Show PDF

(1)

JULY- AUGUST, 2012, VOL. – I, ISSUE-I Page 278

vkfFkZd fodklke/;s m|kstdkaph Hkwfedk

eksgu l[kkjke dkacGs, Ph. D.

vkn’kZ cgqO;kih f’k{k.k o la’kks/ku egkfo|ky;] iq.ks& 04

izkLrkfod%

,dfolkos ‘’krd gs cktkjisB vkf.k vFkZdkj.k ;kaps ’krd Eg.kwu ekuys tkrs- vkt fodflr

vFkZO;oLFkk g;k vf/kd izxr gksr vkgsr- vkfFkZd fodklkph js"kk ;qjksi] vesfjdk vknh i`FohP;k if’pe xksyk/kkZdMwu ljdwu rh iwoZ xksyk/kkZdMs fLFkjkor vkgs- phu] Hkkjr o vkf’k;k [kaMkrhy brj vFkZO;oLFkakuh

osxoku fodkl lk/kwu laiw.kZ txkps os/kys vkgs-

Hkkjrkr tkxfrdhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k] vkf.k [kktxhdj.kkps ;qx 1990 e/;s vorjys- vkfFkZd {ks=krhy

cny gs rsOgkiklwu vkiY;k lekt thoukaoj izR;{k vizR;{ki.ks ifj.kke djhr vkgs- efgyk f’k{k.k] vkfFkZd dk;kZr R;kapk lgHkkx] ;keqGs dqVawclaLFksps Lo#i cnywu tkr vkgs- Lora= ygku ygku dqVqcs fuekZ.k >kyh-

nqgsjh mRiUukeqGs i;kZ;h mRiUu lqj{kk fuekZ.k >kyh- iz;ksx Eg.kwu Lo;ajkstxkj] Lora= O;olk;kdMs r#.k vkdf"kZr >kys- ljdkjh uksdÚ;kaph ?kVrh la[;k] rlsp foRrh; laLFkkadMwu lgt o iqjslk vFkZ iqjoBk gksow

ykxY;keqGs vkfFkZd lkgl] rlsp m|ksx dj.;kP;k okVk lk/; >kY;k- tqU;k vkS|ksfxd vkfFkZd ca/kukrwu ykHkysyh eqDrh uos ra=Kku] deh HkkaMoykoj lq# gksÅ ‘’kd.kkjs lsok m|ksx] ;keqGs lHkksorkyh m|ksxtxrsr

;’kLoh Bjysyh gtkjsk mnkgj.ks vkrk fnlw ykxyh vkgsr- xzkgdkaP;k fofo/krsrhy ok<] eqDr O;kikj ;keqGs m|kstdh; la/khph ok<>kyh- uO;k fi<hyk rkRdkG ;’k izkIr dj.;kph la/kh miyC/k >kyh- uksdjhis{kk Lora=

O;olk;kr Rojhr;’k feGrs vls fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs Hkkjrkr m|kstdh; laLd`rh fodflr gks.;kl iks"kd okrkoj.k fuekZ.k >kys- gh lqIr vkfFkZd Økarh ekuyh tkrs- R;kps n`’; ifj.kke Eg.kts th-Mh-ihpk lrr ok<r

vl.kkjk nj] ijdh; HkkaMoykrhy ok<] njMksbZ jk"Vªh; mRiUUkkr gksr vlysyh ok<] Hkkjrkrhy izR;sd jkT;kph

vkfFkZd fodklklkBh lq# vlysyh Li/kkZ Hkkjrkrhy] xkgd oxkZr >kysyh izpaM ok<] uksdjh] la’kks/ku] rlsp mPp f’k{k.k] ;klkBh ijns’kkr tk.kkÚ;k Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkaP;k la[;sr >kysyh ok<] mapko.kkjk Hkkx cktkj

funsZ’kkad] fons’kh daiU;kcjskcj Hkkjrh; daiU;kps O;olk;ok<hlkBh gksr vlysys ,d=hdj.k] Hkkjrh; laLd`rhyk ik’pkR; txkr ok<hl ykxysyk vknjHkko ;k ik’oZHkwehoj m|ktsdh; laLd`rhpk mn; gks.;kl enr >kyh-

txkfrd jk"Vªh; Lrjkoj gksr vlysys cny vkfFkZd vkf.k vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkjk"VªkP;k lanHkkZr egRokps vkgsr- xsY;k n’kdkrk Hkkjrkr ?kMwu vkysY;k vkfFkZd fodklkpk lokZf/kd ykHk if’pe foHkkxkyk Eg.kts

(2)

dsys vkgs- ek= vkfFkZd fodlkyk ykHk.kkjs izksRlkgu vkf.k m|kstdh; laLd`rh ;k fud"kkoj xsY;k dkgh o"kkZr egkjk"Vªkph fiNsgkV >kysyh fnlrs- if’pe foHkkxkr xqtjkr o xksok vkf.k laiw.kZ ns’kkr vka/kzizns’k vkf.k

rkfeGukMw jkT;s vk?kkMhoj vkgsr-

Hkkjrkrhy 10 o"kkZrhy lkekftd vkfFkZd cny ikfgys rj dkgh BGd ckch iq<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;srhy-

1- izpaM yksdl[;syk iq#u mj.kkjk vUu/kkU;lkBk 2- txkr lokZr eksBh yksd’kkgh ’kkluiz.kkyhph ;’kLohrk

3- eanhP;k dkGkrgh fodkl nj fLFkj]rks ok<.;kph ’kD;rk-

4- efgykaps eksB;k izek.kkr lcyhdj.k

5- ,d= dqVwaci/nrh ,soth foHkDr dqVawci/nrh #<

6- Kku o ekfgrh ra=Kkukr tkxfrd vk?kkMh

7- fofu;a=.k] [kktxhdj.k ;kauk izksRlkgu ns.kkjh /kksj.ks

fo’ks"kr% vkfFkZd vk?kkMhojhy gks.kkjs cny] uoh vFkZO;oLFkk gh ekfgrh ;qx Eg.kwu dk lacks/kyh tkrs- R;krwu m|kstdrk ok<hyk dks.kR;k izdkjs pkyuk feGsy\ ifj.kkeh vkfFkZd fodklkpk osx dlk ok<sy\ ;k lokZapk

fopkj dj.ks ØeizkIr Bjsy-

Hkkjrh; m|ksx l/;k vkgs R;kis{kk jk"Vªh; mRiknukr ikp iVhus Hkj ?kkyw ‘’kdrkr vls tkxfrd

c¡dsrhy vFkZrTK ekdZ ‘’kqV~> ;kauh ,dk vgokykr uewn dsys vkgs- gk Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrhoj ,d vH;kliw.kZ izdk’k Vkd.kkjk vgoky vkgs-

m|kstd ladYiuk%&

m|kstd gk ‘’kCn izFke Ýsap Hkk"kse/;s okij.;kr vkyk- lksGkO;k ‘’krdkP;k izkajHkh y"djh eksfgesps

usr`Ro dj.kkÚ;k vkf.k R;k vuq’kaxkus /kkMlkps d`R; dj.kkÚ;k O;Drhauk m|kstd EgVys xsys- rsOgkiklwu m|kstd Eg.kts /kkMlh fdaok lkglh O;Drh gk vFkZ O;ogkjkr #< >kyk vkgs-

oscLVj ;kaP;k ers] ^tks[kehph tckcnkjh Lohdkj.kkjh o O;olk;kps O;oLFkkiu lkaHkkG.kkjh O;Drh Eg.kts

m|kstd gks;-

bOgkUl ;kauh m|kstdkph O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks dsyh vkgs-

^^m|kstd O;kolkf;d miØekP;k LFkkiuspk fopkj djrkr R;k dfjrk vko’;d vlysyh la?kVuk

mHkkjrkr] miØekps O;oLFkkiu lkaHkkGrkr vkf.k miØekapk dkjHkkjkoj fu;a=.k Bsorkr**-

ns’kkP;k vFkZO;oLFkse/;s fdaok lektkP;k vkfFkZd thouke/;s fof’k"V izdkjps cny ?kMowu vk.k.;kP;k izfØ;syk vkfFkZd fodkl Eg.krk ;sbZy vkfFkZd fodklgh fofHkUu izdkjP;k cnykaph fu”irh Eg.kwu ?kMwu ;s.kkjh

(3)

g;k cnykeqGs ns’kkr oLrw o lsokaP;k mRiknukaph ikrGh ok<rs- oLrw o lsokaps mRiknu ok<Y;keqGs

jk"Vªh; mRiUukrgh ok<gksrs- izR;sd ns’kkps jk"Vªh; mRiUu gs ,dw.k ¼Gross½ o ’kq/n ¼Net½vls nksu izdkjs

lkafxrys tkrs- ,dw.k jk"Vªh; mRiUukr fdrh ok<>kyh ,o<sp ikgwu R;k ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkcn~ny usedh

dYiuk ;sow‘’kdr ukgh- R;keqGsp ,d o"kkZP;k eqnrhr jk"Vªh; mRiUukr ok< fdrh >kyh g;k fud"kkpk mi;ksx d#u exp ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodkl fdrh >kyk rs Bjfoys tkrs-

m|kstdkauk vusd uouohu vkOgkaukuk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs R;kqulkj fofo/k dk;sZ R;kauk djkoh ykxrkr gh Hkwfedk ikj ikMY;keqGs ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd izfØ;syk enr gksrs-

1- m|kstdkf’kok; dks.kR;kgh izdkjps mRiknu dk;Z laHkor ukgh-

,[kk|k ns’kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl ?kMwu ;s.;kdfjrk R;k ns’kkr fofo/k lalalk/kukph miyC/krk vl.ks o R;k

lalkl/kukpk ;ksX; mi;ksx ?kMwu ;s.ks vko’;d vlrs- gh lalk/kus uSlfxZd] foRrh;] vkf.k ekuoh lalk/kus v’kh rhu izdkjph vlrkr- mRiknukps fofo/k ?kVd ,d= vk.kwu mRiknu izR;{kkr vk.k.;kps dk;Z m|kstdp djr

vlrks-

2- m|ksx {ks=krhy ok<r xsysyh vlaHkkO;rk&

xzkgdkaph xjt y{kkr ?ksowu tsOgk oLrwps mRiknu dsys tkrs- vkS|ksfxd Økarh ?kMwu vkY;koj dkj[kkuk i/nrh fuekZ.k >kyh- dkj[kkU;kr izpaM izek.kkr mRiknu gksow ykxys- cktkisBkae/khy Li/kkZgh vfrrhoz >kyh R;keqGs

m|ksx {ks=kr tks[khe mRiUu >kyh- m|ksx O;olk;kP;k {ks=kr dks.kR;kgh dkj.kkeqGs mRiUu gks.kkÚ;k tks[kheph

tckcnkjh m|kstd mpyr vlY;keqGs mRiknukps dk;Z lqjGhri.ks lq# jkgrs- g;k n`"Vhus m|kstdkaph Hkwfedk vfr’k; egRokph vkgs-

3- m|kstdkaps uofufeZrhps dk;Z%&

^^‘’kkL=Kkuh dsysY;k la’kks/kukeqGs‘’kks/k ykxrkr- g;k ‘’kks/kkaP;k fu"iRrhpk O;kogkfjd ikrGhoj

O;kolkf;d Lo#ikr d#u ?ks.;kr vkysY;k mi;ksxkyk uofufeZrh vls Eg.krkr**- m|kstdkdMwu uofufeZrhps dk;Z tso<s eksB;k izek.kkoj dsys tkbZy rso<k ns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkpk osx tkLr jkgrks- R;k vuq"kaxkus uohu

cktkjisBkapk ’kks/k ?ksowu uohu i/nrhus la?kVusph mHkkj.kh dsyh tkrs- 4- m|kstdkaph fu.kZ; izfØ;k

fof’k"V fu"d"kkZizr ;s.;klkBh vkf.k g;k ckcrhr fuokMk dj.;klkBh m|kstdkaus dsysY;k ekufld iz;Rukauk fu.kZ; izfØ;k vls Eg.krkr- m|kstdkauh ?ksrysY;k fofo/k fu.kZ;kpk ifj.kke vpwd BjY;kl o ?ksrysys fu.kZ;

vpwd BjY;kl m|ksxkph izxrh gksrs- ;k myV m|kstdkiq<s osGksosGh iz’u fuekZ.k gksrkr- rsOgk fu.kZ; ?;kos ykxrkr- m|kstd LokFkhZ vlY;kl lektkps dY;k.k lk/; gksbZyp vls ukgh- izR;{k O;ogkjkr fu.kZ; ?ksrkuk

(4)

5- HkkaMoykph nqfeZGrk vkf.k m|ksxkaps dk;Z{ke foRrh; O;oLFkkiu

;ksX; osGh ;ksX; izek.kkr HkkaMoykpk iqjoBk gks.ks] gs tso<s egRokps vkgs- rlsp egRo HkkaMoykpk ;ksX; mi;ksx

gks.;kykgh vkgs- dk;Z{ke foRrh; O;oLFkkiukeqGsp m|ksxkyk vko’;d vlysY;k HkkamOkykph fuf’pr miyC/krk vkf.k R;k HkkaMoykpk O;ofLFkr mi;ksx ‘’kD; gksrks- m|kstdkauh R;kaP;k m|ksxkaps foRrh; O;oLFkkiu

dk;Z{kei.ks dsys vlY;kl m|ksxkaP;k lokZfx.k izxrhpk ekxZ iz’kLr gksrks- g;kpk laiw.kZ ns’kkP;k vFkZdkj.koj o vkfFkZd fodklkoj vuqdwy ifj.kke gksrks-

6- dk;Z{ke foi.ku O;oLFkk%&

m|kstdkauh dsysY;k iz;RukaeqGs fodlu’khy ns’kkP;kagh foi.ku O;oLFksph dk;Z{kerk cÚ;kp izek.kkr ok<yh vkgs- ns’kke/khy foi.ku O;oLFkk dk;Z{ke vlY;kl dkj[kkunkjkauh mRikfnr dsysY;k oLrwauk ;ksX; Hkko] fdaer

feGrs loZ izdkjP;k oLrawph foØh dj.;kph O;oLFkk gksrs- foi.ku O;oLFkk Ø;’kDrh fuekZ.k d# ‘’kdr ukgh- i.k rh lektkrhy izpfyr Ø; ‘’kDrhyk ;ksX; fn’ksus oGow ‘’kdr vlY;keqGs vkfFkZd O;ogkjkaph ikrGh

ok<fo.;klkBh vko’;d vlysyh ifjfLFkrh frFks dkj.khHkwr Bjrs- 7- HkkaMoy fufeZrhyk pkyuk%&

dks.kR;kgh m|ksxkph LFkkiu dj.;klkBh m|kstdkyk Lor%ps iSls rlsp brj lokZdMwu xksGk dsysys iSls xaqrokos ykxrkr- m|kstdkauh Hkkx fdok dtZjks[ks fodY;keqGs lektkr fBdfBdk.kh fo[kqjysyh lqIr cpr O;ofLFkri.ks

oGfoyh tkrs- o rh HkkaMoyke/;s ifjorhZr gksowu mRiknd dk;kZr xaqrfoyh tkrs- R;keqGs lektkrhy HkkaMoy fufeZrhpk nj ok<rks- m|kstdkaP;k g;k dk;kZeqGs lektkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkps pØ vfojr lq# jkgrs-

8- jkstxkj la/khph fufeZrh%&

m|kstdkauh dks.kR;kgh {ks=kr HkkaMoy xaqro.kwd dMwu m|ksxkaph LFkkiuk dsY;kl rsFks jkstxkjkP;k la/kh fuekZ.k

gksrkr jkstxkjkP;k la/khus vusd csdkj i.k lq;ksX; O;Drhauk dke feGrs- v’kk fjrhus m|kstdrspk fodkl >kY;keqGs lektkr eksB;k izek.kkr jkstxkjkP;k la/kh fuekZ.k gksrkr]i;kZ;kus csdkjhph rhozrk deh gksrs-

m|kstdrk fodkl ?kMwu vkY;kl] ekuoh lk/kukapk lq;ksX; mi;ksx ?kMwu vkY;kl]ekuoh lk/kukpk lq;ksX;

mi;ksx ?kMwu ;s.;kph fLFkrh fuekZ.k gksrs 9- vFkZO;oLFksrhy iwjd ifj.kke&

fof’k"V {ks=kr xaqro.kwd dsY;keqGs tsOgk mRiknukP;k iq<hy voLFkke/;s uohu xaqro.kwd ?kMwu ;s.;klkBh oko o

la/kh fuekZ.k gksrks- m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuseqGs vFkZdkj.k fofHkUu cnykph ,d izfØ;k lq# gksrs- vk.k[kh uouohu

(5)

10- larqfyr izknsf’kd fodkl%&

HkkSxksfyd n`"Vhus izpaM foLrkj vlysY;k Hkkjrklkj[;k izR;sd ns’kke/;s vusd izns’k vkgsr- T;k izns’kke/;s

vkfFkZd fodklkph izfØ;k yodj lq# gksrs- rsFks fodklkph ,d lajpuk r;kj gksrs- ;k dkj.kkeqGs R;k izns’kkpk tynxrhus fodkl ?kMwu ;srks- ekxkl izns’kkr m|kstdkauh m|ksx lq# djkosr- ekxkl izns’kkr fodklkph lajpuk

r;kj gks.;klkBh fo’ks"k iz;Ru djkosr- ljdkjgh ;k dfjrk fo’ks"k loyrh nsow djrs- R;kpk ifj.kke larqyhr izksnf’kd fodkl gks.;klkBh gksrks-

11- fodlu’khy ns’kkps vkfFkZd Lokra«;&vkfFkZd Lokra«;kf’kok; jktdh; Lokra«;kyk Qkjlk O;kogkfjd vFkZ

ukgh g;k ns’kkaps tyn xrhus vkS|ksfxdj.k ?kMwu vkY;kf’kok; g;k ns’kkaps vkfFkZd Lokra«; laHkor ukgh- g;kdfjrk ns’kke/;s loZ izdkjP;k m|ksxkph LFkkiuk ?kMwu ;s.kss] m|ksxkapk foLrkj fodkl ?kMwu ;s.ks o

m|ksxke/;s fofHkUu oLrwaps eksB;k izek.kkoj mRiknu ?kmwu ;s.ks vko’;d vkgs-

12- thouekukr lq/kkj.kk o Ø;’kDrh ok<rs& m|kstdkauh dsysY;k iz;RukaeqGs m|kstdrspk fodkl ?kMowu

vkY;keqGs eksB;k izek.kkr m|ksxkaph LFkkiuk gskrs- oLrwps eksB;k izek.kkr m|ksxkaph LFkkiuk gksrs- oLrwps eksB;k izek.kkr mRiknu >kY;keqGs R;k ns’kkps jk"Vªh; mRiUu ok<rs- o ukxfjdkaP;k Ø;’kDrhe/;s ok< gksrs- v’kk

fjrhus m|kstdrspk fodkl vkf.k m|kstdkauh dsysys iz;Ru R;k ns’kkrhy ukxfjdkaP;k mRiUUkke/;s o Ø;’kDrhe/;s ok< gks.;klkBh dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr- ojhy eq|kao#u m|kstdkaph jk"Vªh; fodklkrhy Hkwfedk Li"V

gksrs- lanHkZ%&

Jh- doMsdj&2009] ^m|kstdh; laLd`rh vkf.k egkjk”Vª*] Mk;eaM ifCyds’ku] iq.ks- Jh- >saMs&2010] ^LoIu m|kstdkaps*] Mk;eaM ifCyds’ku] iq.ks-