of relative industrial standards.

♦ It adopts structures classified by layers and is designed with object oriented method. It has a full structure of software system, and is easy for adding and enlarging objects to be managed. ANM2000 manages all access equipments with high efficiency. It is easy managed for users, and decreases maintenance cost.

♦ It adopts an open system, separates the management level, and processes concurrent multitask with object oriented, combining centralized and remote control. As network enlarges and upgrades, it is very convenient for users to manage the new add systems, and it will not affect system performance.

♦ It is a powerful network control system. With 4 managing functions of performance, failure, config and security control, it is capable to monitor and control the system in real time, and provides security policy to verify users and objects before operating.

4.4

Networking management method

AN5116-02 broadband/narrowband access unit provides multiple management connection methods with COM port Hyper Terminal, internal connection and external connection. Meanwhile, this unit can be managed in three ways:

♦ COM port CLI managing

♦ TELNET managing

♦ SNMP based managing (with ANM2000 network managing system or with third party managing software).

4.4.1

COM port CLI management

When connecting the Console port in GSWC card in the front panel of the unit with COM port in a computer via a pair of COM port cable, it is capable to manage the unit by Hyper Terminal in Windows OS.

4.4.2

TELNET management

Any computer connected with AN5116-02 unit via Ethernet can be used for remote maintenance by Telnet. It is classified to internal management and external management, and external management includes LAN and WAN.

External connection management

Ø LAN: connect the network card port of a PC with GUP7 or GUPE7 uplink card FE port of AN5116-02 via Hub or layer two switch, as shown in the following figure:

Ø WAN: connect PC with this unit via WAN in the same way, as shown in the figure:

Figure 4- 3 Telnet connection in WAN

Internal connection management

Connect via Gigabit uplink port of GUP7 or GUPE7 uplink card, as shown in the next figure:

4.4.3

SNMP management

When adopting e-Fim ANM2000 broadband access network managing system to manage, it is similar with telnet, except some differences in protocols used in management path. Here it adopts SNMP protocol (simple network manage protocol). Its connecting method is the same with telnet, with internal and external ones.

Chapter 5

Technical Specifications

5.1

Unit technical specifications

Table 5 -1 Unit technical specifications

Network standards ü IEEE 802.3ah ü IEEE 802.3u ü IEEE 802.3x ü IEEE 802.3z ü IEEE 802.1d ü IEEE 802.1p ü IEEE 802.1q ü ITU-T G.703 ü RFC1155 (05/1990) ü RFC1157 (05/1990) ü RFC1212 (03/1991) ü RFC1213 (03/1991) MIB-Ⅱ ü YDN 021-1996

Network config Set network config via CLI, Telnet, SNMP Switch mode Store-and-forward

Backboard throughput 96 G

Port config 1024 lines in a single rack when split rate is 1:32; 2048 lines in a single rack when split rate is 1:64 Work mode Full duplex

Data transmit speed max 1 G bps in EPON (upstream and downstream sync) VLAN IEEE 802.1q, GVRP, supports VLAN TAG, max 4095 VLAN MAC address Auto learn address, line correct, supports up to 16K MAC address

Dimension (mm) Standard 19 inch wide, 14U high, 480×621.5×365 (width×height×depth) Power －48V DC (range−40V ~−57V)

Power consumption Max (1024 line of ONU) 650W Operating temperature 0 ~ 50℃

Storage temperature -30℃ ~ 60℃ Environment humidity 10% ~ 90%

5.2

Rack external interfaces

5.2.1

Service interfaces

♦ 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet uplink port: 7 in GUPE7 uplink card, 3 in GUP7 uplink card, 10/100/1000M auto-select, RJ45 interface, transmit length 100m.

♦ 1000 Base-Fx Ethenrnet uplink optical port: 4 in GUP7 uplink card, 1000M speed, LC/PC connector, transmit length varies from 550m to 120km according to different optical module.

♦ 2M uplink port: 16 E1 ports.

♦ STM-1 uplink port: 2 STM-1 uplink ports in each board, SC/PC connector.

♦ EPON service port: 2 EPON office-end optical interface (PON port) in each EC2 card, SC/PC connector, max optical upstream and downstream speed reaches 1.25Gbps. Split rate of each PON port is 1:64, namely connecting 64 ONUs (remote-end unit) through splitter. Hence 128 ONUs can be connected to one EC2 card, and max 2048 ONUs can be connected to one AN5116-02 unit.

5.2.2

Management interface

♦ External management interface: 100M FE port in GUP7 or GUPE7 card, supports TCP/IP protocol, SNMPv1/v2 protocol.

♦ Internal management interface: 1000M optical/electrical port in GUP7 or GUPE7 card, supports TCP/IP protocol, SNMPv1/v2 protocol.

♦ RS232 COM port in GSWC card: for local maintenance, manage the unit via command line.

5.2.3

Other interfaces

♦ -48V DC input port.

♦ Alarm output port.

5.3

Working condition

5.3.1

Environment condition

♦ Operating temperature 0℃ ~ 50℃

♦ Storage temperature 30℃ ~ 60℃

♦ Environment humidity 10% ~ 90% (no precipitation)

♦ Atmosphere pressure 70 ~ 106 kPa

♦ No corrosion or solvent gas in atmosphere, no dust, no strong electromagnetic field interference nearby.

♦ Floor bearing >600 kg/m2

5.3.2

Power supply

♦ Voltage DC -48V (−40V ~−57V)

♦ Power consumption 650W (one full loaded subrack)

5.3.3

Unit earthing

Appendix A

Relevant Protocols and Technologies

As one of the aggregated optical broadband/narrowband network access system first developed in industry by FiberHome, AN5116-02 is designed with high port-density, high switching capability, and supports multiple routing protocols. The following will introduce main protocols and relevant technologies.

A.1

EPON

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started EFM (Ethernet in the First Mile) study group in the year 2000, and began to work over a brand new access technology — Ethernet PON. From then on, equipment manufacturers and telecom carriers began to learn EPON.

Simply, when combining data link layer, Ethernet and Passive Optical Network (PON) of physical layer, it comes Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) communication access system. PON is an access system of one point to multipoint via optical fiber. Downstream in. PON adopts time division multiplex broadcast method, and upstream adopts time division multiple access method. Thus, it saves optical fiber and uses less optical equipments. PON is an optical network built up with passive optical devices. Lots of advantages are provided when using passive devices rather than active devices, such as of high bandwidth, highly reliable, easy maintaining, low cost, and easy for upgrading and expansion, etc.

EPON access method is of large advantages when compared with traditional access methods. If adopting traditional access method, one or more machine rooms shall be built, and there is a series of expensive cost shall be paid for machine room, such as construction cost, maintenance cost, etc. However, there is no machine room need for EPON, and the optical coupled device can replace O/E converters and switches to save multi-core fibers

than traditional access methods especially for applications of large scale.

Another benefit of EPON is its network management: the workload is very little and almost no maintenance is needed. This is also its most distinct characteristic. EPON is evolved from Ethernet technology, so it supports all maturely developed layer 2 technologies such as VLAN, etc. It also inherits intrinsic advantages of Ethernet, including its simplicity, low cost, good compatibility, flexible addressing, fairness, high speed, low latency, good stability, maintainability, etc. With SLA-based management mode, EPON can offer excellent bandwidth management. And by allocating logical link for services, it can provide users with good QoS guarantee and may well meet users’ requirements on service quality.

A.2

VLAN

VLAN can be used to divide the switch ports into different groups to establish safe and separate broadcast or multicast domain. Main purpose of creating VLAN is limiting the transmitting range of the broadcast packets and decreasing their influence. All Ethernet packets, such as unicast, broadcast, and multicast packets, as well as unknown packets are forwarded and flooded only inside the VLAN, and users don’t belong to this VLAN will not receive packets for this VLAN; that is, information for a certain VLAN will be protected from being wiretapped by users of other VLANs so as to guarantee information security, and accordingly improve network security to a certain degree.

Another advantage of VLAN is that it can change the network topology without having to physically “move” the workstations on this network into another VLAN. This means it makes the increasing, moving and relocating of network nodes flexible and convenient. This equipment provides two VLAN implementation methods: VLAN divided on the basis of the port (port-based VLAN) and VLAN divided on the basis of 802.1Q (802.1Q VLAN). 802.1Q VLAN supports the IEEE 802.1Q tag function and extends VLAN to the whole network (it requires all switches on the network support IEEE 802.1Q). And the 802.1Q VLAN untagged characteristic enables it to normally communicate with all valid switches or network cards that cannot identify a VLAN tag.

The following introduces the two VLAN implementation methods in detail.

Port-based VLAN

This VLAN implementation method establishes different broadcast domains by dividing ports into different VLANs. In a port-based VLAN, broadcast packets, multicast packets and unknown packets are all limited in the VLAN, accordingly isolating the broadcast domain.

network administrator wants to quickly and easily configure VLAN to limit the broadcast traffic on the network.

To implement the VLAN configuration more reliably, make sure that all relevant stations have been connected to the switch directly. If these stations are connected with the switch ports through a hub, switch or repeater, all unrelated stations connected to it will also be included into this VLAN.

You can create a port-based VLAN by firstly naming this VLAN and then appointing the ports in it. All the rest ports will be automatically excluded from this VLAN.

The following gives an example for the port-based VLAN.

Figure A-1 Port-based VLAN example

As shown in the figure above, the switch ports are numbered 1 to 12 from left to right. According to the port divide method, ports 1, 4, 7 and 12 form VLAN1; ports 2, 8 and 12 form VLAN2. It builds up separate broadcast domains respectively for the Sales Department and the R & D Department. And all these ports also belong to VLAN3. Port 12 is included in 3 VLANs at the same time. Ports like this are usually connected with the server; therefore, the server can receive the packets sent from two VLANs, as well as forward packets to the ports in these two VLANs. In this way, it not only divides the broadcast domains but also offers the access to the public services through the ports that are included in several VLANs simultaneously.

VLAN 2 VLAN 3 Sales Department Switch R & D Department VLAN 1

802.1Q VLAN

According to the IEEE802.1Q protocol, a switch can support up to 4094 802.1Q VLANs. 802.1Q VLAN limits data receiving and sending on the basis of IP device port. All equipments connected to a certain IP device port will become members of its VLAN, no matter it’s a single computer or all computers of a department. IEEE 802.1Q VLAN changes the previous IEEE 802.3 frame format by adding a 4-byte 802.1Q tag, i.e., VLAN Tag (see the figure below), to the end of source address (SA).

Figure A- 2 IEEE802.1Q VLAN frame structure The following gives the glossary in common use in 802.1Q VLAN.

♦ VLAN Tag: the 32-bit field in the Tagged frame header. This field comprises defined value 8100 (16 bits), User Priority (3 bits), CFI (1 bit) and VID (12 bits). The CFI stands for Canonical Format Indicator.

♦ VLAN ID (VID): the 12-bit identification in VLAN Tag to uniquely identify the VLAN.

♦ Tagged frame: the frame with a VLAN Tag.

♦ Untagged frame: the frame without a VLAN Tag, i.e. normal frames.

♦ Port VLAN ID (PVID): the identification used to associate a VLAN with a port. For example, the port with PVID 1 will forward all its input frames to the VLAN with VID 1.

♦ Untagged port: the ports that join in a VLAN with Untagged mode. These ports only send untagged frames; that is, frames sent from them are all untagged.

♦ Tagged port: the ports that join in a VLAN with tagged mode. These ports only send tagged frames; that is, frames sent from these ports are all tagged.

8 6 6 2 2 2 Variable 4

Preamble

SFD DA SA 8100

Type

Length Data FCS

User Priority (3 bits) CFI (1 bit) VID (12 bits) VLAN Tag

A.3

STP

In data transmission, redundant links are required as backups in the case of break of primary link to avoid network paralysis. However, redundant links on network cause the potential exists for data forwarding circulation and accordingly cause endless loops. The switch will automatically take the optimal path and disable the other redundant paths to avoid the creation of loops. On the other hand, it will establish redundant paths in the event of break of primary link to avoid paralysis of the whole network.

The protocol for exchanging information among bridges is referred to as STP. With its algorithm, the bridges can dynamically create a loop-free subset of the topology, or a tree, and at the same time possess enough connectivity so that if physically possible, only one path exists between each two LANs. STP reconfigures the network and reroutes data paths by activating the appropriate standby path.

The basic concept of STP algorithm is that the bridges create the spanning tree by exchanging special messages among them. In IEEE802.1D, this special message is called BPDU.

There are two Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) Operation Levels: bridge level and port level. At the bridge level, STA counts Bridge Identifier for each switch and specifies the Root Bridge and Designated Bridges. As for the port level, STA specifies the Root Port and Designated Ports.

A.4

Port trunking

Port trunking is a method of binding multiple ports of lower bandwidth as a single link with greater bandwidth to balance the link traffic load via several ports and thus avoid link congestion. It is like the supermarket setting multiple checkout counters to obviate longtime queue up of consumers due to too few checkout counters. AN5116-02 equipment supports port trunking function. This means that it can connect multiple physical ports as a single logical port to achieve a greater bandwidth. In addition, it enhances the reliability of the connection between equipments. If one of the ports in the trunk group fails, the traffic on that port is automatically forwarded via the other ports in the trunk group, effectively assuring continuity of the connection.

All the ports included in a trunk are treated as a single port and one of them is appointed as the master port. All the ports in a trunk operate in just the same mode, and therefore all configuration for the master port will be applied to all the other ports in this trunk, so all you have to do is just configuring the master port. In addition, all the ports in a trunk are regarded as a single port for such functions as VLAN, STP, etc.; that is, all operations are only required on the master port.

A.5

Multicast

Multimedia services over Internet, such as streaming media, videoconference, video on demand, etc., have become an important part of information transmission. The point-to-point unicast method is not suitable for delivery of this kind of services, i.e., one-transmitter/many-receiver. In unicast mode, the server must provide each receiver with an IP message copy of the same contents, and messages of the same contents are transferred over the network repeatedly, occupying a lot of resources. Although IP broadcast permits one host to send one IP message to all hosts on the same network, not all of them actually need these messages, so this mode also wastes network resources. Multicast is introduced as required to solve these problems. It offers the host a method to deliver messages to a specified group of recipients, as shown in the figure below. In 1989, IETF passed the RFC1112 standard, which defines the multicast method over the Internet.

Figure A- 3 Multicast

Non-multicast

Host Host Client Server

Non-multicasttransmission

Host Host Client Server

IGMP Snooping

IGMP snooping allows a switch to "listen in" on the IGMP conversation between hosts and multicast servers. When a Switch hears an IGMP report from a host for a given multicast group, the switch adds the host's port number to the IGMP list for that group. And, when the switch hears an IGMP leaves, it removes the host's port from the IGMP list for that group.

IGMP snooping function manages layer 2 multicast traffic on a switch. This function provides the switch with the ability to control the multicast traffic so that it travels only to those destinations that require it and thus reduces the amount of broadcast traffic and saves the network bandwidth. When the switch starts IGMP snooping function, it creates a multicast forward table for each VLAN. And when the switch receives a report of join report from a host, it will automatically add the corresponding port number into the relevant multicast forward table. This function is very useful for video multicast applications: instead of delivering an individual copy to every interested recipient, the server replicates the video stream layer upon layer by using IP Multicast and accordingly lightens the network burden.

Multicast is a network technology that allows one or more senders (multicast source) to deliver a single stream of information to more than one recipient (at one time, simultaneously). The multicast source sends packets to a given multicast group, and only the destinations that belong to this group can receive these packets. IP Multicast can greatly save network bandwidth, for only a single stream of information is delivered over any link on the whole network regardless of the number of the recipient. It improves the data forwarding efficiency and reduces the possibility of backbone congestion. The multicast group does not have any physical or geographical boundaries; that is, the hosts can be located anywhere on the Internet with support from the multicast router.

Precondition of IP Multicast implementation

To implement IP multicast, the multicast source and recipients and the underlying network between them all must support IP Multicast, including the following aspects:

♦ The network interface of the host allows for Multicast;

♦ A set of group management protocol used for join, leave and query, i.e. IGMP (v1, v2);

♦ A set of IP address allocation policy, and can map layer 3 IP multicast addresses into layer 2 MAC addresses;

♦ IP Multicast application software;

♦ All routers, hubs, switches, TCP/IP stacks and firewalls between the multicast source and recipients support IP Multicast,

Definition of IP Multicast Address

Multicast communication needs two types of addresses: IP multicast address and Ethernet multicast address. IP multicast address is used to identify a multicast group. Ethernet multicast address is required because all IP packets are encapsulated into Ethernet frames. The host must receive both unicast traffic and multicast traffic to make IP multicast operate normally, and this means it needs multiple multicast IP addresses and Ethernet addresses. In IPv4, the Class D address space, from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255, has been assigned for IP multicast. Moreover, the Class D address is divided into Reserved Link Local Addresses, Globally Scoped Address and Limited Scope Addresses, whose meanings are listed as follows:

♦ Reserved Link Local Addresses: 224.0.0.0 ～ 224.0.0.255, used on a particular LAN segment. A router should never forward packets with these addresses;

♦ Globally Scoped Address: 224.0.1.0～238.255.255.255, can be used to multicast data between organizations and across the Internet;

♦ Limited Scope Addresses: 239.0.0.0～239.255.255.255, constrained to a local group or organization, used to define multicast boundaries;

The last 28 bits of the Class D address have no changes in the structure, i.e. without differentiation between network ID and host ID. An arbitrary collection of hosts that respond to a certain IP multicast address form a multicast group. A multicast group can span several networks. The members of a multicast group are dynamic; a host can join or leave a certain multicast group using IGMP. Because the upper 5 bits of the IP multicast address are dropped in this mapping, the resulting address is not unique. In fact, 32 different multicast group IDs all map to the same Ethernet address.

IP Multicast Protocols

IP Multicast Protocols mainly include IGMP and IP Routing protocol.

IGMP

A host uses IGMP to inform the subnet multicast router and apply for joining an IP multicast group. A router applies IGMP to discover whether any host on the local subnet belongs to a certain IP multicast group.

Joining a Multicast Group

When a host wants to join an IP multicast group, it sends a Host Membership Report message to the IGMP router of the IP subnet where it is located, and at the same time prepares its IP module to receive the packets for this IP multicast group. If this host is the first one on its IP subnet that joined this IP multicast group, the IGMP router will be added into the multicast distribution tree through routing message exchange.

Leaving a Multicast Group

For IGMP version 1, if a host wants to leave a certain IGMP group, it just silently quits the group. The IGMP routers periodically (per 120 seconds, for instance) send Host Membership Query messages to inquire the group address (224.0.0.1) of all hosts on this IP subnet. If no member is in a certain IGMP group on a certain IP subnet, the IGMP router will not forward packets for this multicast group to this IP subnet. Simultaneously, the related IGMP router will be removed from the relevant multicast distribution tree through routing message exchange. This leaving silently without informing anybody causes latency in the IGMP router’s awareness of the event that there is no member on the IP subnet.

While in IGMP version 2, if a host wants to leave a certain IGMP group, it notifies the IGMP router of the IP subnet, which immediately inquires all the IGMP groups on this IP

A.6

V5 protocol

V5 interface

The subscriber line has a length of up to almost 5 km. When the distance between the Private Branch exchange (PBX) and the subscriber exceeds this limit, extra PBXs must be adopted by the telecom office to set up a new office, usually referred to as C5 office. The telecom office also has to bear all sorts of administrative costs, including the extra equipments, manpower, materials, etc. To reduce these costs, many telecom equipment suppliers have launched the remote module. Its function is gathering up the PBX side subscriber line signaling via the 2M trunk lines and transmitting it to the remote module, voice channel cards of which will transmit it along. For the remote modules from different suppliers comply with different protocols, the interworking of this mode is weak. For this reason, the V5 protocol is brought up. It specifies the communication protocol between the PBX and the remote module, calls the reference point of the interface between the PBX and the remote module V5, and names the protocol in that course V5 protocol. V5 protocol includes V5.1 protocol without line concentration function and V5.2 protocol with line concentration function.

V5 protocol specifications

V5 protocol specifies the electrical, physical and procedures between the PBX and the access network, in terms of physical layer, data link layer and network layer. The physical layer 2M interface meets ITU-T G.703, G.704, G.706, etc. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 2B+D conforms to ITU-T Rec. G.960 and ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 30B+D conforms to ITU-T Rec. G.961. The layer 2 data link layer complies with ITU-T Rec. Q.921 and the network layer meets protocol LAPV5.

A.7 Cluster management

Nowadays Ethernet technology is widely used in both WAN and enterprise networks. With the enlargement of the network scale, plenty of switches are applied at the network edge. For these numerous equipments ask for respective administration and maintenance, the management workload becomes extremely huge. In addition, assigning an IP address for each switch will occupy a large number of IP addresses, which obviously will waste currently precious IP address resource.

Cluster management is introduced to solve these problems. A cluster is an aggregate composed of a group of switches. Cluster management provides a method for collecting the topology of the devices automatically and a management channel for concentrated and uniform maintenance. Moreover, one management cluster occupies only one IP address, which simplifies the device management, as well as saves IP addresses. AN5116-01 equipment supports cluster management function specified by FiberHome patent “Technical Specifications for Ethernet Switch Cluster Management”. This patent now has obtained its authorization.

A cluster consists of four roles: command switch, standby command switch, member switch and candidate switch. One cluster has only one command switch, which can automatically discover the topology of the devices and accordingly establish a cluster, and then provide a cluster management channel for management over the member switches. The standby command switch automatically switches and becomes the command switch upon a failure of the command switch. The member switches are candidate switches until they join the management cluster.

The switches included in a management cluster must support Group Topology Protocol. They discover their neighbors through topology discovery messages. The command switch collects the neighbor discovery information from the candidate switches and accordingly grasps the topological graph of the whole cluster. Then it asks these candidate switches to join the cluster. After that, the candidate switches become cluster member switches and are administrated and maintained by the command switch.

When a cluster is established, the command switch will provide a cluster management channel, through which the administrator can manage the cluster members by any means, such as SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, etc. On this basis, cluster configuration for the cluster members is implemented, and the administration and maintenance workload is greatly reduced.

A.8

PPPoE protocol

PPPoE is the abbreviated form of Point-to-Point Protocol Over Ethernet. It is a method used for point-to-point session via Ethernet. With this protocol, multiple hosts on a shared Ethernet can have multiple PPP sessions with a User Access Server (UAS) via one or more simple bridging access devices. With this model, each host utilizes its own PPP stack and the user is presented with a familiar user interface. Access control, billing and type of service can be done on a per-user, rather than a per-site, basis. PPPoE realizes the adaptation of the PPP frames over Ethernet and provides a point-to-point connection over Ethernet.

PPPoE has a discovery stage and a PPP session stage. The discovery stage is inherently a client-server relationship, aiming at obtaining the Ethernet MAC address of the PPPoE terminal and establishing a unique PPPoE SESSION_ID. When the discovery stage completes, the PPP session stage starts. Refer to RFC2516 for the detailed PPPoE protocol. PPPoE protocol stack for Ethernet is illustrated below:

Figure A- 5 PPPoE protocol stack for Ethernet

PPPoE has two distinct stages: a discovery stage and a PPP session stage. When a Host wishes to initiate a PPPoE session, it must first perform Discovery to identify the Ethernet MAC address of the peer and establish a PPPoE SESSION_ID. In the Discovery process, a Host (the client) discovers a UAS (the server). Based on the network topology, there may be more than one UAS that the Host can communicate with. The Discovery stage allows the Host to discover all UASs and then select one. When Discovery completes successfully, both the Host and the selected UAS have the information they will use to build their point-to-point connection over Ethernet. The Discovery stage remains stateless until a PPP session is established. Once a PPP session is established, both the Host and the UAS must allocate the resources for a PPP virtual interface.

IP PPP PPPoE Ethernet

The figure below illustrates the PPPoE communication process:

Figure A- 6 PPPoE communication process

Discovery Stage

There are four steps in the Discovery stage. The steps consist of the Host broadcasting an Initiation packet PPPOE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI), one or more UASs sending Offer packets PPPOE Active Discovery Offer (PADO), the Host sending a unicast Session Request packet PPPOE Active Discovery Request (PADR) and the selected UAS sending a Confirmation packet PPPOE Active Discovery Session-confirmation (PADS). When the Discovery stage completes, both peers know the PPPoE SESSION_ID and the peer's Ethernet address, which together define the PPPoE session uniquely. When the Host receives the Confirmation packet, it may proceed to the PPP Session Stage.

When a host does not receive a PADO packet within a specified amount of time, it should resend it's PADI packet and double the waiting period. This is repeated as many times as desired. If the Host is waiting to receive a PADS packet, a similar timeout mechanism should be used.

The PPPoE Active Discovery Terminate (PADT) packet may be sent anytime after a session is established to indicate that a PPPoE session has been terminated. It can be sent by either the Host or the UAS. When a PADT is received, no further PPP traffic is allowed to be sent using that session. Even normal PPP termination packets must not be sent after

PADI

PADO PPPOE Active Discovery Offer

PADR _{PPPOE Active Discovery Request}

PADS PPPOE Active Discovery

Session-confirmation

PPP Data

PADT PPPOE Termination

Host UAS

PPP Session

a PPPoE session, but the PADT may be used when PPP cannot be used.

PPP Session Stage

Once the PPPoE session begins, PPP data is sent as in any other PPP encapsulation. All Ethernet packets are unicast. The SESSION_ID must not change for that PPPoE session and must be the value assigned in the Discovery stage.

PPPoE Applications

PPPoE technical specifications are widely supported and have become the preferred broadband access method for broadband access operators at present. The figure below shows the data encapsulation stages of PPPoE.

Figure A- 7 PPPoE data encapsulation stages

A.9

BRAS

As an edge router for broadband service aggregation, Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS) is one of the souls on broadband network. It has its one side connected to broadband access network and its other side connected with the IP MAN, with focus on providing broadband IP service as well as economic gain.

BRAS primarily fulfills two functionalities. One is network bearing function: it terminates user PPPoE connection and converges user traffic. The other is control implementation function: it cooperates with the authentication system, billing system, client management system and service policy control system to realize authentication, billing and administration of the client access. It is also in charge of user management, PPPoE termination, etc. IP IP PPP PPP PPPoE PPPoE Ethernet Ethernet PHY PHY PC/ VDSL Modem AN5116-02