10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Ch 07 HW Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, October 14, 2014 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Work on a Sliding Box
A box of mass is sliding along a horizontal surface. Part AThe box leaves position with speed . The box is slowed by a constant frictional force until it comes to rest at position .
Find , the magnitude of the average frictional force that acts on the box. (Since you don't know the coefficient of friction, don't include it in your answer.) Express the frictional force in terms of , , and . Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use the workenergy theorem. As applied to this part, the theorem states that the work done by friction is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the box: .
Find , , and (which will depend on ), then solve for . Hint 2. Find the initial kinetic energy What is , the kinetic energy of the box at position ? ANSWER: Hint 3. Find the final kinetic energy What is , the kinetic energy of the box when it reaches position ? ANSWER: Hint 4. Find the work done by friction Find , the work done by friction on the box. Note that the work done by friction is always negative (i.e., friction always dissipates energy). Express your answer in terms of and other given variables. ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
Part Bm
x = 0
v
0x = x
1F
fm v
0x
1= ΔK =
−
W
fK
fK
iK
iK
fW
fF
fF
fK
ix = 0
=K
i 12m
v
02K
fx = x
1 = 0K
fW
fF
f =W
f−F
fx
1 =F
f mv2x02 110/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
After the box comes to rest at position , a person starts pushing the box, giving it a speed .
When the box reaches position (where ), how much work has the person done on the box? Assume that the box reaches after the person has accelerated it from rest to speed . Express the work in terms of , , , , and . Hint 1. How to approach the problem Again, use the workenergy theorem. In this part of the problem, both the person and friction are doing work on the box: . Hint 2. Find the work done by friction
What is , the total work done by friction on the box as the person pushes it from position to position ?
Answer in terms of given variables. (Your answer should not include .)
Hint 1. Finding the force of friction
The normal force on the box is unchanged from partA. Therefore, the force of friction is the same in this part as in part A.
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy
What is , the change in kinetic energy of the box from the moment it is at position to the moment it is at position ? ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
Introduction to Potential Energy
Learning Goal: Understand that conservative forces can be removed from the work integral by incorporating them into a new form of energy called potential energy that must be added to the kinetic energy to get the total mechanical energy. The first part of this problem contains shortanswer questions that review the workenergy theorem. In the second part we introduce the concept of potential energy. But for now, please answer in terms of the workenergy theorem. WorkEnergy Theorem The workenergy theorem states ,where is the work done by all forces that act on the object, and and are the initial and final kinetic energies, respectively.
Part A The workenergy theorem states that a force acting on a particle as it moves over a ______ changes the ______ energy of the particle if the force has a
x
1v
1x
2x
2>
x
1W
px
2v
1m v
0x
1x
2v
1+
= ΔK =
−
W
fW
pK
fK
iW
fx
1x
2F
f =W
f −(mv022x)( − )x2 x1 1ΔK
x
1x
2 =ΔK
1m
2v
12 =W
p(
12mvx102)( − )+ m
x
2x
1 12v
12=
+
K
fK
iW
allW
allK
iK
f10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW component parallel to the motion. Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above: ANSWER:
Correct
It is important that the force have a component acting in the direction of motion. For example, if a ball is attached to a string and whirled in uniform circular motion, the string does apply a force to the ball, but since the string's force is always perpendicular to the motion it does no work and cannot change the kinetic energy of the ball. Part B To calculate the change in energy, you must know the force as a function of _______. The work done by the force causes the energy change. Choose the best answer to fill in the blank above: ANSWER:Correct
Part CTo illustrate the workenergy concept, consider the case of a stone falling from to under the influence of gravity.
Using the workenergy concept, we say that work is done by the gravitational _____, resulting in an increase of the ______ energy of the stone. Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above: ANSWER:
Correct
Potential Energy You should read about potential energy in your text before answering the following questions. Potential energy is a concept that builds on the workenergy theorem, enlarging the concept of energy in the most physically useful way. The key aspect that allows for potential energy is the existence of conservative forces, forces for which the work done on an object does not depend on the path of the object, only the initial and final positions of the object. The gravitational force is conservative; the frictional force is not. The change in potential energy is the negative of the work done by conservative forces. Hence considering the initial and final potential energies is equivalent to calculating the work done by the conservative forces. When potential energy is used, it replaces the work done by the associated conservative force. Then only the work due to nonconservative forces needs to be calculated. In summary, when using the concept of potential energy, only nonconservative forces contribute to the work, which now changes the total energy: ,where and are the final and initial potential energies, and is the work due only to nonconservative forces. distance / potential distance / kinetic vertical displacement / potential none of the above acceleration work distance potential energy
x
ix
f force / kinetic potential energy / potential force / potential potential energy / kinetic+
=
=
+
=
+
+
K
fU
fE
fW
ncE
iW
ncK
iU
iU
fU
iW
nc10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Now, we will revisit the falling stone example using the concept of potential energy. Part D Rather than ascribing the increased kinetic energy of the stone to the work of gravity, we now (when using potential energy rather than workenergy) say that the increased kinetic energy comes from the ______ of the _______ energy. Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above: ANSWER:
Correct
Part E This process happens in such a way that total mechanical energy, equal to the ______ of the kinetic and potential energies, is _______. Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks above: ANSWER:Correct
Potential Energy Calculations
Learning Goal: To understand the relationship between the force and the potential energy changes associated with that force and to be able to calculate the changes in potential energy as definite integrals. Imagine that a conservative force field is defined in a certain region of space. Does this sound too abstract? Well, think of a gravitational field (the one that makes apples fall down and keeps the planets orbiting) or an electrostatic field existing around any electrically charged object. If a particle is moving in such a field, its change in potential energy does not depend on the particle's path and is determined only by the particle's initial and final positions. Recall that, in general, the component of the net force acting on a particle equals the negative derivative of the potential energy function along the corresponding axis: . Therefore, the change in potential energy can be found as the integral ,where is the change in potential energy for a particle moving from point 1 to point 2, is the net force acting on the particle at a given point of its path, and is a small displacement of the particle along its path from 1 to 2.
Evaluating such an integral in a general case can be a tedious and lengthy task. However, two circumstances make it easier:
1. Because the result is pathindependent, it is always possible to consider the most straightforward way to reach point 2 from point 1. 2. The most common realworld fields are rather simply defined.
In this problem, you will practice calculating the change in potential energy for a particle moving in three common force fields.
Note that, in the equations for the forces, is the unit vector in the x direction, is the unit vector in the y direction, and is the unit vector in the radial work / potential force / kinetic change / potential sum / conserved sum / zero sum / not conserved difference / conserved
= −
F
x dU(x)dxΔU = −
∫
12F ⃗ s⃗
⋅d
ΔU
F ⃗
ds⃗
i^
j^
r^
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW direction in case of a spherically symmetrical force field. Part A Consider a uniform gravitational field (a fair approximation near the surface of a planet). Find , where and . Express your answer in terms of , , , and . Hint 1. Relative directions of and
Note that and are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is, . ANSWER:
Correct
Part B Consider the force exerted by a spring that obeys Hooke's law. Find , where , and the spring constant is positive. Express your answer in terms of , , and . Hint 1. Relative directions of andNote that and are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is, . ANSWER:
Correct
Part C Finally, consider the gravitational force generated by a spherically symmetrical massive object. The magnitude and direction of such a force are given by Newton's law of gravity: , where ; , , and are constants; and . FindU( )− U( ) = −
y
fy
0∫
yf⋅d
y0F ⃗
gs⃗
= −mg
F ⃗
gj^
d = dy
s⃗
j^
m g y
0y
fF ⃗
gds⃗
F ⃗
gds⃗
⋅ d = −mg dy
F ⃗
gs⃗
=U( ) − U( )
y
fy
0mg( − )
y
fy
0U( )− U( ) = −
x
fx
0∫
xx0fF ⃗
s⋅d
s⃗
= −kx , d = dx
F ⃗
si^
s⃗
i^
k
k x
0x
fF ⃗
sds⃗
F ⃗
sds⃗
⋅ d = −kx dx
F ⃗
ss⃗
=U( ) − U( )
x
fx
0.5k(
x
f2−
x
02)
= −
F ⃗
G Gmr12m2r^
d = dr
s⃗
r^ G m
1m
2r > 0
⃗
⃗
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
.
Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
Hint 1. Relative directions of and
Note that and are parallel, and their dot product is simply the product of their magnitudes. That is, . Hint 2. Integrating Recall that . Carefully account for all the negative signs in your calculations. ANSWER:
Correct
As you can see, the change in potential energy of the particle can be found by integrating the force along the particle's path. However, this method, as we mentioned before, does have an important restriction: It can only be applied to a conservative force field. For conservative forces such as gravity or tension the work done on the particle does not depend on the particle's path, and the potential energy is the function of the particle's position. In case of a nonconservative forcesuch as a frictional or magnetic forcethe potential energy can no longer be defined as a function of the particle's position, and the method that you used in this problem would not be applicable.PhET Tutorial: Energy Skate Park
Learning Goal: To understand conservation of mechanical energy involving gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. For this problem, use the PhET simulation Energy Skate Park. This simulation allows you to explore the motion and energetics of a skater riding along a track. Start the simulation. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, open, or save the file. Choose to run or open it. Watch the skater skate up and down the track. You can click and drag the skater to any location and release the skater from rest. Click on the Energy vs. Position button to see a plot of the kinetic, potential, thermal, and total energies as a function of the skater's position. Try Bar Graph to see the same information as a bar graph. For this tutorial, you should have the Coefficient of Friction (under the Track Friction button at lower right) set to "None," which means no thermal energyU( )− U( ) = −
r
fr
0∫
rr0fF ⃗
G⋅d
s⃗
G m
1m
2r
0r
fF ⃗
Gds⃗
F ⃗
Gds⃗
⋅d = −
dr
F ⃗
Gs⃗
Gmr12m21/r
2∫
dr= −
r2 1r =U( ) − U( )
r
fr
0−G
m
1m
2( − )
r1f 1 r010/14/2014 Ch 07 HW is generated. You should also deselect the Thermal energy choice at bottom right from the Energy vs. Position plot. Play around with the simulation. When you are done, click on the Reset button before answering the questions. Part A Click on the Energy vs. Position button, and deselect all forms of energy except kinetic energy. Where on the track is the skater's kinetic energy the greatest? Hint 1. How to approach the problem
The kinetic energy of an object is given by , where is the mass of the object and is the speed of the object. Thus, the skater is moving the fastest where the skater's kinetic energy is the greatest and vice versa.
Look at the Kinetic Energy vs. Position graph, and identify the location(s) where the skater's kinetic energy reaches its maximum value.
ANSWER:
Correct
The kinetic energy of an object is given by , where is the speed of the object and is the mass of the object. Thus, the skater's kinetic energy is greatest at the lowest point of the track, where the skater is moving the fastest.
Part B
Change the Energy vs. Position graph to display only potential energy.
As the skater is skating back and forth, where does the skater have the most potential energy?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
The gravitational potential energy of an object is given by , where is the object's height above the potential energy reference, which is currently the ground. Thus, the skater's potential energy is greatest where the skater is the highest above the reference line.
Look at the Potential Energy vs. Position graph, and identify the location(s) where the skater's potential energy reaches its maximum value.
ANSWER:
Correct
The gravitational potential energy of an object is given by , where is the object's height above the potential energy reference, which is currently the ground. Thus, the skater's potential energy is greatest at the locations where the skater turns to go back in the opposite direction, where the skater is the highest above the reference line. Notice that the skater's potential energy is greatest where the kinetic energy is the lowest, and vice versa. Part C Because we are ignoring friction, no thermal energy is generated and the total energy is the mechanical energy, the kinetic energy plus the potential energy: .
K = (1/2)mv
2m
v
The skater's kinetic energy is at its maximum value at the lowest point of the track. at its maximum value at the locations where the skater turns and goes back in the opposite direction. the same everywhere.K = (1/2)mv
2v
m
U = mgy
y
The skater's potential energy is at its maximum value at the locations where the skater turns and goes back in the opposite direction. the same everywhere. at its maximum value at the lowest point of the track.U = mgy
y
E = K + U
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Display the total energy in the Energy vs. Position graph. As the skater is skating back and forth, which statement best describes the total energy? ANSWER:
Correct
The mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) is conserved. (Since there is no friction, the mechanical energy is equal to the total energy.) When the kinetic energy is relatively small, the potential energy is relatively large, and vice versa. Part D Ignoring friction, the total energy of the skater is conserved. This means that the kinetic plus potential energy at one location, say , must be equal to the kinetic plus potential energy at a different location, say . This is the principle of conservation of energy and can be expressed as . Since the energy is conserved, the change in the kinetic energy is equal to the negative of the change in the potential energy: . Select the Show Grid option. Then, pull the bottom of the track down such that it is 1 above the ground (click and drag on the blue circle on the bottom of the track). Confirm that the mass of the skater is set to 75.0 (select Choose Skater to view mass) and that the acceleration of gravity is set at 9.81 . Clear all plots, place the skater on the track 7 above the ground, and look at the resulting motion and the graph showing the energetics. Match the approximate numerical values on the left with the energy type categories on the right to complete the equations. Drag the appropriate numerical values to their respective targets. ANSWER: The total energy is greatest at the locations where the skater turns and goes back in the opposite direction and smallest at the lowest point of the track. the same at all locations of the track. smallest at the locations where the skater turns to go back in the opposite direction and greatest at the lowest point of the track.=
+
E
1K
1U
1=
+
E
2K
2U
2=
E
1E
2−
= −(
−
), or
K
2K
1U
2U
1Δ
K
1= −Δ
U
2m
kg
N/kg
m
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Correct
Part E Based on the previous question, which statement is true? ANSWER:Correct
Because the total energy is conserved, the kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill plus the potential energy at the bottom of the hill must equal the initial potential energy (since the initial kinetic energy is zero): . Solving for the kinetic energy, we get , or . More generally, the change in the kinetic energy is equal to the negative of the change in the potential energy. Part FIf the skater started from rest 4 above the ground (instead of 7 ), what would be the kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp (which is still 1 above the ground)?
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Use the Energy vs. Position graph like you did in Part D.
ANSWER:
Correct
Notice that the skater only drops down 3 , as compared to 6 for the case when the skater started 7 above the ground. In this case, the skater loses half as much potential energy as in the previous case, so the kinetic energy at the bottom is only half as much as the previous case. The kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp is equal to the initial potential energy. equal to the total energy. equal to the amount of potential energy loss in going from the initial location to the bottom.
+
=
K
bottomU
bottomU
initial=
−
K
bottomU
initialU
bottomK
bottom= 5145 J − 735 J = 4410 J
m
m
m
4410 J 735 J 2940 J 2205 Jm
m
m
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Part G One common application of conservation of energy in mechanics is to determine the speed of an object. Although the simulation doesn’t give the skater's speed, you can calculate it because the skater's kinetic energy is known at any location on the track. Consider again the case where the skater starts 7 above the ground and skates down the track. What is the skater's speed when the skater is at the bottom of the track? Express your answer numerically in meters per second to two significant figures. Hint 1. Find the kinetic energy at the bottom of the track What is the kinetic energy of the skater at the bottom of the track? ANSWER: Hint 2. Find the speed at the bottom of the track
Because , the speed is given by . What is the speed at the bottom of the track?
Express your answer numerically in meters per second to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
For a 75 object having approximately 4410 of energy, the speed must be roughly 11 .
Part H When the skater starts 7 above the ground, how does the speed of the skater at the bottom of the track compare to the speed of the skater at the bottom when the skater starts 4 above the ground? Hint 1. Find the kinetic energy at the bottom of the track How much more kinetic energy does the skater have at the bottom of the track? ANSWER: Hint 2. Find the ratio of the speeds Because kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the speed, the ratio of the kinetic energy is equal to the ratio of the speeds squared: . What is the ratio of the speeds? Express your answer numerically with two significant figures. ANSWER:
m
4410 J 5145 J 735 J 2205 JK = (1/2)mv
2√
−
2K/m
−−−
−
11m/s
11m/s
kg
J
m/s
m
m
four times as much the same amount twice as much/
= (
/
K
7mK
4mv
7mv
4m)
2v
7m/
v
4m10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW ANSWER:
Correct
The person will have twice as much kinetic energy. Because kinetic energy is proportional to the speed squared, the ratio of the speeds is equal to the square root of the ratio of the kinetic energies. In this case, since the ratio of the kinetic energies is 2, the ratio of the speeds is equal to the square root of 2, or roughly 1.4. Part I Change the potential energy reference line to be 7 above the ground (select the Potential Energy Reference option, and click and drag on the dashed blue horizontal line to the 7 grid line). Place the skater on the track 7 above the ground, and let the skater go.ANSWER:
Correct
Initially, the kinetic energy is zero because the skater is at rest and the potential energy is zero because the skater is starting at the potential energy reference line. Because energy is conserved, the skater's total energy remains zero. Part J At the bottom of the hill, how does the kinetic energy compare to the case when the potential energy reference was the ground and the skater was released 7 above the ground? ANSWER:Correct
The kinetic energy at the bottom of the track is equal to the amount of potential energy lost in going from the initial position to the bottom. Even though the total energy and initial potential energy are different from when the reference was the ground, the skater still loses the same amount of potential energy in going from 7 down to the bottom of the track. Thus, when applying conservation of energy, any potential energy reference can be used! Part K Click Tracks in the upperleft corner of the window, and select Double Well (Roller Coaster). Then, click and drag on the blue circles to stretch and/or bend the track to make it look like that shown below. = 1.4/
v
7mv
4m The speed is twice as fast. four times as fast. the same. higher, but less than twice as fast.m
m
m
The total energy of the skater is greater than zero. less than zero. equal to zero.m
The kinetic energy is less than the case when the potential energy reference was the ground. greater than the case when the potential energy reference was the ground. the same as the case when the potential energy reference was the ground.m
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW If the skater starts from rest at position 1, rank, in increasing order from least to greatest, the kinetic energy of the skater at the five positions shown. Rank from smallest to largest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:
Correct
PhET Interactive Simulations University of Colorado http://phet.colorado.eduVideo Tutor: Chin Basher?
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment. Then, close the video window and answer the question at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Part A Suppose our experimenter repeats his experiment on a planet more massive than Earth, where the acceleration due to gravity is . When he releases the ball from chin height without giving it a push, how will the ball's behavior differ from its behavior on Earth? Ignore friction and air resistance. (Select all that apply.) Hint 1. How to approach the problem To answer this question, you must evaluate how a change in affects the pendulum’s trajectory (choices A and B), period (choices C and D), and mass (choice E). Trajectory: Here, the key is energy conservation. Think about how kinetic and potential energy interchange as a pendulum swings. For the pendulum to return to a position higher than its starting point, the system of the pendulum and planet would have to gain mechanical energy. Where would that energy come from? (The same argument applies to choice B.) Period: You can answer this question by seeing whether the equation for the period of a pendulum includes . Or you can use reasoning. A greater downward acceleration will cause the pendulum to reach the bottom of its swing more quickly. What does that say about the pendulum’s total period? Mass: The pendulum will weigh more on the massive planet. Will it have more mass? ANSWER:
Correct
The pendulum will swing back and forth more quickly (with a shorter period) because it is oscillating in a stronger gravitational field than that on Earth.Exercise 7.32
While a roofer is working on a roof that slants at 37.0 above the horizontal, he accidentally nudges his 89.0 toolbox, causing it to start sliding downward, starting from rest. Part A If it starts 4.10 from the lower edge of the roof, how fast will the toolbox be moving just as it reaches the edge of the roof if the kinetic friction force on it is 22.0 ? ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 7.35
A force parallel to the axis acts on a particle moving along the axis. This force produces a potential energy given by where 1.44 . Part A What is the force when the particle is at position = 0.810 ? ANSWER:
g = 30 m/s
2g
g
g
It will smash his face. Its mass will be greater. It will take less time to return to the point from which it was released. It will stop well short of his face. It will take more time to return to the point from which it was released. ∘N
m
N
= 5.34v
m/s
x
x
U(x)
U(x) = α x
4α =
J/m
4x
m
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Correct
Energy Required to Lift a Heavy Box
As you are trying to move a heavy box of mass , you realize that it is too heavy for you to lift by yourself. There is no one around to help, so you attach an ideal pulley to the box and a massless rope to the ceiling, which you wrap around the pulley. You pull up on the rope to lift the box. Use for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity and neglect friction forces. Part A Once you have pulled hard enough to start the box moving upward, what is the magnitude of the upward force you must apply to the rope to start raising the box with constant velocity? Express the magnitude of the force in terms of , the mass of the box. Hint 1. What force must be applied to the box to keep it moving at a constant speed? Once you have pulled hard enough to start the box moving upward, what is the magnitude of the force that the pulley must exert on the box so that it moves at a constant speed? Express your answer in terms of the mass of the box. ANSWER: Hint 2. What force does the pulley exert on the box?If you take the tension in the rope to be , what is , the magnitude of the net upward force that the pulley exerts on the box?
Express your answer in terms of . ANSWER: Hint 3. Find the tension in the rope Find the tension in the rope in terms of , the force with which you are pulling upward. ANSWER: Hint 4. Putting it all together = 3.06
F
xN
m
g
F
m
=F
pmg
T
F
pT
=F
p2T
F
=T
F
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW On your own or using the previous hints, you should have found equations for he following: 1. the force needed to lift the box at constant velocity, in terms of its mass, 2. the relationship between the force on the box due to the pulley and the tension in the rope, and 3. the relationship between the force applied to the rope and the tension in the rope. Use two of these equations to eliminate the force applied by the pulley and the tension in the rope. You should then be able to express the force applied on the rope in terms of the mass of the box. ANSWER:
Correct
Part BConsider lifting a box of mass to a height using two different methods: lifting the box directly or lifting the box using a pulley (as in the previous part).
What is , the ratio of the work done lifting the box directly to the work done lifting the box with a pulley?
Express the ratio numerically.
Hint 1. Definition of work
In each case, the amount of work you do is equal to the force you apply times the distance over which you apply the force: . Hint 2. Ratio of the forces What is the ratio of the force needed to lift the box directly to the force needed to lift the box using the pulley? Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: Hint 3. Ratio of the distances What is the ratio of the distance over which force is applied when lifting the box directly to the distance over which force is applied when lifting the box with the pulley? Express the ratio of distances numerically. Hint 1. Find the distance when using the pulley Find , the distance over which you must apply force when lifting the box using the pulley. Express your answer in terms of , the total height that the box is lifted. Hint 1. Pulling the rope a short distance Using the pully, imagine that you pull the end of the rope a short distance upward. The box will actually rise a distance . (Draw a picture if you have trouble visualizing this.) ANSWER: Hint 2. Find the distance when lifting directly =
F
4.9m
m
h
/
W
dW
pW
F
d
W = Fd
= 2 Fd FpD
ph
dx
dx/2
=D
p2h
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
When lifting the box directly, the distance over which force is applied, , is equal to the vertical distance that the box is raised.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
No matter which method you use to lift the box, its gravitational potential energy will increase by . So, neglecting friction, you will always need to do an amount of work equal to to lift it.Potential Energy Graphs and Motion
Learning Goal: To be able to interpret potential energy diagrams and predict the corresponding motion of a particle. Potential energy diagrams for a particle are useful in predicting the motion of that particle. These diagrams allow one to determine the direction of the force acting on the particle at any point, the points of stable and unstable equilibrium, the particle's kinetic energy, etc. Consider the potential energy diagram shown. The curve represents the value of potential energy as a function of the particle's coordinate . The horizontal line above the curve represents the constant value of the total energy of the particle . The total energy is the sum of kinetic ( ) and potential ( ) energies of the particle.The key idea in interpreting the graph can be expressed in the equation
where is the x component of the net force as function of the particle's coordinate . Note the negative sign: It means that the x component of the net force is negative when the derivative is positive and vice versa. For instance, if the particle is moving to the right, and its potential energy is increasing, the net force would be pulling the particle to the left. If you are still having trouble visualizing this, consider the following: If a massive particle is increasing its gravitational potential energy (that is, moving upward), the force of gravity is pulling in the opposite direction (that is, downward). If the x component of the net force is zero, the particle is said to be in equilibrium. There are two kinds of equilibrium: Stable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle back toward the equilibrium point (think of a ball rolling between two hills). Unstable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle further away from the equilibrium point (think of a ball on top of a hill). In answering the following questions, we will assume that there is a single varying force acting on the particle along the x axis. Therefore, we will use the term force instead of the cumbersome x component of the net force. Part A The force acting on the particle at point A is __________. Hint 1. Sign of the derivative If a function increases (as increases) in a certain region, then the derivative of the function in that region is positive. Hint 2. Sign of the component
D
dh
= 0.500 Dd Dp = 1 Wd Wpmgh
mgh
U
x
E
E
K
U
(x) = −
,
F
x dU(x)dx(x)
F
xx
F
x
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW If increases to the right, as in the graph shown, then a (onedimensional) vector with a positive x component points to the right, and vice versa. ANSWER:
Correct
Consider the graph in the region of point A. If the particle is moving to the right, it would be "climbing the hill," and the force would "pull it down," that is, pull the particle back to the left. Another, more abstract way of thinking about this is to say that the slope of the graph at point A is positive; therefore, the direction of is negative. Part B The force acting on the particle at point C is __________. Hint 1. Sign of the derivative If a function increases (as increases) in a certain region, then the derivative of the function in that region is positive, and vice versa. Hint 2. Sign of the component If increases to the right, as in the graph shown, then a (onedimensional) vector with a positive x component points to the right, and vice versa. ANSWER:Correct
Part C The force acting on the particle at point B is __________. Hint 1. Derivative of a function at a local maximum At a local maximum, the derivative of a function is equal to zero. ANSWER:Correct
The slope of the graph is zero; therefore, the derivative , and . Part D The acceleration of the particle at point B is __________.x
directed to the right directed to the left equal to zeroF ⃗
x
x
directed to the right directed to the left equal to zero directed to the right directed to the left equal to zerodU/dx = 0
| | = 0
F ⃗
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Hint 1. Relation between acceleration and force The relation between acceleration and force is given by Newton's 2nd law, . ANSWER:
Correct
If the net force is zero, so is the acceleration. The particle is said to be in a state of equilibrium. Part E If the particle is located slightly to the left of point B, its acceleration is __________. Hint 1. The force on such a particle To the left of B, is an increasing function and so its derivative is positive. This implies that the x component of the force on a particle at this location is negative, or that the force is directed to the left, just like at A. What can you say now about the acceleration? ANSWER:Correct
Part F If the particle is located slightly to the right of point B, its acceleration is __________. Hint 1. The force on such a particle To the right of B, is a decreasing function and so its derivative is negative. This implies that the x component of the force on a particle at this location is positive, or that the force is directed to the right, just like at C. What can you now say about the acceleration? ANSWER:Correct
As you can see, small deviations from equilibrium at point B cause a force that accelerates the particle further away; hence the particle is in unstable equilibrium. Part G Name all labeled points on the graph corresponding to unstable equilibrium.F = ma
directed to the right directed to the left equal to zeroU(x)
directed to the right directed to the left equal to zeroU(x)
directed to the right directed to the left equal to zero10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE. Hint 1. Definition of unstable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle further away from the equilibrium point (think of a ball on top of a hill). ANSWER:
Correct
Part H Name all labeled points on the graph corresponding to stable equilibrium. List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE. Hint 1. Definition of stable equilibrium Stable equilibrium means that small deviations from the equilibrium point create a net force that accelerates the particle back toward the equilibrium point. (Think of a ball rolling between two hills.) ANSWER:Correct
Part I Name all labeled points on the graph where the acceleration of the particle is zero. List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE. Hint 1. Relation between acceleration and force The relation between acceleration and force is given by Newton's 2nd law, . ANSWER:Correct
Your answer, of course, includes the locations of both stable and unstable equilibrium. Part J Name all labeled points such that when a particle is released from rest there, it would accelerate to the left. List your choices alphabetically, with no commas or spaces; for instance, if you choose points B, D, and E, type your answer as BDE. Hint 1. Determine the sign of the x component of force If the acceleration is to the left, so is the force. This means that the x component of the force is __________. ANSWER: BF DHF = ma
BDFH10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Hint 2. What is the behavior of ? If the x component of the force at a point is negative, then the derivative of at that point is positive. This means that in the region around the point is __________. ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
Part K Consider points A, E, and G. Of these three points, which one corresponds to the greatest magnitude of acceleration of the particle? Hint 1. Acceleration and force The greatest acceleration corresponds to the greatest magnitude of the net force, represented on the graph by the magnitude of the slope. ANSWER:Correct
Kinetic energyIf the total energy of the particle is known, one can also use the graph of to draw conclusions about the kinetic energy of the particle since . As a reminder, on this graph, the total energy is shown by the horizontal line. Part L What point on the graph corresponds to the maximum kinetic energy of the moving particle? Hint 1. , , and Since the total energy does not change, the maximum kinetic energy corresponds to the minimum potential energy. ANSWER: positive negative
U(x)
U(x)
U(x)
increasing decreasing AE A E GE
U(t)
K = E − U
E
K U
E
D10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Correct
It makes sense that the kinetic energy of the particle is maximum at one of the (force) equilibrium points. For example, think of a pendulum (which has only one force equilibrium pointat the very bottom). Part M At what point on the graph does the particle have the lowest speed? ANSWER:Correct
As you can see, many different conclusions can be made about the particle's motion merely by looking at the graph. It is helpful to understand the character of motion qualitatively before you attempt quantitative problems. This problem should prove useful in improving such an understanding.Loop the Loop
A roller coaster car may be approximated by a block of mass . The car, which starts from rest, is released at a height above the ground and slides along a frictionless track. The carencounters a loop of radius , as shown. Assume that the initial height is great enough so that the car never loses contact with the track. Part A Find an expression for the kinetic energy of the car at the top of the loop. Express the kinetic energy in terms of , , , and . Hint 1. Find the potential energy at the top of the loop What is the potential energy of the car when it is at the top of the loop? Define the gravitational potential energy to be zero at . Express your answer in terms of and other given quantities. ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
Part B Bm
h
R
h
m g h
R
h = 0
R
=U
topmg(2R)
=K
mg(h − 2R)
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Find the minimum initial height at which the car can be released that still allows the car to stay in contact with the track at the top of the loop. Express the minimum height in terms of . Hint 1. How to approach this part Meaning of "stay in contact" For the car to just stay in contact through the loop, without falling, the normal force that acts on the car when it's at the top of the loop must be zero (i.e., ). Find the velocity at the top such that the remaining force on the car i.e. its weight provides the necessary centripetal acceleration. If the velocity were any greater, you would additionally require some force from the track to provide the necessary centripetal acceleration. If the velocity were any less, the car would fall off the track. Use the above described condition to find the velocity and then the result from the above part to find the required height. Hint 2. Acceleration at the top of the loop Assuming that the speed of the car at the top of the loop is , and that the car stays on the track, find the acceleration of the car. Take the positive y direction to be upward. Express your answer in terms of and any other quantities given in the problem introduction. ANSWER: Hint 3. Normal force at the top of the loop
Suppose the car stays on the track and has speed at the top of the loop. Use Newton's 2nd law to find an expression for , the magnitude of the normal force that the loop exerts on the car when the car is at the top of the loop. Express your answer in terms of , , , and . Hint 1. Find the sum of forces at the top of the loop Find the sum of the forces acting on the car at the top of the loop. Remember that the positive y direction is upward. Express your answer in terms of , , and . ANSWER: ANSWER: Hint 4. Solving for
The requirement to stay in contact results in an expression for in terms of and . Substitute this into your expression for kinetic energy, found in Part A, to determine a relation between and . ANSWER:
h
R
N = 0
v
topv
top =a
top −vtop2 Rv
topN
m g R
v
topN m
g
=∑F
top−N − mg
=N
m(
vtop2− g)
Rh
v
2 topR
g
h
R
=h
min2.5R
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Correct
For the car will still complete the loop, though it will require some normal reaction even at the very top. For the car will just oscillate. Do you see this?
For , the cart will lose contact with the track at some earlier point. That is why roller coasters must have a lot of safety features. If you like, you can check that the angle at which the cart loses contact with the track is given by . Where is the angle measured counterclockwise from the horizontal positive xaxis, where the origin of the xaxis is at the center of the loop.
Drag on a Skydiver
A skydiver of mass jumps from a hot air balloon and falls a distance before reaching a terminal velocity of magnitude . Assume that the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is .
Part A
What is the work done on the skydiver, over the distance , by the drag force of the air?
Express the work in terms of , , , and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity . Hint 1. How to approach the problem If no nonconservative forces were acting, then the total mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) of the skydiver upon leaving the plane would be equal to the total mechanical energy of the skydiver after falling a distance . Now consider the drag force, which is nonconservative. The drag force opposes the motion of the skydiver, which means that it does negative work on the skydiver. Thus, the final mechanical energy of the skydiver will be smaller than the initial mechanical energy by an amount equal to the work done by the drag force. Hint 2. Find the change in potential energy Find the change in the skydiver's gravitational potential energy, after falling a distance . Express your answer in terms of given quantities. ANSWER: Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy Find the change in the skydiver's kinetic energy, after falling a distance . Express your answer in terms of given quantities. ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
Part B Find the power supplied by the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity .h > 2.5 R
h < R
R < h < 2.5 R
θ = arcsin( ( −1))
2 3 Rhθ
m
d
v
g
W
dd
d v m
g
d
d
=ΔU
g−mgd
d
=ΔK
12m
v
2 =W
d mv22− mgd
P
dv
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Express the power in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. Hint 1. How to approach the problem One way to approach this problem would be to apply the definition of power as the time derivative of the work done. A simpler method that works for this problem is to use the formula for the power delivered by a force acting on an object moving with velocity : . Hint 2. Magnitude of the drag force Find the magnitude of the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity. Express your answer in terms of the skydiver's mass m and other given quantities. Hint 1. Definition of terminal velocity Once terminal velocity is reached, the skydiver's acceleration goes to zero. (The drag force exactly balances the downward acceleration due to gravity.) ANSWER: Hint 3. Relative direction of the drag force and velocity When you find , remember that the direction of the drag force is opposite to the direction of the skydiver's velocity. ANSWER:
Correct
Circling Ball
A ball of mass is attached to a string of length . It is being swung in a vertical circle with enough speed so that the string remains taut throughout the ball's motion. Assume that the ball travels freely in this vertical circle with negligible loss of total
mechanical energy. At the top and bottom of the vertical circle, the ball's speeds are and , and the corresponding tensions in the string are and . and have magnitudes and
.
Part A
Find , the difference between the magnitude of the tension in the string at the bottom relative to that at the top of the circle.
Express the difference in tension in terms of and . The quantities and should not appear in your final answer.
F ⃗
v⃗
P = ⋅
F ⃗ v⃗
F
d =F
dmg
⋅
F
d→
v⃗
=P
d−mgv
m
L
v
tv
bT ⃗
tT ⃗
bT ⃗
tT ⃗
bT
tT
b−
T
bT
tm
g
v
tv
b10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Hint 1. How to approach this problem Identify the forces that act on the ball as it moves along the circular path. Then, write equations for the sum of the forces on the ball at the top and the bottom of the path. Next, use Newton's second law to relate these net forces to the acceleration of the ball. Notice that the ball does not move with uniform speed so the acceleration of the ball at the top of the circle is different from the acceleration at the bottom of the circle. To finish the problem, you may want to use energy conservation to relate the speed of the ball at the bottom of the circle to the speed at the top. Hint 2. Find the sum of forces at the bottom of the circle What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the bottom of the circle? Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use to represent the acceleration of gravity, 9.8 . ANSWER: Hint 3. Find the acceleration at the bottom of the circle Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the bottom of its circle. Express your answer in terms of and possibly other given quantities. ANSWER: Hint 4. Find the tension at the bottom of the circle Find the magnitude of the tension in the string when the ball is at the bottom of the circle.
Express your answer in terms of , , , and the speed of the ball at the bottom of the circle.
Hint 1. What physical principle to use Apply Newton's 2nd law in the y direction to obtain . ANSWER: Hint 5. Find the sum of forces at the top of the circle What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the top of its circle? Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use to represent the acceleration of gravity, 9.8 . ANSWER: Hint 6. Find the acceleration at the top of the circle Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the top of its circle. Express your answer in terms of and possibly other given quantities. ANSWER:
g
m/s
2 =|∑
F
y(bottom)|
T
b− mg
a
bv
b =a
b vb2 LT
bm g L
v
bT
b =T
bm(g+
( )vb)
2 Lg
m/s
2 =|∑
F
y(top)|
T
t+ mg
a
tv
t =a
t vt2 L10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Hint 7. Find the tension at the top of the circle
Find the magnitude of the tension in the string when the ball is at the top of the circle.
Express your answer in terms of , , , and the speed of the ball at the top of the circle.
Hint 1. Relationship to solution for Follow the same steps you used to find (see Hint 3), noting carefully where various directions (signs) are reversed. ANSWER: Hint 8. Find the relationship between and The total mechanical energy of the system is the same when the ball is at the top and bottom of the vertical circle. Use conservation of energy to write an expression for in terms of . Your answer may also include , , and . ANSWER: ANSWER:
Correct
The method outlined in the hints is really the only practical way to do this problem. If done properly, finding the difference between the tensions, , can be accomplished fairly simply and elegantly.Problem 7.72
If a fish is attached to a vertical spring and slowly lowered to its equilibrium position, it is found to stretch the spring by an amount . Part A If the same fish is attached to the end of the unstretched spring and then allowed to fall from rest, through what maximum distance does it stretch the spring? (Hint: Calculate the force constant of the spring in terms of the distance and the mass of the fish.)Express your answer in terms of .
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 7.65
In a truckloading station at a post office, a small 0.200 package is released from rest at point on a track that is onequarter of a circle with radius 1.60 (the figure ). The size of the package is much less than 1.60 , so the package can be treated as a particle. It slides down the track and reaches point with a speed of 4.10 . From point , it slides on a level surface a distance of 3.00 to point , where it comes to rest.
T
tm g L
v
tT
bT
b =T
tm(
( )vt− g)
2 Lv
tv
bv
2 tv
2bm g
L
=v
2 tv
b2− 4gL
=−
T
bT
t6mg
−
T
bT
td
d
m
d
=y
2d
kg
A
m
m
B
m/s
B
m
C
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW Part A What is the coefficient of kinetic friction on the horizontal surface? ANSWER: