DNB Questions 2014
1. Outline the perioperative considerations in an obstetric patient for non obstetric
surgical intervention
2. What is awareness during surgery? Describe methods to monitor awareness .
What are the complications associated with awareness during surgery.
3. What are the anesthetic concerns in a patient with uncontrolled hypertension
posted for elective surgery Discuss the complications and drug interactions of anti
hypertensive drugs in perioperative period
4. What are the anesthetic risks in a premature neonate?Describe the prognostic
indicators in a neonate scheduled for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
5. What are the indicators of post operative ventilation? Describe the causes of
delayed recovery in an elderly patient
6. Classify hemorrhagic shock. What are the indications for permissive hypo
tension?Describe fluid management in a patient with hemorrhagic shock
7. What are the causes of intraoperative desaturation?Write trouble shooting plan in
a patient who has developed desaturation intra operatively
8. What are the anesthetic implications for robotic surgery?Discuss the common post
operative complications after laparoscopic procedures
9. Describe the various local anesthetic techniques used for providing ophthalmic
anesthesia describe the merits and demerits?
10. Describe the airway management of a patient for TMJ ankylosis with restricted
mouth opening posted for upper abdominal surgery
11. Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus of interest to anesthesiologist
Describe anesthetic management of emergency laparotomy in a diabetic?
12. Describe the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of a patient with
PDA?Describe the perioperative anesthetic management of an infant posted for
surgical closure of PDA?
13. Describe in brief the principles of one lung anesthesia?Justify the need and
indications for post operative ventilatory support
14. What are the anesthetic implications for laser surgery of the airway? Briefly
describe the preventive measures?
15. Describe in a stepwise manner management of uterine atony during cesarean
section
16. What is the difference between partial and total cardiopulmonary by pass during
open heart surgery?Describe the complications associated with cardio pulmonary
by pass
17. Discuss the anaesthetic concerns in a patient with end stage renal disease?
Differentiate between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis
18. Describe the precautions that need to be taken when positioning anaesthetised
patients in prone position?Give an account of positive pressure ventilation in
prone position
19. What are the perioperative risks in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?
How will you manage such a patient posted for emergency surgery?
20. Describe in detail the anaesthetic management of a patient with coronary artery
disease posted for microlaryngeal surgery. What are the main postoperative
problems, their prevention, and management?
21. A 70 year old male with a drug eluting stent placed 2 years ago following
myocardial infarction is scheduled for transurethral resection of prostate. Describe
the anaesthetic management?
22. Discuss in brief the causes management and outcome of ARDS. What is the end
point of resuscitation in sepsis?
23. Describe the role of patient simulator in anaesthesia and critical care training
mentioning a few clinical scenarios where it can be useful?
24. Describe current opinion on managing pain in ICU?What is the role of sedation in
ICU patients?
25. Describe the management of “deceased donor” in intensive care. (organ donation,
brain dead)
26. What are the problems associated with open pneumothorax?Describe and
illustrate 2 bottle drainage systems
27. What is central sensitization?Write strategies that are used to prevent and treat
central sensitization.
28. Discuss the indications and technique used for awake craniotomy. Describe
briefly about 3 most preferred drugs used in these patients..
29. What clinical and respiratory parameters are used for weaning a patient off from
long term ventilatory support?. Discuss the ventilatory modes and strategies used
for weaning
30. Discuss indications and advantages of perioperative transcranial Doppler
monitoring and technique of monitoring cerebral blood flow
31. Principles of ultrasound scanning. Describe the applications of ultrasound in
anaesthesia and intensive care.
32. Objectives of PAC..ASA physical classification
33. Predicators of difficult mask ventilation. Write an algorithm to manage predicted
difficult mask ventilation
34. Oxygen flux, ODC
35. Classification of opioid receptors, compare and contrast fentanyl and remifentanyl
36. Anatomy of larynx, describe with help of diagram vocal cord palsy
37. Blood supply of brain, Circle of willis, CPP, factors affecting CPP
38. Massive blood transfusion complications, Tests used to monitor blood coagulation
39. Post operative pain management in children, caudal block and complication
DNB Questions 2014
1. Outline the perioperative considerations in an obstetric patient for non obstetric
surgical intervention
2. What is awareness during surgery? Describe methods to monitor awareness .
What are the complications associated with awareness during surgery.
3. What are the anesthetic concerns in a patient with uncontrolled hypertension
posted for elective surgery Discuss the complications and drug interactions of anti
hypertensive drugs in perioperative period
4. What are the anesthetic risks in a premature neonate?Describe the prognostic
indicators in a neonate scheduled for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
5. What are the indicators of post operative ventilation? Describe the causes of
delayed recovery in an elderly patient
6. Classify hemorrhagic shock. What are the indications for permissive hypo
tension?Describe fluid management in a patient with hemorrhagic shock
7. What are the causes of intraoperative desaturation?Write trouble shooting plan in
a patient who has developed desaturation intra operatively
8. What are the anesthetic implications for robotic surgery?Discuss the common post
operative complications after laparoscopic procedures
9. Describe the various local anesthetic techniques used for providing ophthalmic
anesthesia describe the merits and demerits?
10. Describe the airway management of a patient for TMJ ankylosis with restricted
mouth opening posted for upper abdominal surgery
11. Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus of interest to anesthesiologist
Describe anesthetic management of emergency laparotomy in a diabetic?
12. Describe the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of a patient with
PDA?Describe the perioperative anesthetic management of an infant posted for
surgical closure of PDA?
13. Describe in brief the principles of one lung anesthesia?Justify the need and
indications for post operative ventilatory support
14. What are the anesthetic implications for laser surgery of the airway? Briefly
describe the preventive measures?
15. Describe in a stepwise manner management of uterine atony during cesarean
section
16. What is the difference between partial and total cardiopulmonary by pass during
open heart surgery?Describe the complications associated with cardio pulmonary
by pass
17. Discuss the anaesthetic concerns in a patient with end stage renal disease?
Differentiate between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis
18. Describe the precautions that need to be taken when positioning anaesthetised
patients in prone position?Give an account of positive pressure ventilation in
prone position
19. What are the perioperative risks in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?
How will you manage such a patient posted for emergency surgery?
20. Describe in detail the anaesthetic management of a patient with coronary artery
disease posted for microlaryngeal surgery. What are the main postoperative
problems, their prevention, and management?
21. A 70 year old male with a drug eluting stent placed 2 years ago following
myocardial infarction is scheduled for transurethral resection of prostate. Describe
the anaesthetic management?
22. Discuss in brief the causes management and outcome of ARDS. What is the end
point of resuscitation in sepsis?
23. Describe the role of patient simulator in anaesthesia and critical care training
mentioning a few clinical scenarios where it can be useful?
24. Describe current opinion on managing pain in ICU?What is the role of sedation in
ICU patients?
25. Describe the management of “deceased donor” in intensive care. (organ donation,
brain dead)
26. What are the problems associated with open pneumothorax?Describe and
illustrate 2 bottle drainage systems
27. What is central sensitization?Write strategies that are used to prevent and treat
central sensitization.
28. Discuss the indications and technique used for awake craniotomy. Describe
briefly about 3 most preferred drugs used in these patients..
29. What clinical and respiratory parameters are used for weaning a patient off from
long term ventilatory support?. Discuss the ventilatory modes and strategies used
for weaning
30. Discuss indications and advantages of perioperative transcranial Doppler
monitoring and technique of monitoring cerebral blood flow
31. Principles of ultrasound scanning. Describe the applications of ultrasound in
anaesthesia and intensive care.
32. Objectives of PAC..ASA physical classification
33. Predicators of difficult mask ventilation. Write an algorithm to manage predicted
difficult mask ventilation
34. Oxygen flux, ODC
35. Classification of opioid receptors, compare and contrast fentanyl and remifentanyl
36. Anatomy of larynx, describe with help of diagram vocal cord palsy
37. Blood supply of brain, Circle of willis, CPP, factors affecting CPP
38. Massive blood transfusion complications, Tests used to monitor blood coagulation
39. Post operative pain management in children, caudal block and complication
DNB QUESTION PAPER_TOPIC WISE
SECTION I-II
1){1-10}Introduction
INFORMED CONSENT
1.Informed consent(Dec 2000)(June 2010).
2.Describe consent in anaesthesia practice including ethical and legal as-pects(Dec 2010)
3.What are the ingredients of professional negligence?write a note on onformed consent.(Dec 2012)
1.Vicarious liability for negligence(June 1994). 2.Utility of anaesthetic records(Dec 1994).
3.Effect of anaesthesia and surgery on immunological mechanism(June 1995). 4.Safe anaesthetic procedure(Dec 1999).[Pg 87-ISACON 2008]
5.Simulator in anaesthesia education(June 1997).[Pg 49-ISACON 2009]
-Simulators in anaesthesia training(June 2010).
6.Computer based patient record for anaesthesia(Dec 1997). 7.Stress management in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2003). -Stress and anaesthesiologists(June 2003)(June 2005). 8.Ethics in anaesthesia(June 2004).
-Write briefly on research ethics(Dec 2008).
9.Stress response to trauma and surgery(June 2006). 10.Evidence Based Medical education(June 2008).
-Discuss the role of EBM in anaesthesia practice.Quote few examples(June 2009).
11.Communication skill and anaesthesiologist(June 2010).
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11)Sleep,Memory and Consciousness
1.Write down the physiology of sleep.How does it differ from anaesthesia?What phases occur during various stages of anaesthesia?(June 1999).
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12)ANS
1.Clinical tests for evaluation of autonomic nervous system(June 2008).[Pg 295-Miller 7th ed]
2.A 50 year old male and known diabetic is scheduled for upper abdominal surgery.How will you evaluate the ANS?(Dec 2009).
3.How is autonomic neuropathy evaluated preoperatively?What is its signifi-cance in anaesthesia?(June 2012).
4.What is significance of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus?How can it be assessed?(Dec 2012)
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13)CNS Physiology
1.Regulation of CBF(Dec 2001).
-Discuss the regulation of CBF(June 2008). 2.Regulation of ICP(June 2001)
3.ICP(Dec 2003).
4.How is CBF regulated?What is the effect of various anaesthetic drugs on CBF?(June 2009).
-Enumerate the factors regulating CBF and the effect of various anaesthetic drugs on CBF(June 2010)[Pg25-RACE 2008]
5.What is cerebral autoregulation?Discuss the implications of various inhala-tional anaesthetic agents on cerebral auroregulation(June 2011).[Pg 615,6,619-Morgan 4rth ed]
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14)Neuromuscular Physiology and Pharmacology
1.Neuromuscular transmission(Dec 1999).[Pg 93-RACE 2012]
---
15)Respiratory Physiology.
ODC
1.oxygen dissociation curve(Dec 1996).
2.Oxygen cascade,oxygen transport and Oxygen Dissociation Curve(June 2005). 3.Describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve.How does it differ from the carbon dioxide dissociation curve?(Dec 2011).
FRC
1.FRC(Dec 1998).
2.Define FRC.What is its significance in anaesthesia?(Dec 2008).
3.Define FRC and closing volume.Describe their clinical significance(Jun 2011).
ANATOMY OF LARYNX
1.Tracheo-bronchial tree with diagram(June 1999).[Pg 2 –Ajay yadav]
2.Discuss the anatomy of diaphragm with a diagram.How does it behave under different stages of anaesthesia(June 1999).[Pg 49-RACE 2003,Pg
553-Morgan]
3.Anatomy of larynx.Enumerate with diagrams the types of vocal cord pal-sies(June 2005).
4.Describe the anatomy of larynx and its innervations.What are the differences between neonatal and adult larynx?(June 2012).
5.Describe the innervations of larynx and the palsises following nerve in jury with the help of diagram(s)(Dec 2012)
1.Closing volume of the lung and its measurement(June 1997). 2.Lung compliance(June 2006).
3.Discuss the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in a normal lung with the help of a labeled diagram.What are the factors affecting ventilation perfu-sion ratio?(June 2009).
4.HPV(June 2005)(June 2009). [Pg 1054-Barasch 6th ed,Pg 29-RACE 2009]
5.Describe the metabolic functions of the lung(Dec 2009).
6.What are the major causes of hypoxemia?What is HPV?How can GA worsen v/q mismatch(Dec 2010).
7.Define Fink effect,Diffusion hypoxia and second gas effect.How are they of importance to the anaesthetist?(Dec 2011).
8.Define and classify dead space ventilation.Define minute ventilation.Under what conditions is minute ventilation increased?(June 2012).
---
16)Cardiac Physiology
1.Coronary circulation(June 1996)[Pg 752-Stoelting physio pharma]
2.Describe the arterial circulation of the heart with the aid of a diagram men-tioning the unique features of coronary blood flow.Explain the Goldman’s car-diac risk index and its importance to the anaesthetist(June 2000).[Pg 21-RACE 2001,Pg 137-RACE 2003]
3.Factors affecting coronary circulation(June 2002).
4.Describe coronary circulation.Discuss factors affecting oxygen demand and supply to the myocardium(Dec 2010).
---
17)Hepatic Physiology-Pathology
1.Plasma proteins and anaesthesia(Dec 1999).
2.Discuss synthetic functions of the liver.What is the role of albumin in phar-macokinetics?(June 2011).
---
18)Renal Physiology
1.Regulation of kidney in acid base balance(Dec 1995).
2.Discuss the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney.Discuss the renal pro-tection strategies during preoperative period(Dec 2003).
3.Role of kidney in acid base balance(Dec 2004)(June 2006).
4.Define base excess.How do kidneys compensate for acid base balance?(June 2011).[Pg 712 –Morgan 4th ed]
5.Describe the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney.Discuss the renal pro-tection strategies during perioperative period(June 2012).
---
---
SECTION III
19)Basic Principles of Pharmacology.
1.Continous infusion of drugs in anaesthesia(June 1994)2.Interactions of pre-existing drug therapy with anaesthetic agents and tech-niques(June 1996).
3.Enzyme induction-describe the mechanism with routine anaesthesia exam-ples(Dec 1996).
-Enzyme induction-its role in anaesthesia with examples(Dec 2004). 4.Transdermal administration of drugs(June 2008).
---
20)Inhaled Anaesthetics-MOA
1.Minimum alveolar concentration(Dec 1996) 2.Sevoflurane(June 1997).[Pg 173-Morgan]
3.Sevoflurane Vs Desflurane(June 2000).[Pg 172-173-Morgan]
4.Isoflurane Vs.Sevoflurane(Dec 2003).
5.Nitrous oxide:current status(June 2008).[CEACCP 2005 vol 5 no.5,IJA 2007,Pg 433-ISACON 2009]
6. Compare and contrast Sevoflurane and isoflurane(Dec 2008)
7.Define minimum alveolar concentration.What are the factors affecting MAC?What is its significance in anaesthesia?(June 2009).[Pg 163-Morgan]
8.What is minimum alveolar concentration?Discuss the factors which effect the alveolar concentration of an inhalational agent(Dec 2010).
---
21)Inhaled Anaesthetics-Uptake and Distribution
1.Concentration effect and second gas effect produced during uptake of inhala-tional agent(Dec 2007).[Pg 543-Miller]
2.Nitrous oxide-current status in anaesthesia practice(June 2011)
---
22)Pulmonary Pharmacology
---
23)CVS Pharmacology
1.CCB’s in surgical patients(June 1994).
2.Compare and contrast dopamine and dobutamine as an inotropic agent(Dec 2006).
3.Classify inotropes on the basis of their mechanism of actions.Compare do-pamine and dobutamine(June 2009).
4.Classify antihypertensive drugs.Describe the management of hypertensive emergency(Dec 2009).[Pg 448-451-Morgan,Pg 301-ISACON 2009]
-Classify antihypertensive drugs.Describe the management of a hypertensive episode during anaesthesia(Dec 2010).
---
24)Inhaled Anaesthetics-Metabolism and Distribution
1.Nephrotoxicity of halogenated anaesthetics(Dec1994)(June 1996).[Pg 69-Stoelting physio-pharma]
2.Merits and demerits of halothane and isoflurane(Dec 1995). 3.Hepatotoxicity of halothane(Dec 1997).[Pg 66-Stoelting]
4.Nephrotoxicity of fluorinated anaesthetics(Dec 2007).[Pg 650-Miller]
---
25)Inhaled Anaesthetics-Delivery systems
CIRCUITS
1.Coaxial circuits(Dec 1998)(June 2002)[Pg 27 -RACE 2010]
2.Paediatric circuits(Dec 2000).[Pg 543-OAR]
4.Draw schematic diagrams of various types of Mapleson’sbreathing cuits.Give the functional analysis,advantages and disadvantages of Bain cir-cuit(June 2010)
5.Describe the functional analysis of Bain’s circuit.How will you check the func-tional integrity of Bain’s circuit(June 2011).
VAPORIZERS
1.Types of plenum vaporizers(Dec 1995).
2.Charecteristics of ideal vaporizer(June 2004).
3.Classify vaporizers.Briefly mention the effects of altered barometric pressure on the performance of the vaporizers(June 2008).[Pg 15-RACE 2006]
4.Classify vaporizers.Discuss the effect of altered barometric pressure on the performance of vaporizers?(Dec 2010).[Pg 179-ISACON 2009]
5.What are the two major effects of pressure fluctuation in tha anaesthesia ma-chine on vaporizer output?Describe the improvisations in designing to over-come this problem(June 2011)[Pg 128-Dorsch & Dorsch]
SAFETY FEATURES IN MODERN DAY ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
1.Safety features in a modern day anaesthesia machine(June 2009)(June 2010).[Pg no 47-Morgan 4th ed]
2.Describe briefly the safety features in modern anaesthesia machines.Discuss various features that prevent the delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures(Dec 2011) 3.Enumerate the safety features in a modern anaesthesia machine.Describe the hypoxia prevention safety devices(June 2012).
PRE-ANAESTHETIC MACHINE CHECK
1.Check out procedure to be followed routinely before using an anaesthesia machine and other monitoring equipment(June 2000).[Pg 88-Morgan]
2.Describe the pre anaesthetic check list for anaesthesia machine and equip-ment(Dec 2009).
3.Describe the anaesthesia machine check protocol prior to induction of anaes-thesia(Dec 2010).
1.Evolution of rotameter(June 1999).
2.What is low flow anaesthesia?Discuss its advantages and disadvantages(Dec 2006)(June 2011).
3.Functional analysis of pressure reducing valve(June2007)[Pg 95-Wards]
4.Link 25 proportioning system(Dec 2007).[Pg 109-110-D &D]
5.Role of humidification in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2008).
6.What are the different types of carbondioxide absorbents?Describe their composition.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each(June 2012). 7.What is relative and absolute humidity?What are active and passive humidifi-ers?What are their advantages and disadvantages?(Dec 2012)
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26)IV Anaesthetics.
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
GENERAL
1.Adrenergic receptor antagonist and their uses(Dec 1994)
2.Name the adrenergic agonists and antagonists.Describe in detail their uses in anaesthesia practice(June 2005).
3.Adrenergic agonists(June 2006).
BETA BLOCKERS
1.Beta receptor blockade :-its relation in anaesthesia(June 1996).[Pg 32-OAR]
2.Perioperative beta blocker therapy(Dec 2007).[Pg 597-ISACON 2009]
3.Manifestation and treatment of beta adrenergic toxicity(June 1997).[Pg 330-SPP]
4.Effect of atenolol pretreatment on CVS,NMJ and IOP(June 2003).
ALPHA-2 AGONISTS
1.Clinical use of alpha 2 agonists in anaesthesia(Dec 2004).
->CLONIDINE
1.Clonidine in anaesthesia practice(June2007). 2.Clonidine in anaesthesia and ICU(June 2008).
3.Discuss PK and PD of clonidine and its role in clinical practice(June 2011).
->DEXMEDETOMIDINE
1.Dexmedetomidine:Clinical applications and complications(June 2008).
2.Dexmedetomidine(June 2010).
3.Discuss pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine.What is its role in clinical practice(June 2012).[Pg 96-RACE 2011,IJA 2011]
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
1.Calcium channel blockers drugs and anaesthesia(Dec 1995) 2.Calcium channel blockers and anaesthesia(Dec 1998).{CJA]
PROPOFOL
1.Propofol(June 1996)[Pg 154-Stoelting PP]
2.Compare Propofol with Midazolam(June 1999). 3.Propofol as compared to Thiopentone(Dec 1999). 4.Disscuss the MOA,PD and PK of propofol(Dec 2011)
1.Impact of cancer therapy on anaesthetic management(Dec 1994) 2.Midazolam(1996-2000).
3.Untoward effects of intravenous sodium bicarbonate(Dec 1997). 4.Role of corticosteroids in the practice of anaesthesiology(June 2000).
5.Adenosine and its clinical uses(June 2002).
6.Mannitol in surgery/surgical uses of mannitol(June 2004). 7.PK of IV Thiopentone(June 2004).
8.Mention the commonly used immunosuppressive drugs and their interaction with anaesthetic agents(June 2007). [Pg 1257-Satish deshpande]
9.Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etomidate.Describe briefly its role in clinical practice(Dec 2010).
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27)Opoids.
1.What are the various routes of administration of morphine?Discuss the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epidural morphine(June 1996).[Pg 90-Stoelting physio-pharma]
2.Remifentanyl(June 1998).
-Remifentanyl in clinical practice(June 2001)
3.Narcotic antagonists(June 1998).[Pg 120-Stoelting physio-pharma]
4.Spinal opiate receptors(Dec 1999).
5.Pharmacology of fentanyl congenial(Dec 2000)
6.What are the various routes of administration of opoids?Discuss the merits and demerits of each.(Dec 2001).
8.Transdermal opoids(June 2003).
9.Acute pain relief in opoid dependant pain(June 2004).
10.Mention the intrathecal and epidural opoids in clinical practice and their complications(June 2006).
11.Various epidural narcotics for management of postoperative pain(Dec 2006) 12.Epidural opiates in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2007).[Pg 397-Morgan]
13.Classify opoids.Discuss the merits and demerits of epidural fentanyl and morphine(Dec 2011).
14.What are the various routes of administration of morphine?Discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epidural morphine(June 2012).
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28)IV Drug Delivery Sytems .
1.TIVA(Dec 1996)(June 2000)(June 2001)(Dec 2001)(Dec 2003)(June 2006).[Pg 41-RACE 2009]
2.PCA(Dec 1996)(June 1998)(Dec 1998)(June 2003)(Dec 2004)(Dec 2007).[Pg 518,Aitkenhead][Pg 1487-Barasch]
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29)Pharmacology of Muscle Relaxants and Antagonism.
1.Interaction of depolarizing with NDMR’s(Dec 1995)2.Hauffman’s degradation(Dec 1996).
3.Rocuronium(Dec 1998)(June 2001)(Dec 2001)
4.Pipecuronium(June 1995)(Dec 1996).[Pg 12-RACE 2006]
5.Elimination of Atracurium from the body(Dec 1999).{pg 231-Stoleting PP]
6.Enumerate the problems with muscle relaxants(Dec 2005). 7.Adverse effects of NMBA(June 2008).[Pg 213-Morgan 4th ed]
30)Local Anaesthetics
LAST
1.Management of local anaesthetic toxicity(June 2000).[Pg 59 –ISACON 2008]
2.Treatment of systemic toxicity of LA drugs(June 2003).
3.Lipid emulsion for the treatment of local anaesthetic toxicity-mechanism and dosage(June 2008).
4.Role of lipid emulsions in local anaesthetic toxicity(June 2010).
5.Discuss the clinical manifestations of local anaesthetic toxicity and its man-agement(June 2011).
6.Describe the toxicity of commonly used local anaesthetic agents and its man-agement(June 2012)
1.Mechanism of action of local anaesthetic agents(June 1997).[Pg 181-Stoelting pp,Pg 265-Morgan]
2.Complication of local anaesthetics(June 1999). 3.Ropivacaine(June 2002).
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31)Nitric Oxide and Inhaled Pulmonary Vasodilators
1.Nitric oxide(Dec 1995)(June 2010). 2.Role of nitric oxide in ICU(Dec 1999). 3.Nitric oxide in clinical practice(June 2000).
4.Nitric oxide for management of pulmonary hypertension(Dec 1998). 5.Nitric oxide-current status(Dec 2008).
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SECTION IV-ANAESTHESIA MANAGEMENT
33)Risk of Anaesthesia(Anesthetic complications)
VAE
1.Air Embolism during anaesthesia.(June 1996).
2.Pathophysiology of VAE.Mention the methods of detection,prevention and treatment(1996-2000).
3.Embolisms during anaesthesia(Dec 1998).[Pg 388-Aitkenhead]
4.air embolism under anaesthesia(June 2002). 5.VAE(Dec 2003).
6.Air embolism:methods of detection and management(Dec 2006).
7.Discuss the pathophysiology.signs and symptoms and management of VAE(June 2009) .
8.How will you diagnose VAE?Describe its pathophysiology and manage-ment(Dec 2009).
9.Describe the causes and management of VAE(Dec 2010).
10.Enumerate the causes of air embolism in clinical practice.Discuss the clinical features and its management(Dec 2011).[Pg 638 Morgan 4th ed].
11.How do you diagnose and manage a case of VAE during spine surgery?(Dec 2012)
ARRYTHMIAS
1.Prevention and treatment of ventricular arrhythmias during GA(Dec 1995). 2.Cardiac arryhthmias during anaesthesia(Dec1996)
3.Discuss the etiology and management of SVT’s during surgical
proce-dures(June 1998)/Management of multifocal ventricular ectopics during anaes-thesia(June 1998).
4.Discuss the etiology and management of various cardiac arrhythmias occur-ring duoccur-ring anaesthesia(Dec 2003)(Dec 2004).
5.Desribe the cardiac conduction system.How do you manage a patient with PSVT?(Dec 2010).
6.Describe the common arrhythmias encountered during pre-operative peri-od.Discuss the therapeutic uses of Amiodarone(June 2011).
7.Discuss the etiology and management of Supra Ventricular arrhythmias dur-ing surgery under GA(June 2012)
BRONCHOSPASM
1.Intraoperative bronchospasm(Dec 1995)[Pg 111-RACE 2008]
2.Management of intraoperative bronchospasm(June 2007)[update in anaes-thesia]
3.Bronchospasm during anaesthesia and immediate postop period and its management(Dec 1999)[Pg 53-ISACON 2009]
4.Intraoperative bronchospasm(Dec 2004).
5.Discuss the differential diagnosis of introperative bronchospasm.How will you manage it?(Dec 2011).
6.What is the differential diagnosis of intraoperative bronchospasm?How will you manage it?(June 2012).
7.Describe the differential diagnosis of intra-operative bronchospasm.Write down its management(Dec 2012).
LARYNGOSPASM
1.Laryngospasm during anaesthesia(Dec 2007).[Yao,Ph 441-ISACON 2009]
2.Enumerate the causes and differential diagnosis of post extubation laryn-gospasm.How will you manage it(Dec 2011)
ANAPHYLAXIS(ANAPHYLACTOID) REACTIONS
1.Clinical manifestations and management of anaphylactic reactions in anaes-thesia practice(June 1995).
2.Hypersensitivity reaction in anaesthesia practice(Dec 1995).
3.Discuss the pathophysiology and management of anaphylactoid reactions in anaesthesia(June 2001)(Dec 2001).
4.Identification of anaphylaxis under GA and its management/Anaphylactoid reaction during anaesthesia(June 2003)(Dec 2003).
5.Recognition and management of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia(Dec 2003).
6.Anaphylactic reaction on the operation table(Dec 2005). 7.Management of acute anaphylaxis(June 2008).
8.Clinical manifestations and management of a patient with acute anaphylax-is(June 2010).
9.Discuss clinical manifestations and management of acute anaphylaxis(Dec 2011).
10.Enumerate the agents implicated in allergic reactions during
anaesthe-sia.How would you manage a patient with anaphylaxis during anaesthesia?(Dec 2012).
INFECTIONS
1.Infections related to anaesthesia practice(Dec 2001).[Pg 974-Morgan]
2.Transmission and precaution against HIV in hospital setting(June 1995). .HIV and anaesthesia(June 2003).
.AIDS(June 2004).
.AIDS and the anaesthesiologist(June 2005).
DELAYED RECOVERY
1.Possible causes of delayed recovery from GA(Dec 2004). [Pg 269-ISACON 2009]
2.What are the potential causes of delayed resumption of spontaneous recovery after abdominal surgery with general anaesthesia.Discuss the problem,its diag-nosis and management(June 2005).[Pg 112-RACE 2002]
3.Discuss the causes of delayed recovery from anaesthesia and the manage-ment(June 2006).
4.Discuss the causes of delayed recovery following GA(Dec 2008).
DESATURATION
1.Management of a patient who is not maintaining oxygen saturation after an elective abdominal surgery(Dec 2005).
2.List the various causes of reduced arterial oxygen tension in the intraopera-tive period and outline their management(June 2010).
3.A 30 year old female ASA Grade 1 following exploratory laparotomy,is not maintaining oxygen saturation in the postop period.Discuss its causes and management(June 2011).
PMI
1.Prevention and treatment of intra-operative MI(June 2000).[pg 298-IJA 2007]
2.Discuss the diagnosis and management of MI in a patient undergoing non-cardiac surgery(Dec 2008)[Pg 287-302-IJA 2007]
HTN
1.Etiology and treatment of hypertension during surgery(June 1994).
2.Define perioperative hypertension.Describe the causes and management(Dec 2005).
3.What are the causes of intra-operative hypertension in a previously normo-tensive patient?Discus various modalities to manage it
4.Causes of intraoperative hypertension and discuss its management(Dec 2006).
HYPERCAPNIA
1.CO2 carriage in blood and effects of hypercapnia(June 1995)
2.What are the causes of hypercarbia during the intraoperative period.Discuss the effects and management(June 2006).
PULMONARY EDEMA
1.Treatment of acute pulmonary edema(Dec 1994).
2.Pulmonary edema in intraoperative and immediate postoperative period(June 2002).
BLOOD LOSS
1.Blood loss monitors(Dec 1995)
2.Discuss the management of massive blood loss(June 2007).[ATOTW 136]
3.Write an algorithm for the management of early haemorrhagic shock.What are the goals in early resuscitation during active bleeding?(Dec 2012)
HYPOTENSION
1.Aetiology and management of hypotension during anaesthesia(June 1996). 2.Hypotension during anaesthesia(Dec 1998).[ATOTW 148]
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
1.Occupational hazards for/to the anaesthetist(June 1996)(June 2001)(Dec 2001)(Dec 2003)[CEACCP]
2.Describe in detail the occupational hazards to anaesthetists(Dec 2005). 1.Causes of perioperative seizures(Dec 1994)
2.Peripheral nerve injury under anaesthesia is preventable complication(Dec 2000).
4.Iatrogenic complications in anaesthesia(1996-2000)
5.Discuss the management of massive blood loss(June 2007).
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34)Preoperative Evaluation.
PAC
1.PAC clinic(June 1994).
2.Preoperative visits(Dec 1999).
3.ASA physical status classification for preoperative anaesthetic risk assess-ment(June 2010).
4.What are the goals of pre-anaesthetic check up?ASA risks grading and fasting guidelines(Dec 2011).[Pg 1002 Miller 7th ed]
SMOKING
1.Hazards of smoking relevant to anaesthetist(June 1997).
2.Discuss the assessment,preparation and problems of anaesthesia in a chronic smoker for cholecystectomy(Dec 1999).
3.Enumerate the effects of chronic smoking and the anaesthetic implica-tions(Dec 2008).
4.Chronic smoking and the anaesthesiologist(June 2009).[IJA 2009]
5.Describe the effects of smoking and its anaesthetic implications(Dec 2010).
LIVER DISEASE
1.Assessment of risk factors for patient with moderate to severe liver dis-ease(Dec 2001).[RACE 2011]
2.Preoperative preparation and surgical risk assessment in a patient with cir-rhosis of liver(June 2000).[Pg 1269-1271-Barasch]
3.Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of a patient with portal hyperten-sion for lieno renal shunt(June 2007)
IHD
1.Evaluation of cardiac patient for non –cardiac surgery(June 2004).
2.Enumerate the RCRI.Draw the algorithm of cardiac evaluation for non-cardiac surgery as recommended in ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on peri-operative CVS evaluation and care(June 2010).
3.How will you evaluate a 50 year old male patient with history of IHD present-ing for major abdominal surgery?(Dec 2011).
VHD
1.Preoperative evaluation of a patient with VHD(Dec 2005).
2.Pre-operative evaluation and preparation of a apatient with TOF(June 2006). 1.Pre-operative evaluation of autonomic function(June 2002)(Dec 2004).
2.Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and preparation of patient for pheochromocyto-ma(Dec 2004).
3.Pre anaesthetic evaluation of a patient of MS for MTP and sterilization(Dec 2005).
4.Preoperative preparation of a diabetic patient with history of bleeding varices lino renal shunt operation(Dec 2005).
5.Pre.anaesthetic evaluation of a thyrotoxic patient scheduled for thyroidecto-my(Dec 2005).
6.ASA physical status classification(Dec 2007). 7.Bedside PFT’s(June 2010).
35)Anaesthetic Complications of Concurrent Disease
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA:-
1.Discuss the pathophysiology and diagnosis of a case of pheochromocyto-ma.Give an account of preparation,monitoring and anaesthetic management of a 25 year old patient suffering from pheochromocytoma(June 1995)
2.Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 35 year old patient with pheochro-mocytoma scheduled for bilateral adrenalectomy(Dec 2006).
3.A young man is suffering from pheochromocytoma.Discuss the preoperative preparation and anesthetic management for removal of the tumor(June 1997). 4.What is pheochromocytoma?what are its clinical features?Discuss preopera-tive investigations,preparation and anaesthetic management of such a case for surgical removal(Dec 1998).[Pg 501,ISACON 2011]
5.Discuss pre anaesthetic assessment,preparation and management of a 16 year male kept for pheochromocytoma excision.How will you manage post anaes-thetic complications?(Dec 2000).
6.Discuss the pre anaesthetic preparation,anaesthetic golas and intraoperative management of a 30 year old female patient with diagnosis of pheochromocy-toma scheduled for excision of adrenal tumor(June 2011).
IHD
CORONARY STENT
1.Guidelines for management of anaesthesia in a patient with coronary stent(June 2008).
2.Draw the algorithm for preoperative management of a patient receiving an-tiplaelet therapy as recommended by ACC/AHA guidelines in perioperative car-diovascular evaluation and care.Describe the preoperative management of a pa-tient with coronary stent(Dec 2009)[Pg 235-ISACON 2009]
3.Describe the anaesthetic considerations in patients having coronary artery stent(Dec 2010).
CARDIAC PATIENT FOR NON CARDIAC SURGERY
1.Discuss the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of an emer-gency abdominal operation in a 60 year old man who had MI 6 weeks
back(1996-2000).
2.Preoperative preparation and evaluation of a patient with history of exertional angina for surgery under general anaesthesia.(June 1996)
3.Discuss briefly the preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 50 year old patient who had acute MI three months ago, and is scheduled for inguinal hernia repair(Dec 2006).
4.Discuss your anaesthetic management of strangulated inguinal hernia in a pa-tient with a recent MI(June 1999).
5.Describe the arterial circulation of the heart with the aid of a diagram men-tioning the unique features of coronary blood flow.Explain the Goldman’s Car-diac risk Index and its importance to the anaesthetist(1996-2000).
6.Pathophysiology of CAD.Discuss the anaesthetic management of a patient with angina(June 2004).
7.Cardiac evaluation for non-cardiac surgery(June 2004).
8.Anaesthetic management of a case of essential hypertension scheduled for upper abdominal surgery(June 2005).
9.Classify cardiomyopathies.Describe management of a 60 year old male with dilated cardiomyopathy scheduled for laparotomy(Dec 2010)
10.What is diastolic dysfunction?Discuss the evaluation and implications to the anaesthetists(Dec 2011).[Chapter 6-Stoelting co-existing]
11.Discuss the pre-operative evaluation of a patient with IHD.Discuss the peri-operative monitoring for MI and its management(June2012).
12.What are the predictors of cardiac risk in cardiac patients undergoing non cardiac surgery?Describe briefly the anaesthetic consideration in a patient with coronary artery disease with ejection fraction of 40% for laparoscopic cholecys-tectomy(Dec 2012).
VHD
1.Clinical features of infective endocarditis,principle guidelines to use antibiot-ics as prophylaxis against,during surgery(June 2005).
2.Discuss the anaesthetic management of 20 year old male with RHD with MS for closed mitral valvotomy(June 2007).[Pg 3 –OAR,Pg 31-Stoelting]
3.Preop evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 30 year old patient with MS and AF scheduled for balloon angioplasty and valvoplasty(Dec
2007)[CEACCP vol 5 no.6 2005]
HTN
1.Define HTN.How will you evaluate and prepare preoperatively a 40 year old female patient scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy.Discuss the anaesthetic and postoperative management of such a case?(Dec 2000)
DM
1.Discuss pre and post anaesthetic management of acute abdomen in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes(Dec 1994)
2.Discuss the preoperative investigations,preparation and anaesthetic manage-ment of a 50 year old diabetic patient presenting for an exploratory laparotomy for a lump in the abdomen.(Dec 1999)
3.Management of DKA(Dec 1998).[Pg 803-Morgan,Pg 1300-Barasch]
4.Principles of management of DKA(June 2002). 5.DKA(June 2004).
-Preoperative management of DKA(June 1994)(Dec 2004).
6.Preoperative patient of a diabetic patient with history of bleeding varices li-norenal shunt(Dec 2005).
7.Anaesthetic management of a case of DM scheduled for open cholecystecto-my(Dec 2005).
9.Discuss the anaesthetic management of an inadequately managed diabetes mellitus patient with ketoacidosis posted for BKA(June 2007).[Pg 1300
Barasch]
10.Describe the different methods used for perioperative control of blood sugar in diabetic patients undergoing major abdominal surgery with their advantages and disadvantages(Dec 2009).[Pg 782-Yao]
11.Describe the clinical manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.What are its implications?(Dec 2010).
THYROID
HYPOTHYROIDISM
1.A 50 year old woman with hypothyroidism is scheduled for abdominal hys-terectomy.Discuss the anaesthetic management(Dec 2008).
2.Describe the clinical features of hypothyroidism.Discuss the anaesthetic con-sideration in a hypothyroid patient scheduled for upper abdominal surgery(Dec 2011)
THYROID STORM
1.Etiopathology and management of thyroid crisis(Dec 1999) 2.Thyroid crisis(June 2002)
3.Thyroid storm(June 2004).
4.Manifestations and management of thyroid storm(June 2008)(June 2009).[Pg 1016-Morgan 4th ed]
5.Describe the manifestations and management of thyroid storm intraopera-tively.Describe the management of such a case(Dec 2009).
1.Describe preop evaluation and preparation of a patient of thyrotoxico-sis.Describe anaesthetic and postoperative management of such a case.(June 1996).[Pg 73-RACE 2004,Pg 64-ARC-06]
2.A 35 year old lady with huge thyroid mass presenting with thyrotoxicosis is posted for subtotal thyroidectomy.Discuss the preoperative preparation and anaesthetic management(Dec 2000).[Pg 1282-Barasch,Pg 807-Morgan]
3.Myxoedema coma(June 2002)(Dec 2004).
4.Causes of airway obstruction following thyroid surgery and its manage-ment(June 2003).
5.Thyrotoxic patient for subtotal thyroidectomy(June 2006).
6.Enumerate the NS of larynx.Enumerate the signs and symptoms of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy following total thyroidectomy(Dec 2009).
7.Discuss preoperative evaluation and anaesthetic management of a 40 year old hyperthyroid patient posted for total thyroidectomy.Enumerate postoperative complications(June 2012).
COPD
1.Discuss the current concepts in the management of a case of chronic obstruc-tive airway disease in respiratory failure(1996-2000).
2.Anaesthetic management of a case of COAD(Dec 2001).
3.Describe in detail the anaesthetic management of patients with reactive air-way disease(June 2001).
4.Discuss the anaesthetic management of patients with reactive airway dis-ease(Dec 2001).
5.Intraoperative anaesthetic considerations in COPD patient scheduled for up-per abdominal surgery(Dec 2005).
6.What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?How will you manage oxygen-ation and pain in post operative period of a case of COPD undergoing upper abdominal surgery?(Dec 2012)
CARCINOID TUMOR
2.A 30 year old woman is scheduled for removal of carcinoid tumor.Write the anaesthetic management(June 2008).[Pg 172-Oxford handbook of anaesthe-sia]
CUSHING’s SYNDROME
1.Discuss the anaesthetic management of a 25 years old female with cushing’s syndrome for bilateral adrenalectomy(June 2007).[Pg 395-Stoelting]
2.A 30 year old female with Cushing’s syndrome is scheduled for bilateral adrenalectomy.Describe the anaesthetic management(Dec 2009).
1.Anaesthetic problems in an amemic patient(Dec 1998).
2.A 60 years old man presents for elective parathyroidectomy.Discuss the an-aesthetic management(Dec 2007)[Pg 398-Stoelting]
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36)Patient Positioning.
1.Positional hazards under anaesthesia(1996-2000)[Pg 965-Morgan]
2.Enumerate various positions in relation to anaesthesia and discuss in detail the problems associated with them(Dec 1996).[Pg 170-RACE 2003]
3.Describe the complications associated with sitting position during posterior fossa surgery and their management(Dec 2010).
4.Discuss the anaesthetic problems of surgery in prone position(June 2011).
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37)Neuromuscular Disorders and Malignant
Hyperther-mia
MG
1.MG versus Myaesthenic syndrome(June 1994)
2.What is myasthenia gravis?What are its clinical features?Discuss the preoper-ative investigations,preparation,anaesthetic management of such a case pre-senting for interval appendicectomy and management of the likely complica-tions.(June 1998) [Pg 818-Morgan,P 69-RACE 2001,Pg 109-RACE
2005,RACE 2011]
3.Discuss pre-anaesthetic assessment,preparation,anaesthetic management and post operative complication in 20 year old female with myaesthenis gravis posted for thymectomy(June 2001)(Dec 2001).
4.Anaesthetic management of MG(June 2003) 5.MG and its anaesthetic management(Dec 2003).
6.Preoperative preparation of a case of MG scheduled for thymectomy(June 2005).
7.Myaesthenic syndrome(June 2006).
8.Discuss the anaesthetic management in a patient of MG scheduled for thy-mectomy(Dec 2006)
9.What are the clinical features of MG?Discuss perioperative evaluation and an-aesthetic management of a case presenting for interval appendicectomy(June 2012).
10.What are the anaesthetic concerns in the management of a patient with my-asthenia gravis scheduled for thoracoscopic thymectomy(Dec 2012).
MH
1.MH(Dec 1998)(Dec 2003)(June 2004).[Pg 945-Morgan]
3.What is malignant hyperthermia?Discuss its clinical features and laboratory finding.Why is it important for the anaesthetist to know about this
syn-drome?(June 2002).
4.Temperature regulation in adults,predisposing factors,diagnosis and man-agement of MH(June 2005).
5.What are the diagnostic features that would lead to identify malignant hyper-thermia during immediately after anaesthesia and state the guidelines of man-agement?(Dec 2005).
6.Diagnosis and management of an acute attack of malignant hyperther-mia(June 2006).
7.A 4 years old child weighing 15 kg undergoing strabismus surgery suddenly develops tachycardia,rigidity of extremeities and rise in temperature during an-aesthesia.Discuss the anaesthetic management(Dec 2007).[Pg 945-Morgan]
8.Describe clinical presentation,pathophysiology and managemet of malignant hyperthermia(Dec 2010).
9.Describe the etiology,clinical features and treatment of malignanat hyper-thermia(Dec 2012).
GBS
1.GBS(June 2004).
2.GBS-discuss briefly etiology,pathogenesis,symptomatology and management including anaesthesia(Dec 2007)[Stoelting 254}.
PARKINSON’s DISEASE
1.Pre-op evaluation and anaesthetic considerations of a patient with Parkinson’ disease(June 2008)(Dec 2008).[Pg 227-Stoelting,Pg 650 Morgan,IJA 2007,Pg 630-Barasch]
38)Fundamental Principles of Monitoring and
Instrumen-tation(PHYSICS related to anaesthesia)
VENTURI
1.Venturi principle and its clinical implication(June 1995) [Pg 181-Aitkenhead] 2.Application of venturi principle in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2000)
3.Venturi principle and its use in anaesthesia(June 1999). 4.Venturi principle and its application(Dec 2001)(Dec 2004). 5.venturi principle and its application in anaesthesia(June 2003) 6.Venturi principle and its importance to anaesthetist(Dec 2003).
7.What is venturi principle?Discuss its applications in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2006)
8.What is venturi principle?What are its applications in anaesthesia?(June 2009). 9.Desribe Bernoulli’s principle and its various applications in anaesthesia(June 2012).
MINIMUM MONITORING STANDARD
1.Minimum patient monitoring during anaesthesia(June 1995)(June 1998).[Pg 118-Morgan]
2.What is minimum monitoring standard?Describe the objectives and meth-ods(Dec 2005).
3.Invasive intraop monitoring(June 2001)(Dec 2001)
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39)Monitoring Depth of Anaesthesia.
BIS
1.What is BIS monitoring?What are its clinical applications in anaesthesia prac-tice?(Dec 2008).
2.BIS(June 2010).[Pg 99-ISACON 2009]
1.Minimum Alveolar Concentration(1996-2000).
2.Causes and prevention of awareness under anaesthesia(Dec 1995).
3.Awareness under anaesthesia(1996-2000)[Pg 66-RACE 2006,IJA 2009]
4.Awareness and wakefulness under anaesthesia(June 1999)(Dec 1994)[Pg 148-157-IJA 2009]
5.Awareness during anaesthesia(Dec 1998)(Dec 2000) . 6.assessment of intraop awareness(Dec 2005).
7.what do you mean by awareness during anaesthesia?Mention the monitors in use to measure the depth of anaesthesia(June 2006).
8.Discuss the pharmacological principles of measuring the depth of anaesthesia and techniques for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia(June 2002).
9.List and brief statement and effectiveness of each of the means available for detecting awareness during anaesthesia(June 2005).
10.What are the measures by which you can measure the depth of anaesthesia during the intra operative period?(June 2005).
11.Why is it important to measure the depth of anaesthesia?Briefly describe the methods used(Dec 2011).
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40)Cardiovascular Monitoring
IJV
1.Complications of cannulation of IJV.(Dec 1996)(Dec 2004). 2.Techniques and approaches to IJV cannulation(Dec 2007).
3.Describe the anatomy of IJV with the help of a diagram.Discuss any one ap-proach for IJV cannulation(Dec 2011)
4.Enumerate various approaches for central venous cannulation.Describe the technique and complications of IJV cannulation(June 2012).
CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORING
1.Non invasive cardiovascular monitoring(Dec 1994)
2.cardiac output management with thermodilution technique(June 1995).
3.what are the determinants of cardiac output and discuss various non-invasive methods of measurement of cardiac output(Dec 2006)
1.PAC(June 1998).
-Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring(June 2006). 2.CVP(June 1999)[Pg 131-Morgan 4th ed]
-CVP,its application in anaesthesia(Dec 1996)(Dec 2007).[Pg 1285-Miller]
-CVP monitoring and its implications(Dec 2008).[Pg 238-RACE 2007]
3.Jugular venous oximetry(June 2002). 4.Central venous cannulation(Dec 2003).
5.Methods of central venous cannulation,uses,limitations and complications of CVP monitoring(June 2005).
6.Describe the indications,contraindications and complications of invasive arte-rial blood pressure monitoring.Describe the technique(Dec 2009).[Pg
123-Morgan]
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41)TEE
1.TEE(June 2001)(Dec 2001).[yao]
2.How is USG useful in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine and explain the usefulness of TEE during cardiac surgery(Dec 2005).[IJA 2007]
4.Describe the role of intraoperative echocardiography in clinical anaesthe-sia(Dec 2009).
5.USG->principles and its uses in day to day practice of anaesthesia(June 2010). 6.Discuss the use of TEE in anaesthesia practice(June 2011)
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42)ECG
1.Modified bipolar standard limb lead systems and its usefulness for intraoper-ative monitoring(Dec 1995).
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43)ICD and Pacemakers
1.Discuss different types of pacemakers and briefly enumerate precautions to be taken during surgery with pacemaker(June 2007).
2.Enumerate the evidenced based indications for pacemaker insertion.Mention the general principles of anaesthetic management of a patient with pacemaker scheduled for surgery(Dec 2009).
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44)Respiratory Monitoring.
PULSE OXIMETER
1.Limitations of pulse oximeter(Dec 1995). 2.Pulse oximetry(Dec 2000).[Pg 140-Morgan]
3.Physical principles of pulse oximetry(June 2005).[Pg 1-ISACON 2009]
4.Pulse oximetry-principles and applications(Dec 2007).
CAPNOGRAPHY
2.capnography(Dec 1994)(June 2000)(Dec 2001)
3.Discuss principles of monitoring end tidal CO2(June 2007).
4.-What is capnography?Draw a neat labeled diagram of a normal capnograph and discuss clinical considerations of capnography(Etco2
monitor-ing)(June2012).
1.Factors influencing tissue oxygenation(1996-2000)**.[Pg 65-RACE 2010]
2.Respiratory monitoring in anaesthesia(Dec 2003).
3.Discuss various methods of oxygen monitoring in anaesthesia practice(June 2007).[Pg 65-RACE 2010]
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45)Renal Function Monitoring
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46)Neurologic Monitoring.
1.SSEP(June 1998)**.
2.Minimum monitoring for post spinal fusion in scoliosis(June 2003).
3.Methods of intracranial pressure monitoring,uses and complication of ICP monitoring(June 2005).
4.ICP monitoring and its applications(Dec 2007)[Pg 55-ISACON 2007,Pg 395-ISACON 2009]
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47)Neuromuscular Monitoring
2.Methods of monitoring of neuromuscular transmission during anaesthe-sia(Dec 2004).
3.Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring(June 2007). 4.Compare and contrast TOF and Double burst(Dec 2008).
5.What are the factors affecting neuro-muscular blockage?Discuss various methods to monitor neuromuscular blockage(June 2009).[Pg 37-ISACON 2009]
6.Enumerate various techniques of monitoring neuromuscular blockade during anaesthesia.List the advantages and limitations of each of these
tech-niques(June 2010).[Pg 127-RACE 2010]
7.Discuss various patterns of nerve stimulation in neuromuscular monitoring and their interpretation with the help of diagrams(June 2011).
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48)Temperature Regulation & Monitoring
1.Discuss the regulation of body temperature.How will you prevent hypother-mia in a neonate posted for major abdominal surgery(Dec 2002).
2.Describe in brief the sites and devices for temperature monitoring(Dec 2008). 3.Classify hypothermia.Describe the pathophysiological effects of hypother-mia(June 2012)
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49)Perioperative Acid-Base Balance
1.Anion gap(Dec 2006).
2.Preanalytical consideration of ABG measurement(Dec 1999).
3.What are the major buffer systems in the body?Enumerate the causes,effects and management of metabolic acidosis(Dec 2009).[Pg 716-Morgan]
4.What is anion gap?Desribe the causes and management of metabolic acidosis from low cardiac output(Dec 2012).
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50)Airway Management in the Adult
AIRWAY ASSESSMENT
1.Airway assessment(June 2005).
2.List the bedside test available to predict the difficult intubations.Comment on their use(June 2005).
SGA
1.Supra Glottic Airway devices(Dec 2007). [Pg 85-RACE 2009,Pg 633-OAR]
2.I-gel Airway(June 2008)(June 2010).[IJA 2009]
3.Enumerate the different SGA’s.tabulate the differences between Proseal LMA and I-gel airway(June 2011).
***********************************************************************
LMA
1.Merits and demerits of LMA(June 1996).
2.LMA:various modifications(June2007).[IJA 2005]
DIFFICULT AIRWAY
TM ANKYLOSIS
1.Describe airway management of a patient of ankylosing spondylitis with se-vere restriction of neck movement posted for total hip replacement(Dec 1996) . 2.Discuss the preoperative assessment and the method of anaesthesia in pa-tient with TM ankylosis for the release of ankylosis(Dec 2003).
3.A 20 year old is scheduled for release of TMJ ankylosis.Discuss the various methods to secure the airway(Dec 2008). -Describe briefly the difficult airway algorithm.How will you perform awake intubation in an adult with restricted mouth opening?(Dec 2011).[IJA 2011]
*********************************************************************** 1Assessment and management of difficult intubation(June 1995). 2.Evaluation of difficult airway(June 2002).
3.Difficult intubation/Predictive factors and intubation difficulty(Dec 2003). 4.Describe briefly the difficult airway algorithm.How will you perform awake intubation in an adult with restricted mouth opening?(Dec 2011)
ATTENTUATION OF LARYNGOSCOPIC RESPONSE
1.Attentuation of laryngoscopic reaction to intubation(Dec 2000) .
2.Discuss various methods to obtund intubation response to laryngoscopy and intubation(June 2007).[Pg 145-OAR]
3.Describe the occulocardiac reflex?Discuss measures to attenuate pressor re-sponse to laryngoscopy/intubation(June 2011).
VOCAL CORD PALSIES
1.Vocal cord palsies with the aid of diagrams of direct laryngoscopic view(Dec 2000).
2.Anatomy of larynx.Enumerate with diagrams the types of vocal cord pal-sies(June 2005).
3.Describe innervations of larynx.Brieflydiscuss various palsies following nerve injury(June 2011).[Pg 13 –Wylie 5th ed]
FOB
1.Modes of ventilation during bronchoscopy(Dec 1994).
2.Draw a labeled diagram of a flexible FOB and describe methods for its sterili-zation or high level disinfection(Dec 2007).
3.Describe the techniques for anaesthetizing the airway for awake fibreoptic laryngoscopy and intubation through nasal route in an adult with restricted mouth opening(Dec 2010).
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULT AND PAEDIATRIC LARYNX
1.Describe the anatomy of larynx with difference in adult and children.What is importance of recurrent laryngeal nerve in anaesthesia practice(June 2002). 2.How does the paediatric airway differ from that of an adult?What are the im-plications for an anaesthesiologist(Dec 2009).[Pg 36-IJA 2004,Pg923-Morgan]
1.Double Lumen ETT(June 1996).
2.Airway management in an unconscious patient(June1998).
3.How will you anaesthetize the airway of a 40 year old man for awake intuba-tion?(Dec 2006).
4.Discuss the management of CICV situation in the OT(Dec 2006).
5.Describe the anatomy of larynx.How would you anaesthetize the airway for awake intubation(June 2009).
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51)Spinal,Epidural and Caudal Anaesthesia.
ANTICOAGULANTS AND RA
1.Antothrombotic prophylaxis and neuraxial anaesthesia(June 2006).
2.Enumerate the guidelines for RA in a patient on anticoagulant therapy(Dec
2008).[Pg 299-Morgan 4th ed,Pg 106-RACE 2006]
3.Enumerate the guidelines for RA in a patient on antiplatelet therapy(June 2009).
4.Describe anaesthetic concerns for regional anaesthesia in a patient on antico-agulants(Dec 2010).
5.What are the recommendations for neuraxial anaesthesia in a patient on anti-coagulant therapy?(Dec 2011)
PDPH
2.What is PDPH?What are the factors affecting it?Describe the management of such a case(Dec 2009).
3.What are the differences between a subdural and subarachnoid block?Write the clinical features and management of PDPH(Dec 2011)
1.Complications of epidural anaesthesia(June 1995).
2.Pulmonary function changes following central neuraxial blockade(June 1999).[Pg 297-Morgan]
3.Continous subarachnoid block(Dec 1996).
4.IVRA(June 1995)(June 1997).(Dec 1998)(Dec 2003)[Pg 981-Barasch,Pg 311-SAARC 9th ]
5.Epidural analgesia for postop pain relief(Dec 1996).
6.Epidural pressure and various factors affecting the same(Dec 1998). 7.Indications and contraindications of regional anaesthesia(Dec 2001). 8.Effect of intrathecal neostigmine on spinal anaesthesia(June 2002). 9.CSE(June 2002).
10.Caudal block(June 2003). 11.Modified CSE(June 2003).
12.Caudal epidural analgesia in anaesthesia practice(Dec 2004).
13.Complications of extradural anaesthesia(June 2006)(June 2007).[Pg 153-RACE 2007]
14.Anatomy of epidural space and methods of identification(Dec 2007)[Pg 24 and 33-Pramila bajaj]
15.Describe the boundaries of epidural space.Discuss five common complica-tions of epidural block(Dec 2011)
52)Nerve Blocks.
STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK
1.Indications and methods of stellate ganglion block(June 2002). 2.Stellate ganglion block-indications and complications(Dec 1995).
3.Enumerate the indications,contraindications,complications and method of es-tablishing stellate ganglion block(Dec 2008).
4.Describe the anatomy of stellate ganglion.Discuss indications,techn iques and implications of stellate ganglion block(Dec 2010).
BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK
1.Anatomy of brachial plexus and its importance to the anaesthetists(June 2002).
2.Discuss one method of brachial plexus block through supraclavicular ap-proach and enumerate the complications associated with it(June 2007).[Pg 333-Morgan]
3.Anatomy of brachial plexus with the help of a diagram.Enumerate the various techniques of brachial plexus block(June 2010)
OPTHALMIC BLOCKS
1.Peribulbar block(Dec 1998).
2.Peribulbar block-indications,techniques and complications(June 2010). 3.Merits and demerits of retrobulbar vs peribulbar block(June 2002).
COELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK
1.Describe the anatomy of celiac plexus.Discuss the indications and methods to block celiac plexus(June 2009(Dec 2011).[Pg 385-Morgan 4th ed]
2.Illustrate the anatomy of celiac plexus with the help of a diagram.Describe the technique of celiac plexus block and its complications(Dec 2009).
ANKLE BLOCK
1.Innervation of foot and technique of performing ankle block(Dec 1995) 2.Describe the nerve supply of foot and the technique of ankle block for ampu-tation of great toe(Dec 2006).
3.Describe the nerve innervations of the foot with diagram and dsicuss the local anaesthetic block at the ankle for the amputation of gangrenous toes in a pa-tient(June 1999).[Pg 352-Morgan]
4.Describe the regional block for removal of infected corn foot(Dec 2010)
PARAVERTEBRAL BLOCK
1.Describe anatomy of paravertebral space and describe one method of estab-lishing paravertebral block(June 2007).[Pg 354-Morgan]
2.Describe the anatomy of paravertebral space with diagram.Describe one method of establishing paravertebral block(June 2012)
1.`Three-in-one` block(Dec 2001). 2.Horner’s syndrome(June 2003).
3.Describe with the help of a labeled diagram,the anatomy of lumbar plexus and describe the techniques of lumbar plexus block(June 2008).[Pg 343-Morgan 4th ed]
4.Describe the course of sciatic nerve and any one approach to block the nerve(June 2011).
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53)USG guidelines for RA
1.What principle is used in USG?How is USG useful in anaesthesia?(June 2008).
