Key Concept 4 1.pptx

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Key Concept 4.1

Globalizing Networks of

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4.1

• _{During this time period (1450-1750) transoceanic voyaging} connected the Eastern and Western Hemisphere for the first time. This connection was facilitated by technological advances. Changing patterns of long-distance trade

included new circulation of some commodities, as well as new regional markets and financial centers. Increased

transregional and global trade networks facilitated the

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Background

• _{During the Crusades (11}th_Century),

Europeans were introduced to spices, tropical foods, and luxury goods from East Asia.

• _{These goods traveled through complicated}

routes that involved tariffs as they entered

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Background

• _{This made goods quite expensive: middle men,}

AND the taxes that each ruler charged as goods entered their kingdoms through overland

routes.

• _{The balance of trade did not favor Europeans:}

while they were importing a lot of goods, they were not exporting them.

• _{They needed to cut out the middlemen and}

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DISASTER!

• _{1453: Constantinople (capital of the Byzantine}

AKA former ROMAN Empire fell to the Ottomans.)

• _{Religion of Europe?}

• _{Religion of the Byzantine Empire?} • _{Religion of the Ottoman Turks?}

• _{How might this impact trade between the East}

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Background

• _{This need spawned the need for exploration}

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European Exploration

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Technological Advances

• _{European technological developments in}

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Portuguese Voyages

• _{First Europeans to engage in}

voyages of exploration.

• _{Prince Henry the Navigator-}

established a school for navigation.

• _{Searching for a water route}

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Portuguese Voyages

• _{Prince Henry’s school produced}

some of best navigators of the era.

• _{Student Barthomew Diaz reached}

the southern tip of Africa (1488).

• _{Vasco de Gama rounded Africa and}

sailed to reach India.

• _{Portuguese did not CONQUER}

Africa- strong African monarchies and difficult terrain.

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Portuguese Voyages

• _{King Manuel I of Portugal loved} all the Indian goodies Vasco de Gama brought back.

• _{1500 hired Pedro Cabral to} establish Portuguese trading posts in India…

• _{Blown WAY off course and} found….BRAZIL!

• _{Claimed it for Portugal}

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Portuguese Voyages

• _{After that, ships sent}

out from Lisbon every March.

• _{Went to Spice Islands,}

India

• _{Lisbon became the}

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Spanish Voyages

• _{Portuguese attempting}

to get to East by sailing around Africa.

• _{Spain goes with}

Christopher Columbus and his idea of sailing west to get to the

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Spanish Voyages

• _{Columbus was from Genoa}

• _{Studied ancient maps made by Greek}

cartographer Ptolemy.

• _{Ptolemy's maps of the Mediterranean Sea}

were very accurate.

• _{Columbus (and others) assumed that his maps}

of the rest of the world were too.

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Spanish Voyages

• _{Ptolemy's map overestimated the landmass}

from Europe to Asia.

• _{Extended Asia much farther to the east.}

• _{Underestimated the amount of water on the}

Earth.

• _{AND….of course, there was no North and}

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Spanish Voyages

• _{1485: Columbus approaches}

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.

• _{Spain was newly unified}

through their marriage.

• _{Wanted to continue to unify}

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Spanish Voyages

• _{BUT…Portugal was getting all the}

glory and the goods from the east and Spain wanted to compete.

• _{Isabella came on board to his plan,}

and he set off in 1492.

• _{October, 1492 he reached the}

Caribbean.

• _{THOUGHT he was in the East}

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Spanish Voyages

• _{Four more voyages.}

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More Voyages

• _{The Spanish voyages caught the} interest of other European

countries.

• _{Amerigo Vespucci participated in} another Spanish-led expedition . • _{Wrote about the “New World”-}

convinced that this was not in fact the Indies but a previously unknown continent.

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More Voyages

• _{John Cabot (Italian- Giovanni}

Caboto) sailed for the English in 1497.

• _{Wanted another route to India, but}

wanted to explore a northern route.

• _{Landed in Newfoundland. (No}

where NEAR India!)

• _{Gave England a foothold in North}

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Newfoundland

summer average: 61 degrees

Bali summer

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More Voyages

• _{Magellan (Portuguese, sailing for}

the Spanish)

• _{Believed a shorter route to Asia}

could be found my sailing

around South America instead of Africa.

• _{1519- first expedition to}

circumnavigate the globe.

• _{Magellan was killed in the}

Philippines

• _{Expedition returned 3 years later}

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Dividing the World

• _{Spain and Portugal in a dispute about land in}

the New World.

• _{Who should you turn to when you have land}

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Dividing the World

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Dividing the World

• _{Pope Alexander VI created}

the Treaty of Tordesillas.

• _{Divided the New World-}

Spain benefitted as they got almost all of Central and South America.

• _{Portugal got Brazil.} • _{Why such an unfair}

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Spanish in the Americas

• _{Technological advances helped Europe in its}

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Chinese Voyages

• _{Remember the Ming?} • _{Naval expeditions}

beginning in 1405 and continued until 1435.

• _{Seven expeditions}

under Zheng He

• _{60 Junks, plus 200}

smaller ships and 500 troops

• _{Junks far bigger and}

faster than

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Chinese Voyages

• _{Ceylon, Calcutta, South}

Vietnam and Africa.

• _{Exotic animals, and tributes}

brought back to China.

• _{Made China’s naval}

expeditions the largest in World History.

• _{And then they stopped.} • _{How different might the}

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Europe in the New World

• _{Not only did Europe use new and adapted}

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Oceania

• _{What about Oceania?}

• _{There was not a dramatic change in previously}

established networks of trade.

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Oceania

• _{Europeans spent little time exploring within}

the Pacific.

• _{When they did venture into the Pacific}

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Assignment

• _{In groups of TWO:}

• _{What was the impact of conquistadores}

Cortes and Pizarro? Describe the reasons for a successful Spanish conquest of the New

World.

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Homework

• _{For your assigned technology, create a}

powerpoint presentation that discusses

– _{Year of use}

– _{Origin (what is the background of this technology).} – _{How it was used to propel exploration or}

conquest.

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Homework

• _Visuals

• _{This does not have to be long- a couple of}

slides is just fine.

• _{This should be e mailed to}

[email protected] . It should be in the inbox by class-time Monday, January 13.

• _{You MAY be the lucky one who gets to present}

to the class!

• _{If necessary, you can bring it to class on a}

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Technologies

• _Exploration – _{1. Caravel} – _{2. Compass} – _{3. Astrolabe}

– _{4. Revised Maps/navigation} • _Conquest

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The Columbian Exchange

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Columbian Exchange

• _Global

• _{New trade routes AND}

pre-existing ones

• _{Transported new}

agricultural products.

• _{More diverse,}

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Columbian Exchange

• _{Europe to Americas:}

– _{Domesticated horses, pigs, cows.} – _{Wheat, melons, grapes.}

• _{Africa and Asia via Africa to Americas:} – _{Chickens and goats}

– _{Sugarcane, bananas, coffee}

• _{Americas to Europe and Africa:}

– _{Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, squash,}

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Trading

• _{Routes were more complex than}

before.

• _{Trade ships had several stops}

along journeys.

• _{Portuguese began to include}

African slaves among their goods.

• _{African slaves worked on}

Brazilian sugar plantations

(sugar was brought from Africa).

• _{Major supplier of Europe’s new}

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Spotlight: American Food

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Spotlight: Cash Crop

• _{Grown on}

plantations

• _{Coerced labor} • _{Exported to}

Europe and the Middle East

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Spotlight: Afro-Eurasian Domesticated

Animals

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Spotlight: Food Brought by African Slaves

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Environment

• _{New animals and crops}

impacted the

environment of the New World.

• _{Deforestation} • _{Soil depletion}

• _{Invasive animals (oink}

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Trading

• _{Portuguese transported} potatoes from Peru to Europe.

• _{Major food source for} Europe’s poor.

• _{Portuguese transported} maize and from Brazil to SW Africa.

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Trading

• _{Spanish took control of the Philippines. (named}

for Spanish king Philip).

• _{Was a link between trade in the Americas and}

eastern trade.

• _{Portuguese took silk from China to the}

Philippines and the Spanish carried it to the Americas, where it was exported to Spain.

• _{Silk trade transferred silver bullion from the New}

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Trading

• _{Age of exploration produced the most global}

economy yet.

• _{Some places not incorporated.} • _{Russia, for ex.}

• _{China and Japan, for example, turn inward and}

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Assignment

• _{Read “Changes in World Trading Patterns” and}

“Impact of the New Economy on European Countries”

– _{REA pg 183}

• _{Write a paragraph summarizing how global}