Remediation of textile effluent using siliceous materials A review with a proposed alternative

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Volume 3, Issue 1, 2016

1 Available online at www.ijiere.com

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging

Research in Engineering

e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Remediation of textile effluent using siliceous materials: A

review with a proposed alternative

Priya Mundada

a

_{, Dr. Urmila Brighu}

b

a_{Research Scholar, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India} b_{Associate Professor, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India}

ABSTRACT:

Treatment of the colored effluent from the textile industries is a major challenge. Many treatment techniques have been reported in the recent past. However, adsorption on low cost adsorbents has received a worthy attention. A number of low cost adsorbents have been researched. This paper discusses the potential of the siliceous materials in dye removal. A new low cost adsorbent, soil from Rajasthan, India, has also been reported. Keywords: Dyes, low cost adsorbents, siliceous adsorbents, direct red 81, soil

I. INTRODUCTION

The discharge of wastewater from textile and dyeing industries to the environment is a major concern due to its toxicity. These dyes can consume the dissolved oxygen required by aquatic life and some of them have direct toxicity to microbial populations and even can be toxic and/or carcinogenic to mammals [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the dye stuff from the effluents. However, due to the synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures of dyes (Table I & II), they become more stable and more difficult to degrade. Hence, it is imperative that a suitable treatment method should be devised to treat dyes [2].

Dye class Description

Acid Water-soluble anionic compounds

Basic Water-soluble, applied in weakly acidic dyebaths; very bright dyes

Direct Water-soluble, anionic compounds; can be applied directly to cellulosics without mordants (or metals like chromium and copper)

Disperse Not water-soluble

Reactive Water-soluble, anionic compounds; largest dye class Sulfur Organic compounds containing sulfur or sodium sulfide Vat Water-insoluble; oldest dyes; more chemically complex

TABLE I: TYPICAL DYES USED IN TEXTILE DYEING OPERATIONS [3]

Dye Structure

Crystal violet

Rhodamine b

Methylene blue

Acid red 57

Malachite green

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2 Adsorption techniques have proved to be an effective and attractive process for removal of dyes from wastewater. Activated carbon is commonly used as adsorbent to remove dyes in wastewater as it has excellent adsorption ability, but its high cost limits its widespread use [4]. If the adsorbent material is of inexpensive material and does not require any expensive additional pretreatment step, the adsorption process becomes economically viable and such adsorbent material is known as low cost adsorbents. These low-cost adsorbents may be classified in two ways either (i) on basis of their availability, i.e., (a) natural materials such as wood, peat, coal, lignite etc. (b) industrial/agricultural/domestic wastes or by-products such as slag, sludge, fly ash, bagasse flyash, red mud etc. and (c) synthesized products; or (ii) depending on their nature, i.e., (a) inorganic and (b) organic [5].

TABLE III:VARIOUS TREATMENT METHODS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED FOR REMOVAL OF DYES FROM WASTEWATERS [6]

The main goal of this paper is to summarize the recent information available on the use of siliceous materials as adsorbents for dyes in wastewaters. This paper also discusses an alternate low cost adsorbent for the removal of an anionic dye, Direct Red 81.

II. SILICEOUS MATERIALS AS A LOW COST ADSORBENT

A. Clay

Natural clay minerals are well known and familiar to mankind from the earliest days of civilization [7]. Clay is relatively cheap due to its accessibility and abundance. Clay minerals have great potential to fix dye wastewater due to their interesting physicochemical properties (lamellar structure, high surface area, and high cation exchange capacity). An important property of the clays is that the layers are negatively charged and this negative charge is normally balanced by hydrated cations placed in the interlayer spaces [8]. Several clay minerals have been reported till date such as montmorillonite [9], kaolinite [10], bentonite [11], fuller’s earth [12], etc.

B. Diatomite

Diatomite is a mineral of organic origin in which fossilised diatom skeleton contains opal or hydrous silica (SiO2.H2O).

The silica surface contains silanol groups that spread over the matrix of silica. The silanol group is an active one which tends to react with many polar organic compounds and various functional groups. Diatomite has shown its effectiveness for the removal of dyes [13].

C. Fly ash

Fly ash is a waste material generated from the combustion of coal at the power plants. It is mostly used in the cement industry because of its cementation property or otherwise, for the disposal at landfills. According to ASTM standards, fly ash can be classified as Type F when the sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 is 70% but if the sum is upto 50% then it is

classified as Type C. The good sorption property of fly ash helps in removal of organics and dye colour from the textile

Physical/chemical methods Advantages Disadvantages

Fentons reagent Effective decolourisation of both soluble and insoluble dye

Sludge generation

Ozonation Applied in gaseous state: no alteration of volume

Short half-life (20 min), high cost

Photochemical No sludge production Formation of by-products Naocl Initiates and accelerates azo-bond

cleavage

Release of aromatic amines

Cucurbituril Good sorption capacity for various dyes High cost Electrochemical destruction Breakdown compounds are

non-hazardous

High cost of electricity

Activated carbon Good removal of wide variety of dyes Very expensive

Peat Good adsorbent due to cellular structure Specific surface areas for adsorption are lower than activated carbon

Wood chips Good sorption capacity for acid dyes Requires long retention times

Silica gel Effective for basic dye removal Side reactions prevent commercial application

Membrane filtration Removes all dye types Concentrated sludge production, membrane fouling

Ion exchange Regeneration: no adsorbent loss Not effective for all dyes Irradiation Effective oxidation at lab scale Requires a lot of dissolved O2

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3 waste water. Due to its availability at negligible or no cost as compared to activated carbon by [14], it can be effectively used for dye removal from wastewater and industrial effluents [15].

D. Zeolite

Zeolite is hydrated aluminosilicate mineral with a micro porous structure [16]. It has a three dimensional crystal structure in which the unit cell lattice bears the formula either Na6[(AlO2)6(SiO2)30].24H2O or (Na2, K2, Ca, Mg)3[(AlO2)6

(SiO2)30].24H2O. Due to the presence of ion exchangeable cations such as Na, K, Ca and Mg in its structure, zeolite

possesses a high cation exchange capability. The ion exchange capacity of zeolites varies in the range of 1.9 and 2.2 meq/g [17].

E. Sepiolite

Sepiolite is a fibrous hydrated magnesium silicate with chemical structure of (Si12)(Mg9)O30(OH)6(OH2).4H2O. The fibrous

structure of sepiolite induces sorptive, colloidal/rheological, and catalytic properties which find various diverse applications. This is ascribed to its unique structure with interior channels (3.6×10.6×10-10_{m) which allows penetration}

of organic and inorganic ions together with solutes into the structure of sepiolite [18].

F. Alunite

Alunite ore, Al2(SO4)3·K2SO4·4Al(OH)3, is one of the minerals of the jarosite group and it is insoluble in water. It forms

when volcanic rocks are changed hydrothermally and it occurs with SiO2 minerals and contains about 10- 50% SiO2.

Alunite gives thermal decomposition reaction products such as Al2O3, Al2(SO4)3 and K2SO4 when it is calcined at 973–

1023 K [19].

I. Perlite

Perlite is mainly composed of silica, aluminum, potassium and sodium and has been extensively used for the adsorption of heavy metals, arsenate and dyes. Raw perlite is mostly amorphous; molecular water and hydroxyl groups bound to silicon

atoms are present. Non-layered glassy perlites are ideal to compare their adsorption behavior with that of clays [20]. Another type of siliceous material used to identify its adsorption potential is sand. Sand has been used for the adsorption

of methylene blue [21], neutral red [22], and coomassie blue, malachite green and safranin orange [22]. [23] used clayey soil of Indian origin.

Adsorbent Dye Removal References

Natural Zeolite Methylene Blue 5×10-5_molg-1 _[24]

Synthetic Zeolite Methylene Blue 1.7×10-4_molg-1 _[24]

Organo-attapulgite Congo Red 189.39 mgg-1 _[2]

Unmodified Zeolite Methylene Blue 8.67 [1]

SDBS modified Zeolite Methylene Blue 15.68 mgg-1 _[1]

Unmodified Zeolite Orange II 0.63 mgg-1 _[1]

HDTMAmodified Zeolite Orange II 3.38 mgg-1 _[1]

Zeolite MCM-22 Methylene Blue 1.8 × 10−4 mol/g [25] Zeolite MCM-22 Crystal Violet 1.2 × 10−4 mol/g [25] Zeolite MCM-22 Rhodamine Blue 1.1 ×10−4 mol/g [25] Natural Zeolite Malachite Green 5 × 10−5 mol/g [26]

Pure kaolin Methylene Blue 15.55mgg-1 _[10]

NaOH-treated pure kaolin Methylene Blue 20.49mgg-1 _[10]

Calcined pure kaolin Methylene Blue 8.88mgg-1 _[10]

Clay Methylene Blue 58.2mgg-1 _[8]

Clay Methylene Blue 6.93mgg-1 _[27]

Diatomite Methylene Blue 198 mgg-1 _[28]

Untreated Alunite Reactive blue 114 2.92 mgg-1 _[29]

Calcined Alunite Reactive blue 114 170.7 mgg-1 _[29]

Bentonite Basic Red 2 274 mgg-1 _[30]

TABLE IV:DATA ON ADSORPTION OF VARIOUS DYES BY VARIOUS SILICEOUS MATERIALS

III.ADSORPTION ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOIL: AN ALTERNATIVE TO PRESENT LOW COST ADSORBENTS

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4 λmax is 548nm. A stock solution of 500mg/L was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed quantity of the dye in distilled water. Experimental dye solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution in of distilled water [31].

FIGURE I:EFFECT OF INITIAL DYE CONCENTRATION AND ADSORBENT CONCENTRATION (CONDITION: PH3, TIME 10 MINUTES)

The fig.I shows the effect of initial dye concentration and adsorbent concentration on percentage dye removal. From the fig. I, it can be observed that percentage dye removal decreases with increase in initial dye concentration. This could be due to the exhaustion of the limited active sites available for adsorption on a particular adsorbent concentration[9]. Another thing worth noticing from the fig.I is that with increase in the adsorbent dose, percentage dye removal also increases. Increased adsorbent dose results in the greater suface area and also more active sites for binding of the dye molecules [9]. The maximum dye removal soil gave was 90%. Thus, this can be stated that soil can be effectively used as a low cost adsorbent.

FIGURE II: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DIRECT RED 81 (DR81).

IV.CONCLUSIONS

This paper enlists the available siliceous materials for dye removal. A new low cost adsorbent, locally available soil, from Rajasthan, India has also been introduced in this paper. Authors are presently working on this adsorbent. This adsorbent has shown good dye removal efficiency and could be used as a low cost adsorbent

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125mg/l 250mg/l 500mg/l 1000mg/l

12.5g 25g 50g 75g 100g

D

ye

Co

n

ce

n

tr

ation

Adsorbent Concentration

80-100

60-80

40-60

20-40

0-20 % %

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