- (
- (
))
: (Im
: (Im)) thinking of doing
thinking of doing
This pattern µ
This pattern µ-(-()) ¶¶is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker ¶¶s consideration or indecisiveness about a matter.s consideration or indecisiveness about a matter.
The meaning of µ
The meaning of µ-(-()) ¶¶is similar to the pattern µis similar to the pattern µ-(-()) ¶, but µ¶, but µ-(-()) ¶¶expresses stronger intention of expresses stronger intention of
the speaker. the speaker.
)) . : I. : I¶¶m thinking of meeting him tomorrow.m thinking of meeting him tomorrow.
)) ..
::
I intend to meet him tomorrow.I intend to meet him tomorrow.--
((
//
))
: µis getting or is becoming + Adj.¶
: µis getting or is becoming + Adj.¶
The pattern µ
The pattern µ--((//)) ¶¶is combined with an adjective and and is combined with an adjective and and it indicates the situation which describes the precedingit indicates the situation which describes the preceding
adjective gradually changing. adjective gradually changing.
)) ..
::
ItIt¶¶s getting cold.s getting cold.--
: since, and now
: since, and now
µ-µ---¶¶expresses an act of recollection and µexpresses an act of recollection and µ--¶¶a sense of explanation. The meaning a sense of explanation. The meaning varies depending upon the context of ivaries depending upon the context of i ts usage.ts usage.
1) The first clause describes the r
1) The first clause describes the reason or the base of theason or the base of the second clause: the second clause e second clause: the second clause describedescribes a s a result of what has result of what has been takingbeen taking place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is same as the second one.
place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is same as the second one.
)) .. Michael studied hard and then he passed the exam.
Michael studied hard and then he passed the exam. (Since Michael studied hard, he passed the
(Since Michael studied hard, he passed the exam.)exam.)
2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed 2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed since the time of the first clause.
since the time of the first clause.
)) ..
::
It was cold yesterday, but itIt was cold yesterday, but it¶¶s warm today.s warm today.
)) ..
::
It was windy, and itIt was windy, and it¶¶s even raining ns even raining n ow.ow.3)
-3) -((//))
The first clause has already and a
The first clause has already and actually taken place and it describes the cause ctually taken place and it describes the cause of the second clause: thof the second clause: the second clause describes ae second clause describes a consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is
consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is the subject of the the subject of the sentence and the subject of the sentence and the subject of the second clause is not thesecond clause is not the same as that of the first clause.
same as that of the first clause.
-- ((
))
((
): µ
): µ((one) will do«, so«¶
one) will do«, so«¶
The pattern µ
The pattern µ-(-()) ¶¶is a contracted form of µis a contracted form of µ-- ++ ++ ---- ++ --¶¶. When µ-(. When µ-()) ¶¶ is used with action verbs, itis used with action verbs, it
indicates the speaker
indicates the speaker ¶¶s planning or intention. If the speaker is s planning or intention. If the speaker is the subject of the the subject of the sentence, the speaker sentence, the speaker ¶¶s will may be implieds will may be implied
..
)) (()) ..
::
I'll treat you to dinner, so by all means come.I'll treat you to dinner, so by all means come. )) (()) !!
::
II¶¶m coming now, so wait for me!m coming now, so wait for me!-- ((
))
//
((
): "a tendency to be a certain way"
): "a tendency to be a certain way"
This pattern µ
This pattern µ-(-())// (())¶¶is used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspectsis used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspects
or qualities. Usually, µ
or qualities. Usually, µ' or '' or '-- ¶¶is used in conjunction with µis used in conjunction with µ'. ''. '-(-()) ¶¶is attached to adjectives in theis attached to adjectives in the
present tense and '
present tense and '-- ' is used with verbs.' is used with verbs.
)) .. : I'm on the short side.: I'm on the short side.
)) ..
::
John is pretty brave.John is pretty brave. )) ..
::
Mi-Na is the kind of person who reads a lot of books.Mi-Na is the kind of person who reads a lot of books.-- ((
))
((
)) -(
-(
))
((
): "
): "((regardless) whether«or, either«or"
regardless) whether«or, either«or"
The pattern µ
The pattern µ-(-())(()) -(-())(())¶¶is used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative possibilities or anis used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative possibilities or an
indirect question involving
indirect question involving alternativesalternatives..
)) ..
::
It's up to you whether you want to come or not.It's up to you whether you want to come or not. )) ..
::
I don't mind whether the person is a student or a teacher.I don't mind whether the person is a student or a teacher.--
?
? // --
?: "Isn't it? Don't you think it is«?"
?: "Isn't it? Don't you think it is«?"
The pattern '
The pattern '-- ' is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong positive form like' is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong positive form like rhetorical questions. '
rhetorical questions. '-- ??' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '-- ??' is used if a speaker wants to ask the' is used if a speaker wants to ask the listener's opinion.
listener's opinion.
)) qq ??
::
This Kimch'i is hot, isn't it?This Kimch'i is hot, isn't it? --
// --
((
//
))
The pattern '
The pattern '--' is a contracted form of '' is a contracted form of '----' and '' and '', the form to ', the form to modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events or asksor asks another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, '
another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, ' ----' is used. '' is used. '--((//))' expresses the experience' expresses the experience completed once, whereas '
completed once, whereas '--' expresses r' expresses r epetitive experiences.epetitive experiences.
)) . : This is the bar where I went to many times.. : This is the bar where I went to many times.
)) . This is the bar where I went to once.. This is the bar where I went to once.
-- ((
))
The pattern '
The pattern '-(-()) ' is used a' is used after verbs only and conveys the mfter verbs only and conveys the m eaning of comparison of extent, a degree or eaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a measurement.a measurement.
)) . : The room was big enough for us all to go into.. : The room was big enough for us all to go into.
)) . : The man is rich enough to buy a nice car.. : The man is rich enough to buy a nice car.
-- ((
))
The particle '
The particle '-(-())' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '--//' or '' or '--'.'.
)) . : There are many chairs and desks in the classroom.. : There are many chairs and desks in the classroom. =
= . =. = ..
--
The pattern '
The pattern '--' is a contracted from '' is a contracted from '-- ', so it indicates indirect discourse and the conditional.', so it indicates indirect discourse and the conditional.
)) . : If he says he is going, I'll go.. : If he says he is going, I'll go.
)) . : If Mi-Na says she is going to eat, I'll eat.. : If Mi-Na says she is going to eat, I'll eat. c.f.)
c.f.) . : He is running now.. : He is running now.
--
((
//
))
The pattern '
The pattern '--((//)) ' expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-Korean II, the' expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-Korean II, the pattern '
)) . : Mi-Na is sitting on a chair.. : Mi-Na is sitting on a chair.
)) yy . : . : Some writing is on the blackboard.Some writing is on the blackboard.
-- ((
))
The pattern '
The pattern '-(-()) ' indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be '' indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be 'to be well worthto be well worth ((doing)doing)' or '' or 'It is enoughIt is enough ((to do)to do)'.'.
)) . : This movie is worth watching.. : This movie is worth watching.
-- ((
))
: 'because, so'
: 'because, so'
The connective
The connective ''-(-())'' is used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and negation are notis used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and negation are not expressed with this
expressed with this connective.connective.
)) . : Because Anna is a doctor, she is always busy.. : Because Anna is a doctor, she is always busy.
)) . : The traffic is always bad on Monday mornings.. : The traffic is always bad on Monday mornings.
,,
,,
,,
,,
+ Negative
+ Negative
The adverbs
The adverbs '',, ,, '' are always used with the negativeare always used with the negative ''-- ''..
)) . : I am not busy.. : I am not busy.
)) .: I am not very busy..: I am not very busy.
)) . : I am not busy at a. : I am not busy at a ll.ll. But especially, when the adverb
But especially, when the adverb ''// '' is used withis used with ''-- '', this pattern indicates an uncommon state , this pattern indicates an uncommon state or condition.or condition.
)) . =. = . : The weather is really hot.. : The weather is really hot.
)) . =. = . : I am extremely busy.. : I am extremely busy.
-- ((
//
//
))
: 'to do something in advance
: 'to do something in advance/p
/pre
rep
paration'
aration'
The Pattern
The Pattern ''-(-(////)) '' which indicates an action done in which indicates an action done in preparatiopreparation n or anticipation of later use or benefit is alor anticipation of later use or benefit is al ways usedways used with verbs.
with verbs.
)) . : I bought a ticket in advance last week.. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.
''-(-(////)) '' is interchangeable with the patternis interchangeable with the pattern ''-(-(////)) '' without a change in meaning.without a change in meaning.
)) . : I bought a ticket in advance last week.. : I bought a ticket in advance last week.
N +
N +
((
): 'about, a
): 'about, app
pproximately, in degree'
roximately, in degree'
The number
The number classifieclassifier r '''' means degree, extent, grade etc. and it means degree, extent, grade etc. and it is used with the nis used with the n oun which is preceded by numbers.oun which is preceded by numbers.
)) 1010 . : About 10 people will come to the party.. : About 10 people will come to the party.
)) 1010 . : I'll be about ten minutes late to class.. : I'll be about ten minutes late to class.
)) 1010 . : I drank about 10 bottles of beer.. : I drank about 10 bottles of beer.
--
: '
: '((a thing) worth'
a thing) worth'
The particle
The particle ''--'' is used always with the money classifier is used always with the money classifier ''--'' or counting classifier or counting classifier ''--'' indicating worth or value of things.indicating worth or value of things. Also, it can be used with
Also, it can be used with ''--'' indicating people's age.indicating people's age.
) 1,000) 1,000 : : 1000 1000 won won clothesclothes
) 10) 10 : One box of 10 apples: One box of 10 apples
) 5) 5 : 5 year old kid: 5 year old kid
The connective '
The connective '-(
-(
//
//
))
' : 'do something and do something'
' : 'do something and do something'
'-(
'-(////))' is used when the ' is used when the subjecsubject does one t does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.action first, and then does the second action in sequence.
)) . : I will go home (first), and then I will eat supper.. : I will go home (first), and then I will eat supper.
)) . : Let's meet and talk.. : Let's meet and talk.
The contractions of Indirect Discourse
The contractions of Indirect Discourse
The forms of the
The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-indirect discourse, such as '-//,-(,-()), -, -' etc., can be contracted into '-' etc., can be contracted into '-//,, -(
-()), -, -' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '- // ,-(,-()) , -, - ' can' can be contracted into
'- be contracted into '-//, -(, -()), -, -'.'. )) // .. ->-> // .. )) // .. ->-> // .. )) // .. ->-> // ..
The
The p
pattern '
attern '-(
-(
))
' :'
' :'-- to be ex
to be exp
pected that it will be
ected that it will be --''
In this pattern, the word '
In this pattern, the word '' means 't' means 'to be expected' in English, so o be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for this pattern is used for expressing the speaker's expectationexpressing the speaker's expectation of the events or action which will take place in the future.
of the events or action which will take place in the future.
)) .. : It is expected to rain tomorrow.: It is expected to rain tomorrow.
)) .. : It is expected that h: It is expected that h e won't come..e won't come..
The connective
The connective -(
-(
))
: 'while doing ...'
: 'while doing ...'
This connective '-(
This connective '-())' has the same function with the connective '-' has the same function with the connective '- '. However this ending is '. However this ending is used for indicating twoused for indicating two simultaneous events which are done by the
simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-same person, while '- ' is ' is used for two simultaneous actions performed by twoused for two simultaneous actions performed by two different persons.
different persons.
)) . : While I . : While I read a newspaper, I also lread a newspaper, I also l istened to music.istened to music.
)) . : She talked and cried.. : She talked and cried. This connective
'-This connective '-' can be used ' can be used when you combine two when you combine two sentences which occurr continuously in indirect discourse.sentences which occurr continuously in indirect discourse.
)) :: . 1. 1 . ->. -> 11
//..
Kim Young-Soo: I'm
Kim Young-Soo: I'm busy now. busy now. I will I will call you call you back one back one hour later. -> hour later. -> Kim YoKim Young-Soo told me ung-Soo told me that that he is he is busy now, busy now, and thatand that he will call me back one hour later.
he will call me back one hour later.
The connective
The connective -(
-(
))
: but
: but
You have already studied the
You have already studied the connective '-connective '-' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(' meaning 'but'. This connective '-())' is interchangeable with this '-' is interchangeable with this '-' without' without any difference in meaning. But in
any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-the casual and colloquial speech, '-' is preferred to '-(' is preferred to '-())'.'.
)) . . I I went went to to school school early, early, but but I I couldn't couldn't meet meet the the teacher.teacher.
)) . It is hot during the day, but it is cool at night.. It is hot during the day, but it is cool at night.
the ending '
the ending '--
''
The ending
'-The ending '-' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the words of '
words of '(to be easy),(to be easy), (to be difficult),(to be difficult), (to hope/ desire),(to hope/ desire), (to want)' etc., and these mean that (to want)' etc., and these mean that 'it is'it is easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of
'-easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '- (()) ', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing something.
'-something. '-' can be dropped optionally.' can be dropped optionally.
)) (()) . It is easy to cook Bulgogi.. It is easy to cook Bulgogi.
)) . I want Anna to come early.. I want Anna to come early.
The
The p
pattern '
attern '--
''
'-'-' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-' is used with '' is used with ''' and it means t
and it means t o make a hearer do o make a hearer do something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the subjecsubject's will.t's will.
)) . If you are hungry, go ahead and . If you are hungry, go ahead and eat.eat.
)) . I will study hard from now on. (I will make myself study. I will study hard from now on. (I will make myself study hard from now on.)
hard from now on.)
The
The p
pattern 'V
attern 'V ((
) +
) + --
((
)'
)' // 'N +
'N + --
((
))
((
)'
)'
'-'- ' is attached to verbs and '-' is attached to verbs and '-(()) ' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second action is carried out' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second action is carried out to complete the action of the first sentence. '
to complete the action of the first sentence. ' ' can be used because '-' can be used because '-' is often deleted, and '' is often deleted, and '' can be exchanged for ' can be exchanged for ''''
)) ?? ? Do you live to eat, or eat to live?? Do you live to eat, or eat to live?
)) . I plan to make money for my family.. I plan to make money for my family.
The
The p
pattern '
attern '-- ((
))
''
'- (
'- ()) ' joins two facts or ' joins two facts or events which relate to each other, in events which relate to each other, in order to intensify or expand the first order to intensify or expand the first statement. Itstatement. It means '«not only« but also«' in English.
means '«not only« but also«' in English.
)) . The movie is not only exciting, but the theme is. The movie is not only exciting, but the theme is good.
good.
The
The p
pattern '
attern '-(
-(
))
':
': --ever it is, no matter
ever it is, no matter -- it is
it is
The pattern
'-The pattern '-' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in ' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in English, when it is preceded byEnglish, when it is preceded by interrogative words (
interrogative words (,, ,, ,, ,, ), or an interrogative phrases (), or an interrogative phrases ( //,, ,, //,, ) etc..) etc..
)) . Anyone will be fine.. Anyone will be fine.
)) . Any time will be fine.. Any time will be fine.
)) ? Is there any problem?? Is there any problem?
The Plain S
The Plain Sp
peech Style 2
eech Style 2
The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will meet the rest of the The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will meet the rest of the Plain speech style. These endings are used
Plain speech style. These endings are used with people such as school juniors, or with people such as school juniors, or to a relatively younger person in the to a relatively younger person in the family byfamily by grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..
grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..
1
1. Interrogative Forms: '. Interrogative Forms: '-(-())/(/())''
)) ? ? What What is is that?that?
)) (())? What time did you get up?? What time did you get up? 2. Declarative forms: '
2. Declarative forms: '--/-/-/-/-''
)) . I am going home.. I am going home.
)) . I don't have lunch.. I don't have lunch.
)) . I went home early yesterday.. I went home early yesterday.
3
3. Pro. Proppositive forms: 'ositive forms: '--''
)) . Let's study now.. Let's study now.
)) . Let's leave now.. Let's leave now.
4
4. im. impperative forms: 'erative forms: '--((//))''
)) . Go home quickly.. Go home quickly.
)) . Eat this.. Eat this.
The
The p
pattern '
attern '--
''
The pattern
'-The pattern '-' is used as a ' is used as a sentence final esentence final ending which indicates reason or cause.nding which indicates reason or cause.
)) ? Why didn't you come yesterday?? Why didn't you come yesterday?
. Because I had a . Because I had a terrible headache.terrible headache.
The connective '
The connective '-(
-(
))
': the more
': the more--, the more
, the more
--The connective '-(
The connective '-())' is ' is used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or time.time.
)) . The more I read this book, the less interesting it becomes.. The more I read this book, the less interesting it becomes.
)) . The cheaper, the better.. The cheaper, the better.
)) . (the word '-. (the word '-(more)' is added.)(more)' is added.)
)) . (the word '. (the word '(if it is cheap)' is added.)(if it is cheap)' is added.)
The exclamatory ending:
The exclamatory ending: --
//
->
-> --
//
The exclamatory ending
'-The exclamatory ending '-//' is ' is used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the present tense.used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the present tense. As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending
'-As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending '--' is used when -' is used when a speaker recalls or recollects past facts, occurrences, or a speaker recalls or recollects past facts, occurrences, or experiences and is used like
'-experiences and is used like '-//.' such as '-.' such as '-, -, - etc.'.etc.'.
)) . It is hot in Korea.. It is hot in Korea.
)) . I remember/recall that it was hot in . I remember/recall that it was hot in Korea.Korea.
The connective '
The connective '--
''
The connective
'-The connective '-' is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as '' is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as '//
?,?, .' etc,..' etc,.
)) ? I am surprised that you are calling me.? I am surprised that you are calling me.
)) . I was surprised to hear that he died.. I was surprised to hear that he died.
The
The p
pattern '
attern '--
//
--
//
': it is true« but«
': it is true« but«
This pattern is used
This pattern is used for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth or occurrence. The verb that is attached to or occurrence. The verb that is attached to this pattern isthis pattern is repeated in the main clause. This
repeated in the main clause. This pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as '-'-' or '-(' or '-())//' 'but' etc.' 'but' etc.
)) . I have money, but«. I have money, but«
)) . English is interesting, but it's too difficult.. English is interesting, but it's too difficult.
)) ,, . . I I met met him, bhim, but ut I cI couldn't ouldn't talk wtalk with ith him fhim for a or a long long time.time.
The
The p
pattern 'Interrogative +
attern 'Interrogative + -(
-(
))
''
This pattern is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action. This pattern is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action.
)) . I can't decide when I should go.. I can't decide when I should go.
The sentence ending '
The sentence ending '
-
-
(
(
)'
)'
This ending is used for
This ending is used for expressing a tag question for confirming the expressing a tag question for confirming the fact of a sentence. This is the fact of a sentence. This is the contracted form of '-contracted form of '- (()'.)'.
)) . (I'm sure that) You have said to do that.. (I'm sure that) You have said to do that.
)) . Anna, you ordered that food, didn't you?. Anna, you ordered that food, didn't you?
-- ((
))
: maybe, it may be that
: maybe, it may be that
--This pattern '-(
This pattern '-()) ' is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event with the verbs.' is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event with the verbs.
)) . It may not rain tomorrow.. It may not rain tomorrow.
)) . He may be a teacher.. He may be a teacher.
)) . If we take a bus, we may be late.. If we take a bus, we may be late.
-- ((
))
: I am afraid that
: I am afraid that---
---, so
, so ----
----This pattern '-(
This pattern '-()) ' is ' is used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.
)) . I was afraid that it would rain, so I didn't go.. I was afraid that it would rain, so I didn't go.
)) . I was afraid that I would be late, so I took a taxi.. I was afraid that I would be late, so I took a taxi.
--
((
) ; while doing something
) ; while doing something
This connective
'-This connective '- ' is ' is used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-' is optional.' is optional.
)) uu TVTV . While I was doing my homework, my friend. While I was doing my homework, my friend watched TV.
watched TV.
)) uu . While I was talking with my friend,. While I was talking with my friend, my bag disappeared.
''--
': 'I heard
': 'I heard ((that) ««, is that so ?
that) ««, is that so ?
'-'-' is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by the public.' is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by the public.
)) ? I heard (that) you are going back to America. Is that so ?? I heard (that) you are going back to America. Is that so ?
? I heard (that) you studied hard ? I heard (that) you studied hard last week. Is it right?last week. Is it right?
The
The p
pattern '
attern '--
': 'because, so'
': 'because, so'
This pattern
'-This pattern '- ' is ' is used with verbs and other used with verbs and other forms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or something thatforms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or something that incites or determines an outcome.
incites or determines an outcome.
)) . Because Mi-Na was crying, everybody cried.. Because Mi-Na was crying, everybody cried.
. Because Mi-Na was going, I also went.. Because Mi-Na was going, I also went.
)) . Because Mi-Na said she would go, I also went.. Because Mi-Na said she would go, I also went. This pattern is not used
This pattern is not used in the future tense.in the future tense.
)) . (awkward). (awkward)
--
((
//
))--Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb actions/ states rather than the time reference of the
actions/ states rather than the time reference of the verb.verb.
'-'-((//)-' is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a past experience)-' is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a past experience of the subject.
of the subject.
)) . Young-Su came(had come) here yesterday.. Young-Su came(had come) here yesterday.
,, . I used to . I used to know his name, but I don't know itknow his name, but I don't know it at present.
at present.
