Experiment 8 - Organohalides

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hloro/en3ene ere

hloro/en3ene ere su/4eted throuh the su/4eted throuh the (eilstein test, %N) 5eati$it! &est 6aloholi AN78(eilstein test, %N) 5eati$it! &est 6aloholi AN78 and %N2 5eati$it! &est 6Na0 in aetone8. All ompound samples produed a positi$e result ith and %N2 5eati$it! &est 6Na0 in aetone8. All ompound samples produed a positi$e result ith (eilstein test /! impartin a ree flame, affirmin the presene of hlorine. 0n %N) 5eati$it! (eilstein test /! impartin a ree flame, affirmin the presene of hlorine. 0n %N) 5eati$it! test the ompounds ere made to reat ith 29 ethanoli AN7 to o/ser$e %N) 5eati$it!, all test the ompounds ere made to reat ith 29 ethanoli AN7 to o/ser$e %N) 5eati$it!, all samples produed a hite preipitate ith $ar!in times of formation here tert-/ut!l hloride samples produed a hite preipitate ith $ar!in times of formation here tert-/ut!l hloride e1hi/ited the fastest and n-/ut!l hloride as the sloest. Chloro/en3ene as o/ser$ed to e1hi/it e1hi/ited the fastest and n-/ut!l hloride as the sloest. Chloro/en3ene as o/ser$ed to e1hi/it no reation in the %N) 5eati$it! test. :hile in the %N2 reati$it! test usin Na0 in Aetone as no reation in the %N) 5eati$it! test. :hile in the %N2 reati$it! test usin Na0 in Aetone as the reaent, it as o/ser$ed that all ha$e samples e1hi/ited the formation of a hite preipitate the reaent, it as o/ser$ed that all ha$e samples e1hi/ited the formation of a hite preipitate e1ept for hloro/en3en

e1ept for hloro/en3ene; e; hereahereas s n-/ut!n-/ut!l l hlorhloride e1hi/ited the ide e1hi/ited the fastfastest time est time of of formaformation andtion and tert-/ut!l hloride as the

tert-/ut!l hloride as the sloest.sloest.

Introduction Introduction In

In the the lablabororatoratory y and and in in indindustustryry,, alkyl halides are used as solvents alkyl halides are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds, for relatively non-polar compounds, and they are used as the starting and they are used as the starting materials for the synthesis of many materials for the synthesis of many c

coommpopouunnddss. . AAllkkyyl l hhaalliiddees s araree c

cllaassssiieed d aas s pprriimmaarry y ((11oo_),_), se

secocondndarary y ((oo_)),_{, o}_or_{r tte}_errttiia_arry_{y ((!}_!oo₎₎ according to the number of carbon according to the number of carbon a

attoomms s ddiirreeccttlly y bobonnddeed d tto o tthhee c

caarrbboon n bbeeaarriinng g hhaallooggeenn.. "o

"ompmpououndnds s in in #h#hicich h a a hahalologegenn atom is bonded to a sp

atom is bonded to a sp_-hybridi$ed_-hybridi$ed carbon are called vinylic halides or carbon are called vinylic halides or phe

phenyl nyl halhalideides. s. %i%inylnylic ic halhalide ide is is aa g

geenneerraal l tteerrm m tthhaat t rreeffeerrs s tto o aa

co

compmpouound nd in in #h#hicich h a a hahalologegen n isis attached to a carbon atom that is attached to a carbon atom that is a

allsso o ffoorrmmiinng g a a ddououbblle e bboonnd d ttoo a

annootthheer r ccaarrbboon n aattoomm. . &&hheennyyll halides are compounds in #hich a halides are compounds in #hich a halogen is attached to a ben$ene halogen is attached to a ben$ene ri

ringng. . &h&henenyl yl hahalilidedes s bebelolong ng to to aa lar

larger ger grgroup oup of of comcompounpounds ds calcalledled ary

aryl l halhalideides. s. ''ogeogethether r #it#ith h alkalkylyl h

haalliiddeess, , tthheesse e ccoommppoouunnddss c

coommpprriisse e a a llaarrggeer r ggrroouup p oof f c

coommppoouunndds s kknnoo##n n ssiimmpplly y aass or

organiganic c halhalideides s or or ororganoganohalhalogeogenn compounds. 1

compounds. 1 *

*rrggaanniic c hhaalliiddees s aarre e oorrggaanniicc com

compounpounds ds concontaitaininning g a a halhalogeogenn at

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'he

'he said said halogen halogen atom atom can can eithereither be

be chlchloriorine, ne, +uo+uorinrine, e, brbromiomine, ne, oror iiooddiinnee. . ''hheesse e ccoommppoouunndds s araree con

considsiderered ed to to be be +am+ame e reretartardandantt an

and d momost st of of ththem em arare e sysyntnthehetitic.c. 'he halogen atom of an alkyl halide 'he halogen atom of an alkyl halide iis s aattttaacchheed d tto o a a sspp!!_-hybridi$ed_-hybridi$ed carbon. 'he arrangement of groups carbon. 'he arrangement of groups around the carbon atom, therefore, around the carbon atom, therefore, is

is gengenererallally y tettetrahrahedredral. al. ececauseause h

haallooggeen n aattoomms s aarre e mmoorree ele

electrctroneonegatgative ive thathan n carcarbonbon, , thethe c

cararbboonn--hhaallooggeen n bboonnd d oof f aallkkyyll halides is polari$ed. alogen atom halides is polari$ed. alogen atom si$e increases as #e go do#n the si$e increases as #e go do#n the pe

peririododic ic tatablble e #h#herereaeas s +u+uororininee

atoms are the smallest and iodine atoms are the smallest and iodine ato

atoms ms the the larlargesgest. t. "on"onseseuenuentlytly,, th

the e cacarbrbonon-h-halalogogen en bobond nd lelengngthth increases and carbon-halogen bond increases and carbon-halogen bond strength decreases as #e go do#n strength decreases as #e go do#n the periodic table. 

the periodic table.  'he

'he ob/ectives ob/ectives of of this this e0perime0perimentent ar

are e (1(1) ) to to didi2e2errenentitiate ate prprimimarary,y, se

secocondndarary, y, anand d tetertrtiaiary ry ororgaganinicc halides based on their 3

halides based on their 344 reactivity, reactivity, (

() ) and and to to didi2e2errenentitiatate e bebet#t#eeeenn 3

3441 1 aannd d 3344  aas s rreeaaccttiivvee mechanisms #ith organic halides. mechanisms #ith organic halides.

Methodology Methodology Samples Samples

&he samples used in the

&he samples used in the e1perie1periment erement ere n n-- /ut!l

/ut!l hloride,hloride, sec sec-/ut!l hloride,-/ut!l hloride, tert tert -/ut!l-/ut!l hloride and hloro/en3ene.

hloride and hloro/en3ene. Reagents

Reagents

&he reaents used in the e1periment ere &he reaents used in the e1periment ere 29

29 etethanhanololi i AANN77 aannd d ))++9 9 NNaa0 0 iinn anh!drous aetone.

anh!drous aetone. Beilstein Te

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Tst: Copper Halide Test est

&he test as onduted /! preparin one &he test as onduted /! preparin one opper ire for eah sample to /e used. n opper ire for eah sample to /e used. n one end of eah opper ire a small loop one end of eah opper ire a small loop as made. &he loop as then heated diretl! as made. &he loop as then heated diretl! in

in ththe e o1o1ididi3ii3in n 3o3one ne of of a a nonnon-l-lumumininousous flame enerated /! a (unsen /urner. 0t as flame enerated /! a (unsen /urner. 0t as on

ontintinuouuousl! sl! heaheated ted untuntil il the the rereen en ololor or

until the o1ide adhered to the loop. &he loop until the o1ide adhered to the loop. &he loop a

as s ththen en ththen en ooololed ed slsliihthtl! l! anand d aass dipped into the li<uid sample. &he loop dipped into the li<uid sample. &he loop asas he

heatated ed aaaiain n iith th ththe e sasampmple le in in a a nonon- n-luminous flame here first in the inner 3one luminous flame here first in the inner 3one of the flame and then into the outer 3one and of the flame and then into the outer 3one and then near the ede of the flame. &he olor of then near the ede of the flame. &he olor of the flame imparted /! eah sample as then the flame imparted /! eah sample as then reorded.

reorded. "iure ).)

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%

% N N) ) 5ea5eatiti$it!$it!= = 5ea5eatition on itith h AlAlohooholili %il$er Nitrate 629 ethanoli AN

%il$er Nitrate 629 ethanoli AN7788

&he test as onduted /! plain 2* drops &he test as onduted /! plain 2* drops of 29 ethanoli sil$er nitrate in eah of the of 29 ethanoli sil$er nitrate in eah of the fou

four r testest t tu/tu/es es 6&6&aain in intinto o ononsidsideraeratiotionn that the solution of the reaent should not /e that the solution of the reaent should not /e tu

tur/r/id id hhen en ususeded8. 8. + + drdropops s of of n-n-/u/ut!t!ll h

hloloriridede, , sese--/u/ut!t!l l hlhlororidide, e, tetertrt-/-/utut!l!l hloride and hloro/en3ene ere then added hloride and hloro/en3ene ere then added to their respeti$e test tu/es. &he test tu/es to their respeti$e test tu/es. &he test tu/es ere then shaen and the time it too for a ere then shaen and the time it too for a

sil

sil$er $er halhalide ide prepreipipitaitate te to to forform m as as thethenn reorded. &he olor of the preipitate as reorded. &he olor of the preipitate as also reorded.

also reorded. %

% N N2 2 5e5eaatiti$i$it!t!= = 5e5eaatition on iith th %o%odidiumum 0odide in Aetone 6)+9 Na0 in anh!drous 0odide in Aetone 6)+9 Na0 in anh!drous aetone8

aetone8

&he test as onduted /! plain 2 drops &he test as onduted /! plain 2 drops of )+9 Na0 in

of )+9 Na0 in anh!dranh!drous aetone in eah of ous aetone in eah of tthhe e ffoour ur ddrr! ! tteesst t ttuu/e/es s 66&&aaiinn  iinnttoo onsideration that the solution of the reaent onsideration that the solution of the reaent should not /e tur/id hen used8. + drops of should not /e tur/id hen used8. + drops of of n-/ut!l hloride, se-/ut!l hloride, of n-/ut!l hloride, se-/ut!l hloride, tert- /ut!l

/ut!l hloride hloride and and hloro/en3ene hloro/en3ene ere ere thenthen ad

addeded d to to ththeieir r rerespspeetiti$e $e tetest st tutu/e/es. s. &h&hee ontents of eah test tu/e ere then mi1ed ontents of eah test tu/e ere then mi1ed and the time it too to form a preipitate as and the time it too to form a preipitate as then reorded. &he olor of the preipitate then reorded. &he olor of the preipitate as also reorded.

as also reorded.

Results and Discussions Results and Discussions Beilstein Te

Beilstein Test st

(eilstein &est is a <ui preliminar! he (eilstein &est is a <ui preliminar! he for haloens. A positi$e result ould impart for haloens. A positi$e result ould impart a /lue-reen flame. 0t is the simplest method a /lue-reen flame. 0t is the simplest method

for identif!in the presene of a haloen, /ut for identif!in the presene of a haloen, /ut does not positi$el! differentiate /eteen Cl, does not positi$el! differentiate /eteen Cl, (r and 0. Heatin the opper ire /efore the (r and 0. Heatin the opper ire /efore the te

test st is is ararriried ed out out reremomo$es $es ththe e trtraeaes s of of impurities hih ma! affet the result of the impurities hih ma! affet the result of the test.>7?

test.>7? &a/le 2.) (eilstein &est 5esults

&a/le 2.) (eilstein &est 5esults O

Orrggaanniic c SSaammppllee eeiillsstteeiin n TTeesstt

n!"utyl chloride

n!"utyl chloride reen flamereen flame sec!"utyl chloride

sec!"utyl chloride reen flamereen flame tert!"utyl chloride

tert!"utyl chloride reen flamereen flame chloro"enzene

chloro"enzene reen flamereen flame

&a/le 2.) shos the result of the said test &a/le 2.) shos the result of the said test here all of the samples imparted a reen here all of the samples imparted a reen fflalameme. . &&he he prpresesenene e of of a a rreeeen n fflalameme

CuB

CuB22 is $olatile and imparts a /lue-reen is $olatile and imparts a /lue-reen flame. &he /lue-reen olor is due to the flame. &he /lue-reen olor is due to the em

emisissision on of of lilihht t frfrom om e1e1itited ed ststatates es of of o

oppepper r halhalidide e ththat at hahas s $a$apoporiri3e3ed d in in ththee /urner flame. >?

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%il$er nitrate solution an /e used to find %il$er nitrate solution an /e used to find outout h

hiih h hahaloloeen n is is prpresesenent t in in a a sususpspeetetedd haloenoalane. &he most effeti$e a! is haloenoalane. &he most effeti$e a! is to do a su/stitution reation hih turns the to do a su/stitution reation hih turns the haloen into a halide ion, and then to test for haloen into a halide ion, and then to test for that ion ith sil$er nitrate solution. >+?

that ion ith sil$er nitrate solution. >+? Doin the reation

Doin the reation

&he haloenoalane is armed ith some &he haloenoalane is armed ith some sodium h!dro1ide solution in a mi1ture of sodium h!dro1ide solution in a mi1ture of ethanol and ater. E$er!thin ill dissol$e ethanol and ater. E$er!thin ill dissol$e in this mi1ture and so !ou an et a ood in this mi1ture and so !ou an et a ood reation.

reation.

&he haloen atom is displaed as a halide &he haloen atom is displaed as a halide ion=

ion=

Va

Various preipitates ma! /e rious preipitates ma! /e formed from theformed from the reation /eteen the sil$er and halide ions= reation /eteen the sil$er and halide ions=

io

ion prn presesenentt o"o"seser#r#atatioionn Cl

Cl!! _{hite preipitate}_{hite preipitate} r

r!! _{$er! pale ream preipitate}_{$er! pale ream preipitate} $$!! _{$er! pale !ello preipitate}_{$er! pale !ello preipitate}

Confirming the precipitates Confirming the precipitates 0t

0t iis s aattuaualll! l! <u<uiite te didiffffiiuullt t toto dis

distintinuiuish sh /et/eteeeen n thethese se ololourours,s, eessppeeiiaallll! ! iif f tthheerre e iissnnt t mmuuhh preipitate.

preipitate. ou ou an an sort sort out out hihhih preipitate

preipitate !ou !ou ha$e ha$e /! /! addinaddin ammonia solution

ammonia solution..

%gCl

%gCl preipitate preipitate dissol$es dissol$es to to i$ei$e a olourless solution

a olourless solution %gr

%gr preipitate preipitate is is almostalmost un

unhhananeed d ususiin n didillututee am

ammmononiia a ssololututiionon, , //uutt di

dissssolol$es $es in in oonnenentrtratateded ammonia solution to i$e a ammonia solution to i$e a olourless solution

olourless solution %g$

%g$ preipitate preipitate is is insolu/le insolu/le inin am

ammomoninia a sosolulutition on of of an!an! onentration

onentration

0n

0n thithis s asase, e, $ar$ariouious s halhaloenoenoaloalaneanes s areare treated ith a solution of sil$er nitrate in a treated ith a solution of sil$er nitrate in a mi1ture of ethanol and ater. Nothin else is mi1ture of ethanol and ater. Nothin else is ad

addeded. d. AAftfter er $a$ar!r!inin  llenentths hs of of ttimimee preipitates

preipitates appear appear as as halide halide ions ions 6produed6produed from reations of the haloenoalanes8 reat from reations of the haloenoalanes8 reat ith the sil$er ions present.

ith the sil$er ions present.

As lon as !ou are doin e$er!thin under As lon as !ou are doin e$er!thin under o

ontntrorolllled ed oondndititioions ns 6s6samame e amamouountnts s of of e$er!thin, same temperature and so on8, e$er!thin, same temperature and so on8, thethe ttiimme e ttaaeen n ii$$ees s a a ooood d uuiide de tto o tthehe re

reaatiti$i$it! t! of of ththe e hahaloloeenonoalalaanenes s - - ththee <ui

<uier er the the prepreipipitaitate te appeappearsars, , the the mormoree reati$e the haloenoalane.

reati$e the haloenoalane.

&he halide ion is formed in one of to a!s, &he halide ion is formed in one of to a!s, dep

dependiendin n on on the the t!pt!pe e of of halhaloeoenoalnoalaneane !ou

!ou ha$ha$e e prepresensent t - - priprimarmar!!, , seseondaondar! r! or or tertiar!. >F?

tertiar!. >F? "o

"or r a a prprimimar! ar! hahaloloenenoaoallaneane, , ththe e mamainin reation is one /eteen the haloenoalane reation is one /eteen the haloenoalane and ater in the sol$ent.

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%eondar! haloenoalanes do a /it of /oth %eondar! haloenoalanes do a /it of /oth of these.

of these. Co

Compmpararining g ththe e rereacactition on raratetes s as as yoyouu change the halogen

change the halogen 

oou u ououlld d hha$a$e e tto o eeeep p tthhe e tt!!pe pe oof f ha

haloloenenoaoallane ane 6p6pririmamar!r!, , seseoondandar! r! or or tertiar!8 onstant, /ut $ar! the haloen. ou tertiar!8 onstant, /ut $ar! the haloen. ou miht, for e1ample, ompare the times taen miht, for e1ample, ompare the times taen to produe a preipitate from this series of to produe a preipitate from this series of primar! haloenoalanes=

primar! haloenoalanes=

/$iousl!, t

/$iousl!, the time taen he time taen for a preipitate of for a preipitate of sil$er halide to appear ill depend on ho sil$er halide to appear ill depend on ho m

muuh h oof f e$e$eerr!!tthhiinn  !!ou ou uusse e aand nd tthhee temperature at hih the reation is arried temperature at hih the reation is arried out. (ut the pattern of results is ala!s the out. (ut the pattern of results is ala!s the same.

same.

"or e1ample= "or e1ample=

•• A primar! iodo ompound produesA primar! iodo ompound produes a preipitate <uite

a preipitate <uite <uil!.<uil!.

•• A A priprimarmar! ! /ro/romo mo omompounpound d tataeses loner to i$e a preipitate.

loner to i$e a preipitate.

•• A A pprriimmaarr! ! hhlloorro o oommppoouunndd pro/a/l!

pro/a/l! ont ont i$e i$e an! an! preipitatepreipitate until ell after !ou ha$e lost interest until ell after !ou ha$e lost interest in the hole thin

in the hole thin

&he order of reati$it! reflets the strenths &he order of reati$it! reflets the strenths of the haloen /onds. &he of the haloen /onds. &he iodine /ond is the eaest and the iodine /ond is the eaest and the ar/on-hlorine the stronest of the three /onds. 0n hlorine the stronest of the three /onds. 0n

0f !ou ha$e looed at the mehanisms for 0f !ou ha$e looed at the mehanisms for these reations, !ou ill no that a lone these reations, !ou ill no that a lone pair on

pair on a ater a ater moleule attas moleule attas the slihtl!the slihtl! positi$e

positi$e ar/on ar/on atom atom attahed attahed to to thethe haloen. 0t is slihtl! positi$e /eause most haloen. 0t is slihtl! positi$e /eause most of

of the the halhaloenoens s are are mormore e eleeletrtroneoneatiati$e$e than ar/on, and so pull eletrons aa! from than ar/on, and so pull eletrons aa! from the ar/on.

the ar/on.

0t is temptin to thin that the reation ill 0t is temptin to thin that the reation ill /e faster if the eletroneati$it! differene is /e faster if the eletroneati$it! differene is

re

reateater. &he r. &he slisliht ht pospositiiti$e $e haharre e on on thethe ar/on ill /e larer if it is attahed to a ar/on ill /e larer if it is attahed to a hlorine atom than to an iodine atom.

hlorine atom than to an iodine atom. &hat means that there ill /e

&hat means that there ill /e more attrationmore attration /eteen

/eteen a a lone lone pair pair on on the the ater ater and and aa a

ar/r/on on atatom om atattatahehed d to to a a hhloloririne ne atatomom than if it as attahed to an iodine atom. than if it as attahed to an iodine atom. &he

&he eleeletrtroneoneatiati$it! $it! difdiffeferenrene e /et/eteeneen ar/on and iodine is nelii/le.

ar/on and iodine is nelii/le. Ho

Hoee$er$er, , ththe e fafaststesest t rereaatition on is is iith th anan iioododoalalaannee.. In In these these reactions, reactions, bond bond str

strengtength h is is the the maimain n facfactor tor decidecidinding g thethe relative rates of reaction.

relative rates of reaction. >?>?

&a/le 2.2 %

&a/le 2.2 % N N) 5eati$it! ) 5eati$it! &e&est 5esultsst 5esults Organic Organic Sample Sample S&' S&' Reacti#ity Reacti#ity Time Time needed needed n!"utyl n!"utyl chloride chloride :hite :hite preipitate preipitate + minutes + minutes sec!"utyl sec!"utyl chloride chloride :hite :hite preipitate preipitate ) minute ) minute tert!"utyl tert!"utyl chloride chloride :hite :hite preipitate preipitate )+ seonds )+ seonds chloro"enzene

chloro"enzene No reation No reation NoNo reation reation

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preipitate.

preipitate. nl! nl! hloro/en3ene hloro/en3ene did did notnot sh

sho o anan! ! sisinns s of of rereaatitionon. . &&eertrt-/-/utut!l!l hloride as the fastest to form a preipitate, hloride as the fastest to form a preipitate, se-/ut!l hloride as the seond and n-/ut!l se-/ut!l hloride as the seond and n-/ut!l hloride as the last.

hloride as the last.

S

S N N 2 Reactivity: Reaction with Sodi$m %odide2 Reactivity: Reaction with Sodi$m %odide in Acetone (1& Na% in anhydro$s acetone# in Acetone (1& Na% in anhydro$s acetone# &a/le 2.7 %

&a/le 2.7 % N N2 5eati$it! 2 5eati$it! &e&est 5esultsst 5esults O

Orrggaanniic c SSaammppllee SS&&( ( RReeaaccttii##iitty y TTiimme e nneeeeddeedd

n!"utyl chloride

n!"utyl chloride :h:hitite e prpreeiipipitatattee F F sseeonondsds sec!"utyl chloride

sec!"utyl chloride :h:hitite e prpreeiipipitatattee   sseeonondsds tert!"utyl chloride

tert!"utyl chloride :h:hitite e prpreeiipipitatattee 7* 7* seseoondndss chloro"enzene

chloro"enzene No reation No reation No reationNo reation

&a/le 2.7 shos the result of the said test &a/le 2.7 shos the result of the said test here n-/ut!l

here n-/ut!l hlorihloride, de, se-/use-/ut!l t!l hlorihloridede an

and d tetertrt-/-/utut!l !l hhloloriride de !i!ieleldeded d a a hhititee preipitate.

preipitate. nl! nl! hloro/en3ene hloro/en3ene did did notnot sho an! sins of reation. N-/ut!l hloride sho an! sins of reation. N-/ut!l hloride as the fastest to form a preipitate, as the fastest to form a preipitate, se- /ut!l

/ut!l hloride hloride as as the the seond seond and and tert-/ut!ltert-/ut!l hloride as the last.

hloride as the last.

Another method for distinuishin /eteen Another method for distinuishin /eteen primar!

primar! seondar! seondar! and and tertiar! tertiar! halideshalides ma

maes es use use of of sodsodium ium iodiodide ide disdissolsol$ed $ed inin aetone. &his test omplements the aloholi aetone. &his test omplements the aloholi sil$er nitrate test, and hen these to tests sil$er nitrate test, and hen these to tests are used toether, is possi/le to determine are used toether, is possi/le to determine fairl! auratel! the ross struture of the fairl! auratel! the ross struture of the attahed al!l roup. &he test depends on attahed al!l roup. &he test depends on

in )hich iodide ion is the nucleophile* the in )hich iodide ion is the nucleophile* the order of reacti#ity is primary + secondary order of reacti#ity is primary + secondary +

+ tteerrttiiaarryy.. >I?>I? :ith the reaent, primar! /romides i$e a :ith the reaent, primar! /romides i$e a preipitate

preipitate of of sodium sodium /romide /romide in in a/out a/out 77 mi

min n at at roroom om tetempmpererataturure, e, hherereaeas s ththee primar!

primar! and and seondar! seondar! hlorides hlorides must must /e/e heated to a/out +**C /efore reation ours. heated to a/out +**C /efore reation ours. %e

%eondaondar! r! and and tertertiatiar! r! /ro/romidmides es reareat t atat +*

+*Ε Ε C, /ut the tertiar! hlorides fail to reatC, /ut the tertiar! hlorides fail to reat in a

in a rereasasonaona/l/le e titimeme.. $t should "e noted$t should "e noted th

that at ththis is tetest st is is nenececessssararilily y lilimimiteted d toto "

"rroommiiddees s aannd d cchhlloorriiddeess.. %D0#M 0D0DE 0N ACE&NE 6for al!l %D0#M 0D0DE 0N ACE&NE 6for al!l hal

halideides s thathat t an an undunderero o %% N N2 reations8 J 2 reations8 J Primar! and some seondar! al!l hlorides Primar! and some seondar! al!l hlorides or

or /r/romomidides es iill ll ii$e $e a a prpreeipipititatate e of of sodium iodide in the reaent. Al!l iodides sodium iodide in the reaent. Al!l iodides ill not i$e the preip

ill not i$e the preipitateitate.. %ryl or #inyl%ryl or #inyl halides do not react.

halides do not react. P

Poossiittii$$e e &&eesstt &h

&he e foformrmatatiion on of of a a hhiitte e prpreeiipipitatatete iinnddiiaattees s tthhe e prreesseenp ne e oof f hhaalliiddeess.. Compliations

Compliations

).:hen the sodium iodide solution is added ).:hen the sodium iodide solution is added to

to ththe e ununnononn, , a a prpreeipipititatate e of of sosodidiumum iiododiide de mmiiht ht oouur r lleaeadidin n tto o a a ffalalsese positi$e test. #pon mi1in, the preipitate of positi$e test. #pon mi1in, the preipitate of ssooddiiuum m iiooddiidde e sshhoouulld d ddiissssooll$$ee.. 2.E1essi$e heatin an ause the loss of 2.E1essi$e heatin an ause the loss of ae

aetotone ne and and ththe e prprododututioion n of of sosolilid d sasaltlt leadin to a false positi$e test. >K?

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