HYDRO POWER GENERATION

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Course on Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into Emerging Electric Power Systems (16-20 May, 2011) IIT Mandi

SMALL HYDRO POWER GENERATION

By : Dr. R.P. Saini Dr. R.P. Saini Associate Professor Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee - 247 667, INDIA

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ENERGY

 _{Conventional Sources of Energy}  _Thermal

 _Hydropower  _Nuclear

 _{Non-conventional(renewable) Source of Energy}  _Solar

 _Wind

 _Biomass

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HYDRO POWER –

SOURCE OF ENERGYSOURCE OF ENERGY Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?

• because it uses and not consumes the water for generation of electricity, and leaves this vital resource available for other uses.

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WORLD WIDE CLASSIFICATION OF SMALL

HYDROPOWER

UK (NFFO) < 5 MW UNIDO < 10 MW India < 25 MW Sweden < 15 MW Colombia < 20 MW Australia < 20 MW China < 25 MW Philippines < 50 MW New Zealand < 50 MW

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CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN INDIA

Class Station Capacity Micro Upto 100 kW

Mini 101 kW to 2000 kW Small 2001 kW to 25000 kW

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POWER EQUATION OF HYDRO

Water is fed from stream/canal to the turbine by a closed pipe (penstock) through diversion works. The turbine in turn rotates the generator for electricity generation.

Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cum/s) x Head (m) x Efficiency

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TYPE OF SCHEMES

RUN OF RIVER

_{No storage.}

_{The output is subject to instantaneous flow.}

_{Reliability of discharge and geological conditions}

should be ensured. _{CANAL BASED}

_{Utilises the fall and flow in the canals.}

_{May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal.} _{Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.} _{In canals under planning concentrated drops should}

be considered. _{DAM BASED}

_{Dam toe schemes are most common in India.}

_{Water stored during monsoon is utilised for power}

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INTAKE STRUCTURE

• Assured water supply

• Suitable quality of water

• Control over supply of water

• Safety against flood

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TYPE OF WEIRS

• Trench weir

• Rock fill weirs

• Vertical drop weirs

• Concrete weir with sloping glacis

• _{Coanda weir}

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COANDA SCREEN – GENERAL ARRANGEMENT • Installed on downstream face of weir/waterfall • High sweeping velocity - debris washed off screen • High capacity - shear and Coanda effect

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MANDAGALOYA - SRI LANKA – 1,200 L/S

• Installed in a developing country

– to avoid expensive de-silting and maximise turbine operation – for reliability and low maintenance

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INFLATED WEIR

•In this system rubber bag is bolted on concrete floor with river bed level/weir crest.

•The rubber bag is comprised of multiple inter woven layers of chloroprene rubber and nylon, which provide excellent friction and weather resistance properties.

•There are now at probably over several thousand installations and Manufactured in China, France, Germany, USA and Japan.

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Low head weir for SHP in Jinvha China

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TYPES OF POWER CHANNEL

 _{Open Channel}

• Rectangular

• Trapezoidal

• Triangular

 _{Closed Conduit}

• Reinforced concrete pipe

• PVC pipes

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MATERIALS FOR LINING

• Stone Masonry

• Concrete lining

• Lining with LDPE

• Shortcrete lining

• Brick tiles lining

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DESIGN OF LINED CHANNELS

Q = 1/n AR

2/3

S

½

Where, Q = discharge, m

3

/s

n = Manning’s coefficient

R = Hydraulic radius (m)

A = Cross-Sectional Area (m

2

)

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DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS



Preventive : The entry of sediment checked

before its entry into the head regulation.

These are constructed in the streams.



Curative : The sediment is excluded from the

channel after its entry with the channel.

These are constructed in the channel.

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•

The desilting tank is designed considering following parameters: - Silt particle size coarser than 0.5 mm are to be removed. - Horizontal velocity (V_h)- 0.60 m/s - Settling velocity (V_f) - 0.06 m/s - Cross-sectional area of the tank (Width (b)x depth (d) = - Length of tank =

DESILTING TANK

h V Q f h V hV

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FOREBAY

PURPOSES OF FOREBAY

 _{To provide immediate water demand on starting the}

generating unit

 _{It can serve as a final settling basin}

 _{The forebay provides some storage in case of sudden}

failure of the system

 _{To spill the extra water}

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COMPONENTS OF FOREBAY

 _Basin  _Spillway  _{Gate or Valve}  _Outlet  _Trashrack  _{Air Vent} 1 to 2% of penstock area.

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STORAGE

_{Usually designed for a storage of 2 minutes}

_{A dead storage of about 0.5 m depth is provided}

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PENSTOCK



Steel Pipe



P.V.C



Reinforced Concrete Pipe and Prestressed

concrete pipe



Glassfibre reinforced plastic pipe



Wood stave

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POWER HOUSE BUILDING



Power house building is a big hall



Accommodate machine (turbines Generators

etc.)



Sufficient height to accommodate crane

operations



Sufficient space for maintenance



Sufficient space for control operations



It can be constructed as a steel structure



It can be constructed as Reinforce concrete

formed structure



For remote hilly sites prefab buildings can be

used which are easy to transport and quick

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GENERAL LAYOUT OF POWER STATION



The main machine hall (Unit bay)



Erection bay



Control bay

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ELECTRO MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

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CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES

Impulse Reaction

Pelton, Turgo Wheel,

Cross Flow _Francis _{Axial Flow}

Propeller, Semi Kaplan, Kaplan

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PELTON TURBINE

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CROSS FLOW TURBINE

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TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE

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FRANCIS TURBINE

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FRANCIS TURBINE

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KAPLAN TURBINE

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BULB TURBINE

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STRA FLOW TURBINE

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SELECTION OF HYDRO

TURBINES

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SPECIFIC SPEED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF

TURBINES

Types of Runner N_s Pelton 12 – 30 Turgo 20 – 70 Crossflow 20 – 80 Francis 80 – 400

Propeller and Kaplan 340 – 1000

Specific speed, Where, N – Turbine, RPM P – Rated Power, kW H – Head, m

H

P

N

=

N

s _1.25

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HEAD & DISCHARGE

 Head and discharge

 Specific speed

 Variation of head

 Maximum efficiency

 Part load efficiency

 Initial cost of civil work

 Number of units

 Cavitation characteristics

 Running & maintenance cost

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HYDRO GENERATORS

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TYPES OF GENERATOR

_{Induction Generator} •Grid Dependent •_Low Cost •_{Lower Efficiency} •Simpler Controls _{Synchronous Generator} •Universal Application, •_Stand alone •Higher efficiency •Higher Cost

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ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SHP SCHEMES

_{Parameters affecting cost are}

 _{Physical sizes of Civil Works and E&M Equipments}  _{Construction Aspects}

 _{Operating costs}

_{Unit cost of hydro schemes is inversely proportional}

to the head

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Stage Education Level

Engineering Diploma in

Engg. Technician ITI

Planning 1 1 2

Design 1 1

--Execution ½ 2 1

O&M ¼ 1 4

Total 2.75 5 7

HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT

In an optimistic estimate, a plant of 1 MW (an average size) requires

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INDIAN EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

(Source: Indian Manufacturers)

S No Manufacturers Collaboration Type

1 Alstom, Baroda Alstom, France JV

2 BHEL, Hardwar & Bhopal Fuji, Japan Technical

3 Boving Fouress,

Bangalore

Kvaernaener Boving now GE UK/ Norway

JV

4 HPP, Delhi HPP France JV

5 Jyoti, Vadodra Gilks, UK ( now expired) Turbo Institute of Slovenia

Technical

6 Kirloskar, Pune Ebara Corp , Japan Technical 7 VA Tech Escher Wyss

Flovel, Faridabad

VA Tech, Austria JV 8 Triveni Engg Ltd, Delhi Esac, France, Litostroj,

Slovenia

Technical 9 Steel Industies, Thissur Koessler,Ausria Technical

Offices of Voeth Siemens (Germany), ABB, Fuzi and Hitachi (Japan), Technip Ganj (Hungary), CKD Blansko (Czech) are there in India

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