MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES: DO YOU KNOW THEM?

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Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2);203-206 e ISSN:2320-2742 p ISSN: 2320-2734

MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES: DO YOU KNOW THEM?

Dharmesh Vasavada

1*

, Aditi Dholakia

2

1

Senior Lecturer Department of Oral Pathology M P Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, 2 Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Gotri Medical College, Vadodara.

INTRODUCTION

MMPs were identified in vertebrates in 1962 by Jerome Gross and Charles M Lapiere who both studied degradation of triple helical collagen during tadpole tail metamorphosis (Clinical importance of MMPs). They found an active enzyme in the culture media of tissue fragments of tail fin skin that degraded the triple helix of native type I collagen.1 Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) form an important family of metal-dependent endopeptidases that represent the major class of enzymes responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Collectively, MMPs are capable of degrading all ECM proteins. All family members are secreted as inactive proenzymes (zymogens) and are thought to be activated in the tissue by cleavage of the propeptide. All MMPs contain Zn2+ at the catalytic site and, in addition, require Ca2+ for stability and activity.1 Approximately 20 types of MMPs have been identified which are classified according to the pre-synthetic region on chromosomes and substrate specificities. They are labelled with numbers ranging from MMP-1 to MMP-28.

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Dharmesh Vasavada Department of Oral Pathology,

M P Dental College & Hospital , Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

E mail: [email protected]

They are classified into five sub-groups according to functionality and on the basis of their putative substrate specificity and internal homologies as collagenases, stromylisins, matrilysins, gelatinases, membrane associated MMP’s and MMP’s with no group designation.2 The members of the MMPs family are organized into three basic, distinctive, and well-conserved domains based on structural considerations: aminoterminal propeptide, catalytic domain, hemopexinlike domain at the carboxy-terminal (Figure 1). Though structural difference exist between MMPs, all MMPs require zinc and calcium ions to support their enzymatic activity. The enzyme is divided into three domains, N-terminal propeptide, catalytic domain and C- terminal domain.1

Classification

Based on the substrate specificity MMPs are classified into the following types: 3

1. Collagenases

MMP-1 (collagenase-1, interstitial collagenase) MMP-8 (collagenase-2, neutrophil collagenase) MMP-13 (collagenase-3)

2. Gelatinases

MMP-2 (gelatinase A, 72-kDa gelatinase) MMP-9 (gelatinase B, 92-kDa gelatinase)

3. Stromelysins

MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) MMP-10 (stromelysin-2) MMP-11 (stromelysin-3) MMP-12 (metalloelastase)

4. Matrilysins

MMP-7 (matrilysin, PUMP-1)

REVIEW ARTICLE

ABSTRACT

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that mediate the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. The controlled and co-ordinated synthesis, breakdown and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical events in normal physiological conditions like embryonic development, wound healing and angiogenesis that are brought about by MMPs. These enzymes have also been implicated in pathologic oral processessuch as periodontal tissue destruction, root caries, tumor invasion. MMPs are excreted by a variety of connective tissue and pro-inflammatory cells including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Currently 28 MMP genes have been identified in humans, and most are multidomain proteins. This review describes the members of the MMPs family and discusses substrate specificity, domain structure and function, the activation of proMMPs, the regulation of matrixin activity by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and their pathophysiological implication.

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MMP-26 (matrilysin-2)

5. MT-MMPs (Membrane type)

MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) MMP-15 (MT2-MMP) MMP-16 (MT3-MMP) MMP-17 (MT4-MMP) MMP-24 (MT5-MMP) MMP-25 (MT6-MMP)

6. Other MMPs

MMP-18 MMP-19

MMP-20 (enamelysin) MMP-21

MMP-23 MMP-27

MMP-28 (epilysin)

Regulation of MMPs

The activity of the MMPs is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, activation and inhibition.

Transcriptional regulation

At the level of transcription, cytokines and growth factors like TNF-á, IL-1, EGF, bFGF and PDGF can induce the production of MMPs, depending on the situation and cell type. Certain hormones (parathormone , progesterone, glucocorticoids), chemical agents (phorbol esters) as well as cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions can induce or repress the expression of MMPs.3

Proenzyme activation

MMPs are usually produced in latent, non-active form called zymogen. Activation is required for the enzyme function which involves removal of the prodomain. This can be achieved by several proteolytic enzymes, including serine proteinases together with other MMPs.

Inhibitors And Inhibition Of MMP Activity

In the extracellular matrix (ECM), the activity of MMP is controlled by specific inhibitors known as tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). TIMPs are small, multi-functional proteins that regulate MMP function both at the level of their activation and in their ability to hydrolyze a particular substrate. Four members of TIMP family have been so far described (TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4).1 It is recognized that a pathological breakdown of the ECM can be installed if there is excess of MMP activity in the tissue. The balance between production of MMPs and TIMPs represents a critical point to maintain the homeostasis of the ECM.5 For this reason; there is a great interest in

the development of synthetic inhibitors of MMP, which could be used in medical therapy. Most attention has been given to zinc chelating agents.1 A number of 'second generation' orally bioavailable MMP inhibitors have been evaluated in the clinic. The principal indications for which MMP inhibitors have been evaluated in the clinic are arthritis and cancer. A key issue with several of these agents is the dose limiting side effect of musculoskeletal pain and inflammation.6The ability of MMP inhibitors to restrict invasive tumor growth and metastasis has been demonstrated in a wide variety of animal cancer models.

Role Of Matrix Metalloproteinases

Matrix Metalloproteinases are expressed in response to specific stimuli by resident connective tissue cells as well as the major inflammatory cell types that invade the tissue during remodeling events.7 Evidences for the role of any particular metalloproteinase in a pathological process is provided by findings as the presence of metalloproteinase mRNA in lesional cells and activity of MMPs in lesions.8 Evidences suggest that collagenases could have a fundamental role during ECM degradation since these enzymes have the unique ability to cleave type I collagen that will be further degraded by others proteinases. It is believed that the multiplicity of MMP forms underlines the extreme importance of these enzymes for the maintenance and repair of the ECM.For tumor cells to metastasize, it produces MMPs in order to break away from its neighbours, force its way into the surrounding stroma, and penetrate the basement membrane.

MMPS and Oral Environment

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Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2);203-206 e ISSN:2320-2742 p ISSN: 2320-2734 Table 1: The matrix metalloproteinase family 4

MMP designation Structural class Common name(s)

MMP-1 Simple hemopexin

domain

Collagenase-1, interstitial collagenase, fibroblast collagenase, tissue collagenase

MMP-2 Gelatin-binding Gelatinase A, 72-kDa gelatinase, 72-kDa type IV collagenase,

neutrophil gelatinase

domain

Stromelysin-1, transin-1, proteoglycanase, procollagenaseactivating Protein

MMP-7 Minimal domain Matrilysin, matrin, PUMP1, small uterine metalloproteinase

domain

Collagenase-2, neutrophil collagenase, PMN collagenase, granulocyte collagenase

MMP-9 Gelatin-binding Gelatinase B, 92-kDa gelatinase, 92-kDa type IV collagenase

domain

Stromelysin-2, transin-2

MMP-11 Furin-activated and

secreted

Stromelysin-3

domain

Metalloelastase, macrophage elastase, macrophage Metalloelastase

domain

Collagenase-3

MMP-14 Transmembrane MT1-MMP, MT-MMP1

MMP-17 GPI-linked MT4-MMP, MT-MMP4

domain

Collagenase-4 (Xenopus; no human homologue known)

domain

RASI-1, MMP-18‡

domain

Enamelysin

MMP-21 Vitronectin-like insert Homologue of Xenopus XMMP

domain

CMMP (chicken; no human homologue known)

MMP23 Type II transmembrane|| Cysteine array MMP (CA-MMP), femalysin, MIFR,

MMP-21/MMP-22¶

MMP-25 GPI-linked MT6-MMP, MT-MMP6, leukolysin

MMP-26 Minimal domain Endometase, matrilysin-2

domain

MMP-28 Furin-activated and

secreted

Epilysin

No Designation Simple hemopexin domain

Mcol-A (Mouse)

No Designation Simple hemopexin domain

Mcol-B (Mouse)

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Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2);203-206 e ISSN:2320-2742 p ISSN: 2320-2734 Table 2: Biological activities mediated by MMP cleavage 5

CONCLUSION

This review provides basic information about MMPs and their role in matrix degradation. More research and studies are required to understand their role in both physiological and pathological process. Progress have been made in this area by biochemical studies of MMPs and their 3D

structures that have provided the molecular basis for understanding of how these multi-domain proteinases function and interact with ECM molecules and inhibitors. Structural and functional studies have also provided with clues as to how to manipulate their enzymatic activities. Based on those studies a large number of MMP

Biological effect Responsible MMPs Substrate cleaved

Keratinocyte migration and reepithelialization MMP-1 Type I collagen

Osteoclast activation MMP-13 Type I collagen

Neurite outgrowth MMP-2 Chondroitinsulphate proteoglycan

Adipocyte differentiation MMP-7, Fibronectin

Cell migration MMP-1,-2, and -3 Fibronectin

Cell migration MT1-MMP CD44

Mammary epithelial cell apoptosis MMP-3 Basement membrane

Mammary epithelial alveolar formation MMP-3 Basement membrane

Epithelial-mesenchymal conversion (mammary epithelial cells)

MMP-3 E-cadherin

Mesenchymal cell differentiation with inflammatory phenotype

MMP-2 Not identified

Platelet aggregation MMP-1 Not identified

Generation of angiostatin-like fragment MMP-3/7/9/12 Plasminogen

Generation of endostatin-like fragment MMPs Type XVIII collagen

Enhanced collagen affinity MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, and -13

(but not MMP-1)

BM-40 (SPARC/Osteonectin)

Kidney tubulogenesis MT1-MMP Type I collagen

Release of bFGF MMP-3, and -13 Perlecan

Increased bioavailability of IGF1 and cell proliferation

MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, and -19/ MMPs/MMP-11

IGFBP-3/5/1

Activation of VEGF MMPs CTGF

Epithelial cell migration 2, MT1-MMP,

MMP-19

Laminin 5g2 chain

Apoptosis (amnion epithelial cells) Collagenase Type I collagen

Pro-inflammatory MMP-1, -3, and -9 Processing IL-1h from the precursor

Tumor cell resistance MMP-9 ICAM-1

Anti-inflammatory MMP-1, -2, and -9 IL-1h degradation

Anti-inflammatory MMP-1, -2, -3, -13, -14 Monocyte chemoatractant protein-3

Increased bioavailability of TGF-h MMP-2,-3,-7 Decorin

Disrupted cell aggregation and increased cell invasion

MMP-3, MMP-7 E-cadherin

Reduced cell adhesion and spreading MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP,

MT3-MMP

Cell surface tissue transglutaminase

Fas-receptor mediated apoptosis MMP-7 Fas ligand

Pro-inflammatory MMP-7 Pro-TNFa

Osteocleast activation MMP-7 RANK ligand

Reduced IL-2 response MMP-9 IL-2Ra

PAR1 activation MMP-1 Protease activated receptor 1

Generation of vasoconstrictor MMP-2 Big endothelin

Conversion of vasodilator to vasoconstrictor MMP-2 Adrenomedullin

Vasocontriction and cell growth MMP-7 Heparin-binding EGF

Neuronal apoptosis leading to neurodegeneration

MMP-2 Stromal cell-derived factor 1a

(SDF-1)

Bioavailability of TGFh MMP-9 precursor of TGFh

Thymic neovascularization MMP-9 Collagen IV

Hypertrophic chondrocytes apoptosis and recruitment of osteoclast

MMP-9 Galactin-3

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inhibitors have been designed and synthesized and some were clinically tested for the treatment of patients with cancer but they showed little efficacy so far. The importance and role of MMPs have to be understood and accordingly new inhibitors of MMPs have to be invented to control the pathological activity of MMPs in events such as dental caries, periodontal breakdown and tumor progression.

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