Analysis and Design of Building Structures Aci 318r-11 With Seismic Considerations Ibc 2012

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(2) ONE MAN'S MAGIC IS ANOTHER MAN'S ENGINEERING.. SCIENTISTS INVESTIGATE THAT WHICH ALREADY IS; ENGINEERS CREATE THAT WHICH HAS NEVER BEEN.'.

(3) Compiled by: IMRAN AKBER “10CE03”          (Group Leader) . AQEEL JOKHIO “10CE131” (AGL) ASHFAQUE CHANNA “10CE143” MUHAMMAD SHOAIB “10CE147” Supervised By: PROF. PERVAIZ SHEIKH . DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO, SINDH Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering December 2013.

(4) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that MR. IMRAN AKBER (GROUP LEADER) MR. AQEEL JOKHIO (AGL) MR. ASHFAQUE CHANNA  . . “10CE03”            “10CE131” . .            “10CE143” . MR. MUHAMMAD SHOAIB   .            “10CE147” . Have completed the Thesis work entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES ACI 318R-11 WITH SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS IBC 2012” as a partial requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering.. (PERVAIZ SHEKH). (Dr. G. B. Khaskheli). Professor Department of Civil Engineering Mehran University Of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro. Chairman Department of Civil Engineering Mehran University Of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro.

(5) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Prof. Pervaiz Sheikh for the continuous support of our thesis, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped us in all time of research and writing of this thesis. Besides our supervisor, we would like to thank our professional structural engineers for their good advice and support on both academic and on personal level, for which we are extremely grateful; Sir Zahoor Ahmed Memon for compilation of our Section of Manual methods of Design and Sir Fahad Samo for compilation of our Automated Section of Analysis and Design using ETABS and SAFE.. i.

(6) ABSTRACT. We have worked under the title “Analysis & Design of Building Structures ACI 318R-11 with seismic considerations IBC 2012”. We have collected Methods and procedures of Analysis and Design of Building Structures along with Earthquake effects. We did it to introduce modern methods for seismic loads calculation despite of IBC has replaced UBC in the year of 2000, still our practices are being carried out as per UBC 1997. In this achievement we have got remarkable data from US Geological Survey which provided the basic parameters. Now, we learned to calculate Earthquake effects using modern procedures of IBC 2012. As observing present situation of Building Code of Pakistan we have achieved a new trend to do practice on.. ii.

(7) CONTENTS AT A GLANCE. . STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. Contents at a Glance. 1. Introduction to Structural Analysis 2. Structural Analysis: Basic Methods 3. Structural Analysis: Matrix Methods. . STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4. Introduction to Structural Design 5. Design of Structural Members. . EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN 6. Earthquakes and Fundamentals of Ground Motion 7. Structural Response 8. Seismic Loading UBC 1997 & BCP, SP 2007 9. International Building Code IBC 2012. . COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES 10. Seismic Analysis and Design of Multistoried RC Building using ETABS. iii.

(8) TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 1 1.1 . INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 . 1.2 . ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ............... 1 . 1.3 . CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES .............................................................................. 3 . 1.3.1 . Tension Structures ................................................................................................ 3 . 1.3.2 . Compressive Structures......................................................................................... 4 . 1.3.3 . Trusses.................................................................................................................. 4 . 1.3.4 . Shear Structures ................................................................................................... 5 . 1.3.5 . Bending Structures ............................................................................................... 6 . 1.4 . ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 6 . 1.4.1 . Free Body Diagrams .............................................................................................. 7 . 1.4.2 . Sign Convention .................................................................................................... 8 . 1.5 . STRUCTURAL RESPONSE ................................................................................................... 9 . CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................... 11 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: BASIC APPROACH .......................................................................... 11 2.1 . DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD ............................................................................. 11 . 2.1.1 . Elastic Curve ....................................................................................................... 11 . 2.1.2 . Load or Moment Function .................................................................................. 12 . 2.1.3 . Slope and Elastic Curve ....................................................................................... 12 . 2.2 . MOMENT AREA THEOREM .............................................................................................. 13 . 2.2.1 . M/EI Diagram ..................................................................................................... 13 . 2.2.2 . Elastic Curve ....................................................................................................... 14 . 2.2.3 . Moment‐Area Theorems ..................................................................................... 15 . 2.3 . CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD ............................................................................................ 16 . iv.

(9) v. 2.3.1 . Conjugate Beam ................................................................................................. 16 . 2.3.2 . Equilibrium ......................................................................................................... 17 . 2.4 . UNIT LOAD METHOD OR METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK ............................................................ 18 . 2.4.1 . Virtual Moments m or mu ................................................................................... 18 . 2.4.2 . Real Moments .................................................................................................... 19 . 2.4.3 . Virtual‐Work Equation ........................................................................................ 19 . 2.5 . THREE MOMENT EQUATIONS ........................................................................................... 20 . 2.6 . SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD ........................................................................................... 23 . 2.6.1 . Procedure ........................................................................................................... 24 . CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................... 26 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: MATRIX APPROACH ...................................................................... 26 3.1 . INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 26 . 3.1.1 . Force Analysis: .................................................................................................... 26 . 3.1.2 . Deformation Analysis: ........................................................................................ 26 . 3.1.3 . Requirement ....................................................................................................... 26 . 3.2 . FLEXIBILITY AND STIFFNESS ............................................................................................. 27 . 3.3 . FORCE OR FLEXIBILITY METHOD ........................................................................................ 27 . 3.3.1 . Basic concepts of Force or Flexibility method ...................................................... 27 . 3.3.2 . Flexibility Coefficient ........................................................................................... 28 . 3.3.3 . Generation of Flexibility Matrices [3.3] ............................................................... 28 . 3.3.4 . Procedure to Apply Force Method ...................................................................... 32 . 3.4 . DISPLACEMENT OR STIFFNESS METHOD .............................................................................. 32 . 3.4.1 . Basic concepts of Displacement or Stiffness method: .......................................... 32 . 3.4.2 . Stiffness, Stiffness Coefficient and Stiffness Matrix: ............................................ 33 . 3.4.3 . Principles of Stiffness Method for Beams and Plane Frames ............................... 34 . 3.4.4 . Generation of Stiffness Matrices [3.4] ................................................................. 34 .

(10) vi. 3.4.5 . Direct Stiffness Method ...................................................................................... 54 . 3.4.6 . Procedure to Apply Displacement Method .......................................................... 56 . 3.5 . COMPARISON OF BOTH METHODS .................................................................................... 56 . CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................... 58 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN ........................................................................... 58 4.1 . REINFORCED CONCRETE ................................................................................................. 58 . 4.2 . ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ........................... 60 . 4.3 . STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 61 . 4.3.1 4.4 . Objectives ........................................................................................................... 61 . DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS...................................................................... 61 . 4.4.1 . Working Stress Method (WSM)........................................................................... 62 . 4.4.2 . Unified Design Method (UDM) ............................................................................ 62 . 4.4.3 . Ultimate Load Method (ULM) ............................................................................. 63 . 4.4.4 . Limit States Method (LSM).................................................................................. 64 . 4.4.5 . Summary of Design Methods .............................................................................. 67 . 4.5 . CODES OF PRACTICE ...................................................................................................... 68 . 4.5.1 . Purpose of Codes ................................................................................................ 68 . 4.5.2 . Basic Codes for Design ........................................................................................ 68 . 4.6 . LOADS ....................................................................................................................... 69 . 4.7 . SAFETY PROVISIONS [4.2] .............................................................................................. 71 . CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................... 73 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS .................................................................................... 73 5.1 . INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 73 . 5.2 . RECTANGULAR BEAMS ................................................................................................... 74 . 5.2.1 . Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits [5.1] .................................................. 74 . 5.2.2 . Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution ........................................................ 78 .

(11) vii. 5.2.3 5.3 . Beam Design ....................................................................................................... 81 . ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T SECTIONS ........................................................................ 92 . 5.3.1 . Description ......................................................................................................... 92 . 5.3.2 . Effective Width ................................................................................................... 93 . 5.3.3 . T ‐Sections Behaving as Rectangular Sections ..................................................... 94 . 5.3.4 . Analysis of a T‐Section ........................................................................................ 96 . 5.3.5 . Design of T‐Sections ............................................................................................ 99 . 5.4 . COLUMNS ................................................................................................................. 102 . 5.4.1 . Types of Columns .............................................................................................. 102 . 5.4.2 . Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns ................................................................. 105 . 5.4.3 . ACI Code Limitations ......................................................................................... 107 . 5.4.4 . Spiral Reinforcement ........................................................................................ 111 . 5.4.5 . DESIGN EQUATIONS ......................................................................................... 113 . 5.5 . ONE WAY SLABS ......................................................................................................... 115 . 5.5.1 . One‐Way Beam–Slab Systems .......................................................................... 115 . 5.5.2 . Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement ..................................................... 118 . 5.5.3 . Design of One‐Way Solid Slabs ......................................................................... 119 . 5.6 . TWO‐WAY SLABS ....................................................................................................... 126 . 5.6.1 . Types of Two‐Way Slabs ................................................................................... 126 . 5.6.2 . Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems ................................................... 130 . 5.6.3 . Design Concepts ............................................................................................... 130 . 5.6.4 . Column and Middle Strips ................................................................................. 131 . 5.6.5 . Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection ................................................. 133 . 5.6.6 . Analysis of Two‐Way Slabs by The Direct Design Method ................................. 136 . 5.6.7 . Summary of the Direct Design Method (DDM) .................................................. 145 . 5.7 . FOUNDATIONS ........................................................................................................... 148 . 5.7.1 . Types of Foundations ........................................................................................ 150 .

(12) viii. 5.7.2 . Distribution of Soil Pressure .............................................................................. 153 . 5.7.3 . Design Considerations [5.1] .............................................................................. 154 . 5.7.4 . Combined Footings ........................................................................................... 162 . 5.7.5 . Footings under Eccentric Column Loads ............................................................ 165 . CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................... 168 EARTHQUAKES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUND MOTION ............................................. 168 6.1 . EARTHQUAKES ........................................................................................................... 168 . 6.2 . FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION ........................................................ 172 . 6.2.1 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 172 . 6.2.2 . Recorded Ground Motion ................................................................................. 173 . 6.2.3 . Characteristics of Earthquake Ground Motion .................................................. 174 . 6.2.4 . Factors Influencing Ground Motion .................................................................. 174 . CHAPTER 7 ......................................................................................................................... 175 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE .................................................................................................... 175 7.1 . GENERAL ............................................................................................................... 175 . 7.2 . STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION ....................................................................................... 175 . 7.3 . MEMBER CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................... 180 . CHAPTER 8 ......................................................................................................................... 182 SEISMIC LOADING UBC 1997 & BCP, SP 2007 ...................................................................... 182 8.1 . BUILDING CODES ........................................................................................................ 182 . 8.2 . UNIFORM BUILDING CODE, UBC 1997 ........................................................................... 183 . 8.2.1 8.3 . Division IV—Earthquake Design [8.3] ............................................................... 183 . BUILDING CODE OF PAKISTAN, SEISMIC PROVISION, BCP SP, 2007 ......................................... 195 . 8.3.1 . Static lateral force procedure ........................................................................... 196 . 8.3.2 . Dynamic lateral force procedure ....................................................................... 196 .

(13) ix. CHAPTER 9 ......................................................................................................................... 208 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2012 .............................................................................. 208 9.1 . SECTION 1613 ‐ EARTHQUAKE LOADS ............................................................................ 208 . 9.2 . IBC DESIGN CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 209 . 9.2.1 . Mapped Acceleration Parameters .................................................................... 209 . 9.2.2 . Site Class........................................................................................................... 210 . 9.2.3 . Site Coefficients and Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral . Response Acceleration Parameters .......................................................................................... 210 9.2.4 . Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters [9.4] ................................................. 210 . 9.2.5 . Design Response Spectrum ............................................................................... 210 . 9.2.6 . Importance Factor and Occupancy Category [9.4] ............................................ 211 . 9.2.7 . Seismic Design Category ................................................................................... 212 . 9.3 . DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY A ................................................. 212 . 9.4 . DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES B, C, D, E, AND F [9.4] ................. 213 . 9.4.1 . Structural System Selection ............................................................................... 214 . 9.4.2 . Structural Irregularities ..................................................................................... 218 . 9.4.3 . Analysis Procedure Selection............................................................................. 218 . 9.4.4 . Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure .................................................................. 219 . 9.4.5 . P‐∆ Effect .......................................................................................................... 239 . 9.4.6 . Diaphragm ....................................................................................................... 240 . 9.4.7 . Building Separation .......................................................................................... 241 . 9.4.8 . Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Walls ......................................................... 241 . CHAPTER 10 ....................................................................................................................... 242 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED RC BUILDING USING ETABS ................. 242 10.1 . ETABS (EXTENDED 3D ANALYSIS OF BUILDING SYSTEM) ..................................................... 242 . 10.1.1 . Features and Benefits of ETABS .................................................................... 242 .

(14) x. 10.2 . PROJECT ................................................................................................................... 243 . 10.2.1 . General Description ..................................................................................... 243 . 10.2.2 . Drawings ...................................................................................................... 243 . 10.3 . ETABS 2013 ............................................................................................................. 244 . 10.3.1 . Material Properties ...................................................................................... 244 . 10.3.2 . Load Cases ................................................................................................... 244 . 10.3.3 . Analysis ........................................................................................................ 245 . CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 261 APPENDIX – A .................................................................................................................... 262 FIXED‐END MOMENTS ....................................................................................................... 262 APPENDIX‐B....................................................................................................................... 263 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR SELECTED LOADING CASES ........... 263 APPENDIX‐C ....................................................................................................................... 266 VALUES FOR RU MAX, . ,. ........................................................................................... 266 . APPENDIX‐D ...................................................................................................................... 266 REBAR SIZE / SPACING CHART ............................................................................................ 266 APPENDIX‐E ....................................................................................................................... 268 REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AIDS .......................................................................................... 268 APPENDIX‐F ....................................................................................................................... 269 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF BEAMS & ONE‐WAY SOLID SLABS .............................................. 269 APPENDIX‐G ...................................................................................................................... 270 MINIMUM BEAM WIDTH (IN.) USING STIRRUPS ................................................................. 270 APPENDIX‐H ...................................................................................................................... 271 .

(15) xi. RECTANGULAR SECTIONS WITH COMPRESSION STEEL MINIMUM STEEL PERCENTAGE FOR COMPRESSION STEEL TO YIELD .................................................................................................... 271 APPENDIX‐I ........................................................................................................................ 272 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE (KSI) .................................................................... 272 APPENDIX‐J ....................................................................................................................... 273 AREAS OF GROUPS OF STANDARD U.S. BARS IN SQUARE INCHES ....................................... 273 .......................................................................................................................................... 273 APPENDIX‐K ....................................................................................................................... 274 AREAS OF BARS IN SLABS (SQUARE INCHES PER FOOT) ....................................................... 274 APPENDIX‐L ....................................................................................................................... 275 CENTROIDS OF AREAS ........................................................................................................ 275 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 276 .

(16) LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE 1.2‐1: A FLOWCHART SHOWING THE VARIOUS PHASES OF A TYPICAL STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT ............ 2 FIGURE 1.3‐1: TENSION STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................ 3 FIGURE 1.3‐2: COMPRESSION STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 1.3‐3: TRUSSES .............................................................................................................................. 5 FIGURE 1.3‐4: SHEAR STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................... 5 FIGURE 1.3‐5: BENDING STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................ 6 FIGURE 1.4‐1: ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 7 FIGURE 1.4‐2: FREE BODY DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................. 8 FIGURE 1.4‐3: SIGN CONVENTION ................................................................................................................ 9 FIGURE 2.1‐1: DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD ............................................................................................. 11 FIGURE 2.1‐2: ELASTIC CURVE ................................................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 2.2‐1: MOMENT AREA METHOD ...................................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 2.2‐2: MOMENT DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 2.2‐3: ELASTIC CURVE (A) ............................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 2.2‐4: ELASTIC CURVE (B) ............................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 2.3‐1: CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD .................................................................................................. 17 FIGURE 2.4‐1: VIRTUAL LOAD .................................................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 2.4‐2: VIRTUAL MOMENT .............................................................................................................. 18 FIGURE 2.4‐3: REAL LOAD ......................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2.4‐4: REAL MOMENT ................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2.4‐5: UNIT LOAD EQUATION .......................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2.5‐1: THREE MOMENTS METHOD ................................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 2.6‐1: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD ................................................................................................. 24 FIGURE 3.3‐1: STRUCTURE WITH SINGLE FLEXIBILITY COORDINATE ...................................................................... 28 FIGURE 3.3‐2: STRUCTURE WITH TWO FLEXIBILITY COORDINATES ....................................................................... 29 . xii.

(17) xiii. FIGURE 3.3‐3: STRUCTURE WITH THREE FLEXIBILITY COORDINATES ...................................................................... 30 FIGURE 3.4‐1: MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO VARYING AXIAL LOAD ........................................................................... 33 FIGURE 3.4‐2: GRAPH OF LOAD VERSES DISPLACEMENT .................................................................................... 33 FIGURE 3.4‐3: SINGLE COORDINATE ............................................................................................................ 34 FIGURE 3.4‐4: MOMENT DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................. 35 FIGURE 3.4‐5: TWO COORDINATES ............................................................................................................. 35 FIGURE 3.4‐6 ......................................................................................................................................... 35 FIGURE 3.4‐7 ......................................................................................................................................... 36 FIGURE 3.4‐8 ......................................................................................................................................... 37 FIGURE 3.4‐9: FRAME .............................................................................................................................. 38 FIGURE 3.4‐10: FRAME (A) ....................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 3.4‐11 ....................................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 3.4‐12 ....................................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 3.4‐13: THREE COORDINATES STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS ......................................................................... 43 FIGURE 3.4‐14: MEMBER OR ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX .............................................................................. 44 FIGURE 3.4‐15: STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS ..................................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 3.4‐16: STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS ..................................................................................................... 48 FIGURE 3.4‐17 ....................................................................................................................................... 50 FIGURE 3.4‐18 ....................................................................................................................................... 52 FIGURE 3.4‐19: DIRECT STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD ...................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 3.5‐1: FLEXIBILITY AND STIFFNESS COMPARISON .................................................................................. 57 FIGURE 4.1‐1: REINFORCED CONCRETE ........................................................................................................ 59 FIGURE 5.2‐1: REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM ............................................................................................... 74 FIGURE 5.2‐2: STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAMS .............................................................................................. 75 FIGURE 5.2‐3:STRAIN LIMIT DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................... 77 FIGURE 5.2‐4: BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION ............................................................................................... 77 FIGURE 5.2‐5: ULTIMATE FORCES IN A RECTANGULAR SECTION .......................................................................... 79 .

(18) xiv. FIGURE 5.2‐6: VALUES OF BETA FOR DIFFERENT FC'. ....................................................................................... 80 FIGURE 5.2‐7: INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM OF RCC SECTION ................................................................................. 80 FIGURE 5.2‐8: LOAD FACTOR COMBINATIONS ............................................................................................... 82 FIGURE 5.2‐9: STRESS IN BEAM .................................................................................................................. 83 FIGURE 5.2‐10: CRITICAL SHEAR................................................................................................................. 86 FIGURE 5.2‐11: DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM. ............................................................................. 88 FIGURE 5.3‐1: (A)  T‐SECTION AND (B)  I‐SECTION,  WITH (C)  ILLUSTRATION  OF EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH B_E ............ 93 FIGURE 5.3‐2: EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH OF T‐BEAMS ..................................................................................... 94 FIGURE 5.3‐3: RECTANGULAR SECTION BEHAVIOR (A)  WHEN THE  NEUTRAL AXIS LIES  WITHIN THE FLANGE AND (B) WHEN THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION DEPTH EQUALS THE SLAB THICKNESS. ................................................................. 95 . FIGURE 5.3‐4: T‐SECTION BEHAVIOR. ........................................................................................................... 96 FIGURE 5.3‐5:T ‐SECTION ANALYSIS. ............................................................................................................ 97 FIGURE 5.3‐6: ACI CODE, SECTION 8.12 ..................................................................................................... 99 FIGURE 5.4‐1 TYPES OF COLUMNS ............................................................................................................. 103 FIGURE 5.4‐2: FAILURE OF SHORT COLUMN ................................................................................................ 104 FIGURE 5.4‐3: FAILURE OF LONG COLUMN ................................................................................................. 104 FIGURE 5.4‐4: FAILURE OF TIED COLUMN ................................................................................................... 104 FIGURE 5.4‐5: FAILURE OF SPIRAL COLUMN ................................................................................................ 105 FIGURE 5.4‐6: BEHAVIOR OF TIED AND SPIRAL COLUMNS ................................................................................ 106 FIGURE 5.4‐7: ACI CODE, SECTION 10.9.1 ................................................................................................ 108 FIGURE 5.4‐8: ACI CODE, SECTION 10.9.2 ................................................................................................ 108 FIGURE 5.4‐9: ARRANGEMENT OF BARS AND TIES IN COLUMNS ........................................................................ 109 FIGURE 5.4‐10: ACI CODE, SECTION 7 .10.4 .............................................................................................. 110 FIGURE 5.4‐11: ACI CODE, SECTION 7 .10.5 .............................................................................................. 110 FIGURE 5.4‐12: DIMENSIONS OF A COLUMN SPIRAL ...................................................................................... 112 FIGURE 5.4‐13: ACI CODE, SECTION 10.3.6 .............................................................................................. 114 FIGURE 5.5‐1: ONE WAY SLAB .................................................................................................................. 115 .

(19) xv. FIGURE 5.5‐2: MOMENTS AND REINFORCEMENT LOCATIONS IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS ........................................... 117 FIGURE 5.5‐3: CRITICAL SHEAR (A) ............................................................................................................ 118 FIGURE 5.5‐4: CRITICAL SHEAR (B) ............................................................................................................ 118 FIGURE 5.5‐5: ONE‐WAY SLAB BAR BENDING AND PLACING DETAIL ................................................................... 118 FIGURE 5.5‐6: ACI CODE, SECTION 7.12.2 ................................................................................................ 119 FIGURE 5.5‐7: RECTANGULAR STRIP IN ONE WAY SLAB ................................................................................... 120 FIGURE 5.5‐8: ACL CODE, SECTION 8.3 ..................................................................................................... 121 FIGURE 5.5‐9: MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS ..................................................... 122 FIGURE 5.5‐10: COVER IN SLABS ............................................................................................................... 123 FIGURE 5.5‐11: ACI CODE, SECTION 7.6.5 ................................................................................................ 125 FIGURE 5.6‐1: TWO‐WAY SLABS ON BEAMS ............................................................................................... 126 FIGURE 5.6‐2: FLAT SLABS ...................................................................................................................... 127 FIGURE 5.6‐3: FLAT SLABS WITH DROP PANELS AND COLUMN CAPITALS ............................................................. 127 FIGURE 5.6‐4: FLAT SLABS WITH DROP PANELS ONLY ..................................................................................... 128 FIGURE 5.6‐5: FLAT SLABS WITH COLUMN CAPITALS ONLY .............................................................................. 128 FIGURE 5.6‐6: FLAT‐PLATE FLOORS ........................................................................................................... 129 FIGURE 5.6‐7: WAFFLE SLAB ................................................................................................................... 129 FIGURE 5.6‐8: COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS; X = 0.25/1 OR 0.25H WHICHEVER IS SMALLER. ................................ 132 FIGURE 5.6‐9 BENDING MOMENT IN A FIXED – END BEAM. .............................................................................. 137 FIGURE 5.6‐10 CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR NEGATIVE DESIGN MOMENTS. A‐A, SECTION FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT AT EXTERIOR SUPPORT WITH BRACKET. ................................................................................................................ 138 . FIGURE 5.6‐11: DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN AN INTERIOR PANEL. ................................................................ 139 FIGURE 5.6‐12 EXTERIOR PANEL. .............................................................................................................. 140 FIGURE 5.6‐13 DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL STATIC MOMENT INTO NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE SPAN MOMENTS. ................ 142 FIGURE 5.6‐14 WIDTH OF THE EQUIVALENT RIGID FRAME (EQUAL SPANS IN THIS FIGURE) AND DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN FLAT PLATES, FLAT SLABS, AND WAFFLE SLABS WITH NO BEAMS. ........................................................... 143 . FIGURE 5.7‐15.7‐8: DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL PRESSURE ASSUMING UNIFORM PRESSURE ......................................... 153 .

(20) xvi. FIGURE 5.7‐25.7‐9: SOIL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN COHESION LESS SOIL (SAND) ............................................... 154 FIGURE 6.1‐1: EARTH'S TECTONIC PLATES ................................................................................................... 168 FIGURE 6.1‐2: DIGITAL TECTONIC ACTIVITY MAP OF THE EARTH ...................................................................... 169 FIGURE 6.1‐3: EARTHQUAKE WAVES ......................................................................................................... 170 FIGURE 6.1‐4: EPICENTER ....................................................................................................................... 171 FIGURE 6.1‐5: EFFECT OF INERTIA IN A BUILDING WHEN SHAKEN AT ITS BASE ....................................................... 171 FIGURE 6.1‐6: INERTIA FORCE AND RELATIVE MOTION WITHIN A BUILDING ......................................................... 171 FIGURE 6.1‐7: ARRIVAL OF SEISMIC WAVES AT A SITE ..................................................................................... 172 FIGURE 6.2‐1: EARTHQUAKE RECORD ........................................................................................................ 173 FIGURE 7.2‐1: MODAL SHAPES FOR A THREE STOREY BUILDING (A) FIRST MODE; (B) SECOND MODE; (C) THIRD MODE .. 176 FIGURE 7.2‐2: UPPER STOREYS OF OPEN GROUND STOREY MOVE TOGETHER AS SINGLE BLOCK ................................ 177 FIGURE 7.2‐3: GROUND STOREY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING LEFT OPEN TO FACILITATE ............................. 177 FIGURE 7.2‐4: SIMPLE PLAN SHAPE BUILDINGS DO WELL DURING EARTHQUAKE.................................................... 178 FIGURE 7.2‐5: BUILDINGS WITH ONE OF THEIR OVERALL SIZES MUCH LARGER OR MUCH SMALLER THAN OTHER TWO .... 179 FIGURE 7.2‐6: BUILDINGS WITH SETBACKS .................................................................................................. 179 FIGURE 7.2‐7: HAMMERING OR POUNDING ................................................................................................ 180 FIGURE 7.3‐1: FRAME SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADING (A) DEFLECTED SHAPE; (B) MOMENTS ACTING ON BEAM‐COLUMN JOINT ......................................................................................................................................... 181 . FIGURE 8.2‐1: SECTION 1612.2 LOAD COMBINTIONS ................................................................................... 187 FIGURE 8.3‐1: SESIMIC HAZARD ZONES OF PAKISTAN [8.4] ............................................................................. 198 FIGURE 8.3‐2: SEISMIC ZONING OF PAKISTAN [8.4] ...................................................................................... 199 FIGURE 8.3‐3: SEISMIC ZONING SINDH [8.4] .............................................................................................. 200 FIGURE 8.3‐4: SEISMIC ZONING PUNJAB [8.4] ............................................................................................ 201 FIGURE 8.3‐5: SEISMIC ZONING BALUCHISTAN [8.4] ..................................................................................... 202 FIGURE 8.3‐6: SEISMIC ZONING KPK, JK, NORTHERN AREAS [8.4] .................................................................. 203 FIGURE 9.2‐1: DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM ............................................................................................... 211 FIGURE 9.4‐1: BEARING WALL SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 215 .

(21) xvii. FIGURE 9.4‐2: BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 216 FIGURE 9.4‐3: MOMENT‐RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM FBD ............................................................................... 216 FIGURE 9.4‐4: MOMENT‐RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 217 FIGURE 9.4‐5: SHEAR WALL‐FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 218 FIGURE 9.4‐6: SCHEMATIC CENTER OF MASS IN SHEAR WALL ........................................................................... 236 FIGURE 9.4‐7: CANTILEVER SHEAR‐WALL DEFLECTION .................................................................................... 236 FIGURE 9.4‐8: SCHEMATIC CENTER OF RIGIDITY IN A SHEAR WALL ..................................................................... 236 FIGURE 9.4‐9: SHEAR DISTRIBUTION FORMULATION ...................................................................................... 238 .

(22) LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.3‐1: CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD ................................................................................................... 16 TABLE 4.4‐1: SUMMARY OF DESIGN METHODS .............................................................................................. 67 TABLE 4.6‐1: TYPICAL UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED DESIGN LOADS ........................................................................ 70 TABLE 4.6‐2: DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS ............................................................... 71 TABLE 5.2‐1: BENDING MOMENTS .............................................................................................................. 82 TABLE 5.2‐2: BAR DIAMETER CHART ........................................................................................................... 84 TABLE 5.4‐1: MAXIMUM SPACINGS OF TIES ................................................................................................ 111 TABLE 5.4‐2: SPIRALS FOR CIRCULAR COLUMNS (FY = 60 KSI) ......................................................................... 112 TABLE 5.5‐1: MINIMUM THICKNESS H OF NON‐PRESTRESSED ONE‐WAY SLABS .................................................... 116 TABLE 5.5‐2:ACI CODE, TABLE 9.5A ......................................................................................................... 123 TABLE 5.5‐3: ACI CODE, TABLE 9.5B ........................................................................................................ 124 TABLE 5.6‐1: MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS ................................................................................................... 134 TABLE 5.6‐2 DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN AN END PANEL .......................................................................... 141 TABLE 5.6‐3 PERCENTAGE OF LONGITUDINAL MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIPS, INTERIOR PANELS (ACI CODE, SECTION 13.6.4) ..................................................................................................................................... 142 TABLE 5.6‐4 PERCENTAGE OF MOMENTS IN TWO‐WAY INTERIOR SLABS WITHOUT BEAMS (Α1 = 0) ........................ 143 TABLE 5.6‐5 PERCENTAGE OF LONGITUDINAL MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIPS, EXTERIOR PANELS (ACI CODE, SECTION 13.6.4) ..................................................................................................................................... 144 TABLE 5.6‐6 PERCENTAGE OF LONGITUDINAL MOMENT IN COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS, EXTERIOR PANELS (FOR ALL RATIOS OF L2/L1 ), GIVEN Α1 = Β1= 0 ................................................................................................ 144 TABLE 8.2‐1: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ............................... 190 TABLE 8.2‐2: SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR Z ................................................................................................. 190 TABLE 8.2‐3: SOIL PROFILE TYPES ........................................................................................................ 190 TABLE 8.2‐4: OCCUPANCY CATEGORY ................................................................................................. 191 TABLE 8.2‐5: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 192 . xviii.

(23) xix. TABLE 8.2‐6: SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CA ................................................................................................. 194 TABLE 8.2‐7: SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CV ................................................................................................. 194 TABLE 8.3‐1: SEISMIC ZONES OF TEHSILS OF PAKISTAN (A) [8.4] ..................................................................... 204 TABLE 8.3‐2: SEISMIC ZONES OF TEHSILS OF PAKISTAN (B) [8.4] ..................................................................... 205 TABLE 8.3‐3: SEISMIC ZONES OF TEHSILS OF PAKISTAN (C) [8.4] ..................................................................... 206 TABLE 8.3‐4: SEISMIC ZONES OF TEHSILS OF PAKISTAN (D) [8.4] ..................................................................... 207 TABLE 9.4‐1: PERMITTED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 219 TABLE 9.4‐2: VALUE OF CT AND X ............................................................................................................. 223 TABLE 9.4‐3: COEFFICIENT FOR UPPER LIMIT ON CALCULATED PERIOD .............................................................. 224 TABLE 9.4‐4: ALLOWABLE STORY DRIFT (ΔA) .............................................................................................. 224 TABLE 9.4‐5: GROUND MOTION SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION FOR SOME CITIES OF SINDH [9.3] .................. 225 TABLE 9.4‐6: SITE CLASSIFICATION: ........................................................................................................... 226 TABLE 9.4‐7: VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT FA ..................................................................................... 227 TABLE 9.4‐8: VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT FV ..................................................................................... 227 TABLE 9.4‐9: SEISMIC IMPORTANCE .......................................................................................................... 228 TABLE 9.4‐10: SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BASED ON SHORT PERIOD RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETER ........... 229 TABLE 9.4‐11: SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BASED ON 1‐SECOND PERIOD RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETER ...... 229 TABLE 9.4‐12: DESIGN COEFFICIENTS AND FACTORS FOR SEISMIC FORCE‐RESISTING SYSTEMS ............................... 230 TABLE 9.4‐13: ALLOWABLE STORY DRIFT (ΔA) ............................................................................................ 239 .

No results found