What do you think of when you hear the word ENERGY

What do you think of when you

hear the word

ENERGY

?

(make a list of words that makes you think of energy)

• Food

• Movement

• Doing things • Working

Where do they get the energy to go down the hill?

Essential Question:

Why is energy so important to us?

EVERYDAY ENERGY?

What types of energy do you encounter everyday?

How does energy get from one place to another?

So what is ENERGY?!?!

Energy is NOT matter and is actually

very difficult to define... Textbooks define it as …

“The ability to do work”

We will define it by providing examples of energy and the effects it has on objects.

Types of Energy

We have already talked about many different types of energy.

Gravitational POTENTIAL

Energy (GP

)

Gravitational Potential Energy (GP_E) is the

stored energy of an object resulting from the object’s position in a system.

GP_E relies on the height of the object in the system…the higher the object the more GP_E it has.

If you add GP_E to K_E + heat you get

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion. The energy associated with

moving objects is called kinetic energy (KE), and is often referred to as the most fundamental form of energy.

The size of the KE is determined by

Review

of

Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion. The

energy associated with moving objects is called kinetic energy (KE), and is often referred to as the most

fundamental form of energy. The size of the KE is determined by an object’s speed and its mass. A

moving baseball has kinetic energy. If you have ever been hit by a pitched ball, you are aware of the energy a moving object can have.

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) - the stored energy of position. This is energy that an object

possesses due to its position. The size of the GPE is determined by the object’s mass and its height above the ground. A person climbing a ladder increases her height above the ground, she increases her GPE.

Heat Energy (HE) or Thermal Energy -is

the random kinetic energy of particles. Heat energy is the random, and very

disorganized, kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

The thermal energy of an object consists of the total kinetic energy of all its

atoms and molecules. It is a form of

energy related to heat and temperature. Thermal energy can be created internally with chemical, nuclear and electrical

reactions. It can also be created or

Chemical Energy (CE) - The energy held

in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule is called chemical energy. Every bond has a certain amount of

energy. To break the bond requires

Electromagnetic Energy –Electromagnetic energy is the energy that comes from electromagnetic radiation. This radiation is composed of waves, such as radio waves and visible light, that move at the speed of light in a way that is suggestive of both

waves and particles. Electromagnetic radiation causes both electric and

Sound Energy-Sound energy is the energy produced by sound vibrations as they travel through a specific

medium. Sound vibrations cause waves of pressure which lead to some level of compression and rarefaction in the

mediums through which the sound waves travel. Sound energy is, therefore, a

form of mechanical energy; it is not

contained in small particles and it is not related to any chemical change, but is purely related to the pressure its

vibrations cause. Sound energy is

Elastic Potential Energy (EPE) - Elastic

potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object (like a bow or a

spring) that is deformed under tension or compression (often termed under the word stress by physicists). It happens as a result of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape, which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms and molecules that make up the object. If the stretch is released, it is transformed into

Salem Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear Power- Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of

uranium atoms in a process called fission.

The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion.

Scientists are working on creating fusion energy on

Chemical Energy vs.

Nuclear Energy

Chemical Energy

• It is the energy that holds electrons together that

move around the nucleus. • Happens in the Electron

Cloud

• The energy can be released when the bonds are broken. • Small Amount of Energy

released

• Examples Digestion, burning fossil fuels

Nuclear Energy

• It is the energy stored in the nucleus of an

atom.

• Happens in the Nucleus • The energy can be

released when the nuclei are combined or split

apart.

• Large amount of Energy released

What’s the Difference between energy transfer and energy transformation?

Energy transfer is when the same energy is

transferred to another object.

When you kick a soccer ball down the field with your moving leg!

Energy transformation is when one energy

type changes into another type of energy.

Energy in Systems

Energy can move from place to place or change from one type to another…

Energy transformation – is changing

from one type of energy into a different type of energy.

Question?

A bowling ball is sitting on a table and is pushed off and hits a skateboard which rolls across the floor. Explain what

happened to both the ball and skateboard using the terms…

Energy Transfer

And

Answer

Bowling Ball

• KE was transferred to the bowling ball to put the ball in motion. The balls energy

was transformed from GPE to KE. Skateboard

• KE was transferred from the bowling ball to the skateboard. The skateboards

energy was transformed from GPE to KE.

Dropping Golf Balls ...

You will drop a golf ball and a fuzzy ball from four different heights (25cm, 50cm, 75 cm and 100cm)

Let’s Investigate

Each person has received a lab paper with 7 Questions and a set of directions from A-D. Work together on this lab!

You must do these in order… so if some Questions

come first, answer the question BEFORE going on to the direction steps!!!

Answer the questions on your lab paper and review your data table. You may discuss the answers and data as a group, but DO NOT copy answers from other

Data Table

1. One column is for the golf ball and one

column is for the fuzzy ball.

2. Use little ruler to

measure the width of the crater in cm.

3. Then Use the ruler to smooth the sand.

4. Record your answers. 5. Clean up when you are

Investigation Results

1.) The golf ball does not have any K_E

since it is not moving. It does not have the ability to move on its own due to its position (sitting in the sand) so it does not have any GP_E. If K_E = 0J and GP_E = 0J then T_E is also 0J!!!

2.) The golf ball now has GP_E b/c it is

Investigation Results

3.) The golf ball got its energy from the

person who picked it up and moved it to a height!!! The person TRANSFERRED

energy to the ball from themselves when they lifted it!!!

This energy came from the person’s muscles. The muscles got their energy from the food you ate.

Tracing this flow of energy is called an

Investigation Results

4.) The ball dropped from the highest

point = 100cm caused the biggest crater.

5.) The variable that changed here was the MASS of the ball. Everything else remained constant (stayed the same). The craters produced by the hollow

Investigation Results

6.) Both of the balls hit the sand at the

same speed!!! (In other words, they fall at the same time!!!)…Watch I’ll show

you…

The difference between the two balls is the amount of energy!!! The more

Investigation Results

7.) The big point you should have concluded

is that MASS affects both GP_E and K_E. You should have also concluded that

the higher the release point, the faster the ball will be traveling when it hits the sand. Gravity speeds up ALL falling

objects at the same rate (9.8 m/s2).

Revisiting the Golf ball Lab

Where did the golf ball get it’s initial (beginning) energy to even move at all?

From the person who initially moved the ball.

Where did “they” get the energy from?

They got the energy from the food they ate that day.

What kind of energy is that called?

Revisiting the Golf ball Lab

• MASS affects both GP_E and K_E.

• The higher the release point, the faster the ball will be traveling when it hits the sand.

• Gravity speeds up ALL falling objects at the same rate (9.8 m/s2).

Focus Question: What barrier design

will stop the car in the shortest distance?

Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy

Part A: Creating a Barrier

Your Mission…

1. You will answer the pre-lab questions

(1-4) BEFORE you start the lab.

2. Practice three or four times before

you record your trials.

3. You will stack the dominos at the

60cm

mark on the ramp.

Pre-Investigation

Questions

• Question #1: What form of energy is present when the car is sitting at the top of the ramp? How do you know this?

• Question #2: What will happen to the energy of the car as it moves down the ramp? What

evidence could you collect to justify your answer?

• Question #3: When the car strikes the barrier what will happen to the energy of the car? How do you know this?

Design your Drawing

Draw your design as if you were looking down at it from above. Or draw it from the side if you wish.

Place numbers in the blocks if you stacked more than one on top of each other.

Your Mission…

5. Record the distance in cm from

the 60cm mark to the first

domino.

6. If your dominos touch the end

wall, your trial doesn't count!

7. You can not have any dominos

Data Table

Your Mission…

8. Once you have answered questions

1-4 you may start your lab.

Record your results carefully and be prepared to report to the class the design of your barrier that stopped the car in the shortest distance by exerting the largest stopping force and the

answers to the questions asked below.

Question #5: What forces are causing the car to stop?

Question #6: Why is the stopping distance shorter for some arrangements of blocks than for other arrangements?

ENERGY CHAINS

Since energy is transferred and

transformed all the time, it is helpful to be able to track the “flow” of energy in

systems.

A map of what happens to energy, where it goes, and how it changes in a system.

Energy chains can be created using words, pictures, arrows, or any combination of

Domino Lab Energy Chain

chain for the domino lab on a poster. • Assume the car is lying on the table. • Draw pictures with your energy chain

showing one down hill trial of your car. • Be sure to include the words

transformation and transferring in your energy chain as well as the different

Car and Domino Energy Chain

Chemical Energy in your body

Mechanical Energy in your body

Gravitational Potential Energy as the car is lifted onto the track

Mechanical Energy as the car rolls down the track

Heat Energy from friction

Mechanical Energy in the domino barrier

Energy Chains

Can you think of how the energy flows through a car?

What would you start with?

What types of energy transformations are happening?

Energy Transfer and

Transformation

Chemical

Electrical _{Thermal Mechanical}

Kinetic Energy Thermal Energy (Friction)

Chemical

Sound Energy

C₈H₁₈

Constructing

Energy

Using Font Size

Predict what this car is doing?

Coming to a stop!

A car stopping as a

standard Bar Graph

KE

Using Circle Graphs

Circle graphs can be used to illustrate energy flow. Each form is represented by a portion of the circle. Multiple circle graphs can

Circle Graph

Examine what is happening in these circle graphs?

Can you

construct an

Energy Chain for a

person hitting a softball

to the outfield?

Include a picture and

use

the terms transforming and

Hitting a softball into

the outfield

(assume the softball is on the ground before it is hit)

1. Chemical E from food to ME to pick up ball.

2. Ball has PE in the air 3. Ball throw in air

transform from PE to KE 4. Bat hits ball transfers

KE to ball

Sound energy / friction given off

5. Ball increases KE 6. Gravity pulls on ball

7. Air resistance slows ball down 8. Ball hits ground (Friction)

9. Balls KE is transferred to dirt as it flies up.

10. KE transformed into Sound energy

ENERGY CHAINS

Let’s look at some systems where energy transformation is taking place…(i.e.

changing from one type of energy to another type of energy.)

Ramps Cars

Bungee jumper A Pendulum

The cause of it all…

What causes acceleration (a change in velocity) to occur?

(In other words… what must be applied?)

Force

What's a force?

Any push or a pull on an object to put it into motion.

Force can be measured by taking an object’s mass and multiplying it by the acceleration.

F = m*a

(Units for Force are Newtons: N)

1Newton= 1kg x m/s2

Force

Force

Re-arrange the Force equation (F=ma) to solve for mass and acceleration…

m =

Force

There are several types of forces acting on this moving box. What are they?

Force

Friction: A force that opposes the

motion between two objects in contact with each other.

Q: Is it easier to push something across

concrete or ice? (WHY?)

A: Ice b/c there are less frictional

Unbalanced Forces

What would be the NET force (overall force) on the box?

= 30 N

What direction will the box move?

Force

Force problems on

Force problems

1. What is the net force necessary for a 1.6x103

kg automobile to accelerate forward at 2.0m/s2?

F=ma

3200N

2. A baseball accelerates downward at

9.8 m/s2. If the gravitational force acting on the ball is 1.4N, what is the baseball’s mass?

m= f/a

m/s2

1.4 kg x m/s2 9.8

m/s2

Force problems

3. A sailboat and its crew have a combined

mass of 655kg. If the sailboat

experiences an unbalance force of 895N pushing it forward, what is the sailboat’s acceleration?

a= f/m 895N so… = 655 kg

895 kg x m/s2

655 kg

‘Newton’s First LAW

LAW 1 (Law of Inertia): An object at

rest will remain at rest and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon an outside force.

Inertia: The property of an object to resist changes in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Unbalanced force: A net force that is

not equal to zero.

Newton’s Second LAW

LAW 2: The unbalanced force acting on

an object equals the object’s mass times its’ acceleration.

To accelerate the mass of an object you must apply a force!

F= m x a

Newton’s Third LAW

LAW 3:For every action force, there is

an equal and opposite reaction force.

Examples of Newton’s Laws

If you are pushing an empty grocery cart with 20N of force… will the

grocery cart have the same acceleration if you continue to push it at the same

force of 20N when it is full.

Which Law and why?

A: 2nd law. NO…the acceleration will

Examples of Newton’s Laws

What would happen if you were

standing on a skateboard and threw a really heavy ball?

Which law and why?

A: 3rd law. : You will go backwards on

the skateboard b/c the ball is pushing

Examples of Newton’s Laws

If you are riding on the bus and your books are on the seat next to you… if the bus driver stomps on the

brakes…where do your books go???

Which law and why?

Force Calculations

• 1. If a 4500 kg car is traveling westward with an acceleration of 35.2 m/s2, what is the force acting on it?

• 2. I am a roller skater with a mass of 72kg. If I am accelerating toward a wall at 3.7m/s2, what will be the amount of force at

which I hit the wall?

• 3. A dock worker needs to stop a box of goods that is rolling across a manual conveyer belt. He pushes it with a force of

288.75 N and is accelerating at .75m/s2. What is the mass of the box?

LAW OF

CONSERVATION

of

_{In the golf ball investigation, can we}

account for all the energy in the system?

If we add up all the PE, KE and any friction, will it equal the total energy (TE) in the system?

Yes, scientific evidence leads us to

believe that ALL of the energy in any example can be accounted for!

LAW OF CONSERVATION

of ENERGY

Energy cannot be created or

destroyed; it can only be transformed or transferred.

Total Energy is all the energy in a system

The TOTAL ENERGY (T_E) will always

stay the same!!!

LAW OF CONSERVATION

of ENERGY

The TOTAL ENERGY of a system can be measured by adding P_E + K_E + Heat.

T_E = K_E + P_E + heat

Q: Where does the heat come from???

LAW OF CONSERVATION

of ENERGY

TE will equal the GPE at the highest point in a system!

TE=GPE at the highest point

100 Joules of energy to start 100 Joules of energy at the

end!

Equal at the mid point!

“What you put in, is what you get out!”

(TE) NEVER CHANGES in a system!

A

B

LAW OF CONSERVATION

of ENERGY

Let’s look at the pendulum swing. Will it

continue to swing with same amount of energy over time?

Why won’t the beginning energy ever equal the end energy???

Hint: Can heat be contained in an open system?

NO… please remember that energy is not

LAW OF CONSERVATION

of ENERGY

Can any system ever be 100% efficient?

Will the beginning energy ever equal the end energy?

Energy Ramp

Label sections A-E w/ the appropriate level of P_E and K_E

(Assume NO friction)

Pendulum Energy

Transformation

Draw this pendulum diagram on a piece of paper

A. PE=KE?

Points 2 and 4

B. PE greatest?

Points 1 and 5

C. KE greatest?

Point 3 only

D. KE lowest?

1 and 5

E. PE lowest?

PENDULUM

E

C

B D

A

At which point is the KE greatest?

What is the velocity at that point?

Point C

PE Calculations

P

1. PE= 6856.08J 2. m= 4.6 kg

POTENTIAL energy (P

)

Potential Energy (P_E) is the stored energy of an object resulting from the position of the

object in a system.

P_E is measured by multiplying the mass of the object times the gravity and then times the height.

P_E = m x g x h remember…(gravity = 9.8m/s2)

POTENTIAL energy (P

)

Examples of objects with high P_E:

A stretched rubber band Any hanging object

Any compressed object (like a spring)

P

Power Triangle

Plug P_E = m*g*h into a Power Triangle

Write the equations when you solve for m and h. M= PE

gh h= PE

P

Power Triangle

Scientists know the

acceleration of

P

_E

Problem

Example: A mountain biker rides down a 42m high mountain with 2500 J of GP_E. What is the mass of the mountain biker?

What’s the formula for GP_E?

GP_E= mgh

Here’s what we know…

h = 42m

GP_E = 2500J

POWER TRIANGLE

If there is a fraction in the formula then the variable at the top of the fraction goes on top of the triangle.

Solve for mass So for m= P_E

S is for Solve

:

Step 5: Now you need to arrange the data to SOLVE the formula.

Put a box around your answer. Take two

places past the decimal and Do not round your answer.

m = P_E

mg 2500J (kg x m2/s2 ) (42m x 9.8m/s2 ) = 6.07 kg

Example: A mountain biker rides down a 42m high mountain with 2500 J of GP_E. What is the mass of the mountain

Answers to P

calculations

(1.a) P_E = 493,920J or… 4.9 x 105J

(1.b) P_E = 5,605,600J or… 5.6 x 106J

(1.c) P_E = 2802.8J or.. 2.8 x 103J

(2.) P_E = 1.4 x 1015J

(3.) h=14.84m

Calculating PE

• Which apple has more PE? • Apples have a mass= 1.5kg • Apple “A” height= 15m

• Apple “B” height= 20m • Remember PE=mgh

• So…

• Apple “A” PE= 220.5J • Apple “B” PE= 294 J

• So the winner is…Apple “B”

Apple “A” Apple “B”

15m

20m

Answers to P

calculations

pg 698 (96-100)

96. PE= mgh (0.14kg)(9.8m/s2)(3.5m)

PE=4.8J

97. h= PE/mg 6.6 J/ (74kg)(9.8m/s2)

h=.0091m

98. PE=mgh (67kg)(9.8m/s2)(2.04m)

PE=1339.4J or 1.3x103J

99. m= PE/gh 88.9J/ (2.0m)(9.8m/s2)

m=4.5kg

100. h= PE/gm .744 J/ (.23kg)(9.8m/s2)

PE Calculations

P

1. PE= 6856.08J 2. m= 4.6 kg

Total Energy

Remember…Total Energy is all the energy in a system Remember the formula?

TE=PE +KE+ Heat

The heat in a system is the…

FRICTION!

Total Energy will equal the GPE at the highest point in system.

Total Energy NEVER changes in a system! Because…what you put in is what you get out!

Set up a Data Table

PE KE TE

A= A= A=

B= B= B=

C= C= C=

D= D= D=

Let’s Practice

A

E B

C

D

Calculate the PE, KE and TE of the ball at the 5 positions. Assume

there is no friction

The mass of the ball is 8kg. Height = 200m

Height = 0m

KINETIC Energy (K

_E

)

Kinetic Energy (K_E) is the energy of any moving object.

K_E depends on the mass and the velocity

(speed) of an object. Only ½ of the mass is used, but velocity is squared… so K_E

depends mostly on the velocity of the object.

K_E = ½m * v2

Speed vs. Velocity

What’s speed?

How fast an object is moving.

Then what is velocity?

Velocity is speed with direction!

Solving KE Problems

K_E = ½ m * v2

***Remember PEMDAS (order of operations)

1ST: Square the v

2nd: Take half the mass 3rd: Multiply 1/2m * v2

What is the kinetic energy of a 62.4 kg person running at a velocity of 4 m/s?

Answers to K

calculations

Page 301 (1a. & 1b.)

1a.) K_E = 630,750 J or… K_E = 6.3 x 105 J

1b.) K_E = 243,000 J or… K_E = 2.4 x 105 J

Page 699 (101,103 (51g to ?kg ) ,105-V=146m/s)

101. 4306.86 J or…

4.3 x 103 J 103. 2.399295 J

105. 810,008,000 J or… 8.1 x 108 J

KE Calculations

Remember… K_E = ½ m * v2

KE

7. KE=18021.6 J

8. KE= 1292.9J

9. KE=5006.07J

10. KE=38423.1J

Position A Position B Position C Position D

Potential Energy

(J) 90

Kinetic Energy

(J) 119 38

Heat Energy (J) _{0 10 37}

Total Energy (J) ₁₅₀

A (h = 50)

B (h = 7) D (h = 0) C (h = 30)

150 150 150

22 21

0

150 0

Bungee Jumper

Calculations

Person’s mass = 2kg

For A-E calculate on white boards: P_E, K_E, and T_E (assume NO friction)

P

, K

, and T

Calculations

B. 490J

C. 980J

D. 1470J

E. 1960J

TE

A. 1960J

B. 1960J

C. 1960J

D. 1960J

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Friction

(Thermal energy)

Potential Energy

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

• Production capacity of 12,600 MW

(megawatts) and a reliable output of 75 billion KW a year.

WORK

The Transfer

of Energy

How does the previous investigation

The Transfer of Energy is

called

WORK

Work measures the effects of a force acting over a distance.

Work = F*d so…

Work= energy transferred

The units are N * m = Joules (J)

1 Joule= 1kg x m2/s2

(F) * (d) = Work

Work Practice Problems

1.) F = 5200N

d = 25m W = ? J W = F*d

= (5200N)*(25m) = 130,000J

2.) F = 1N

d = 1m W = ? J W = F*d

Work Practice Problems

3.) F = 125N

d = 14.0m W = ? J W = F*d

Work Practice Problems

4.) F = 165N

d = .800m W = F*d

W = ? J

WORK

Q: If you try to move a lab table with

12,000N of force and it doesn’t move…How much work have you done?

A: NONE!!! Because…

W = 0J b/c the distance was 0m and W =

Work Practice Problems

5.) d = .5m F = m*a (a of g = 9.8m/s2) m = 1200kg

F = ? N

= (1200kg)*(9.8m/s2)

Force= 11,760N

F = 11,760N W = F*d d = .5m

W = ?J

Work Calculations

27. 125 J

28. 63 J

29. 60 J

30. 352 J

POWER

What’s Power?

Power = how much work is done in a given amount of time.

Does running require more work than walking the same distance?

No! So what is the difference between running and walking?

A: The time it takes!!!

So we need to account for the time it takes to do work… the equation that measures that is

P = W (Units for Power are Joules = Watts) t sec

POWER

in DUFAS

1. While running track, Bob’s legs do 5780J of

work in 183sec. What is his power output?

31.58 Watts

2. The chain that is pulling a rollercoaster up

the first hill does 24,652J of work over a 79sec time interval. What is the power output of the chain?

312.05 Watts

3. It takes Ms. King 20s to apply 23J of force

to move a box. What was her power output?

POWER Problems

Remember a Watt= Joule/seconds

1. P= W 3960J T 60.0s

=66.0 W

2. P= W 900MJ T 1s

=900 MW

3. P= W= 5350J T 50.0s

Power Calculations

Power

13. P=.84 watts

14. P= 6.6 watts

15. P=.003 watts

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic Potential energy can be

determined from the objects stretch squared and the constant that reflects the elasticity of the material. So what’s this mean in English?

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic PE= 1/2kx2

K=spring constant N/m X= amount stretched

or compression

Ex: (stretched spring, pulled rubber band) Elastic PE is measured

in Joules

Elastic Potential Energy

Problem

Remember…

Elastic PE= 1/2kx2

The elastic force constant stored in a

drawn bow is 100 N/m. The bow is drawn to pull the arrow back a

distance of 0.5 meters. Calculate the elastic

potential energy stored in the drawn bow.

In DUFAS

K= 100 N/m

2 50 N/m X=(.5m)2

.25m2

50 N/m x .25m2

Elastic Potential Energy

Problem

The elastic force

constant of a rubber balloon is 63 N/m.  If the balloon is stretched .13 m when blown up,

calculate the elastic

potential energy stored in the rubber balloon.

In DUFAS

K= 63 N/m

2 31.5 N/m X=(.13m)2 .0169m2

31.5 N/m x .0169m2

Elastic Potential Energy

Problem

The elastic force

constant of a spring in a toy is 550 N/m.  If the spring is

compressed .12 m, compute the elastic

potential energy stored in the spring.

In DUFAS

K= 550 N/m

2 275 N/m X=(.12m)2

.0144m2

275 N/m x .0144m2

Elastic Potential Energy

Calculations

17. 75J

18. 2443.5 J

19. 277214.5 J

SAFER Crash Barriers

So how do SAFER barriers absorb energy?*

The barriers move upon impact so that the KE of the car is transferred to a very large area of the wall (a large portion of the wall flexes upon impact). The key idea is that no one portion of the wall receives a large amount of the car’s KE. The KE of the flexing soft wall is then

transferred to the outer permanent wall and support structure. The materials that make up the wall are not elastic.

Forces That Transfer

Energy Making Crash

Methods of

Energy

Energy TRANSFER:

Energy transfer - is how the same type

of energy is passed from one object to another object.

Energy TRANSFER:

Method 1: Conduction

The transfer of energy through matter

by direct contact of particles.

Energy

TRANSFER

:

Method 2: Convection

The transfer of energy by the movement

of gases or liquids. (fluid movement only!!!)

Hot fluids will rise while cold fluids will sink… this creates a swirling motion.

Energy TRANSFER:

Method 3 : Radiation

The transfer of energy in the form of a wave. (mechanical or electromagnetic

waves)

Examples: How Earth gets it’s energy

3. 1.

2.

3.

1. Conduction _{3. Convection}

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation

When you see a number like:

3.46 E-4 m Come up on your calculator…

Scientific Notation

3.46 E-4 … The E-4 means x10-4

And here is how you translate that into a number.

The exponent (-4) tells you how many times to move the decimal point (4).

Scientific Notation

So for 3.46 E-4 g

You will move the decimal point 4 times to the left. (negative is to the left on the

number line!!!)

= .000346g

Scientific Notation

Let’s practice:

Change 4.86 E3 kg into a regular number…

Need to move the decimal 3 times and to the right because the 3 is positive.

Scientific Notation

YOUR TURN:

1.) 9.325 E-2 m 2.) 2.1903 E4 kg 3.) 7.473 x10-6 g 4.) 3.801 x105 cm3

ANSWERS:

1.) .09325 m 2.) 21903 kg

3.) .000007473 g 4.) 380100 cm3

When you move the decimal to the left it is negative. And

•This graph shows a ball rolling from A to G.

•

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