Chapter 6 -Rome.ppt

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Chapter

6

Ancient Rome &

Early Christianity

500 B.C. – A.D. 500

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Section 1

The Romans

Create a Republic

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The Beginnings of

Rome



According to legend Rome was founded

by Romulus & Remus in 753 B.C.



In reality, Rome developed because of

its strategic location & its fertile soil.



The earliest settlers on the peninsula

came in prehistoric times.



The

Etruscans

were native to Northern

Italy.

(4)

The Beginnings of

Rome

 Romans borrowed

religious ideas from the Greeks.

 Example: Zeus will

become JupiterJupiter

 Etruscans will

strongly influence Roman civilization.

 Example: alphabet

(5)

The Early

Republic

 Under the Etruscans, Rome turned into a collection of hilltop villages.

 Temples & public building started to appear.

 Forum_Forum = Heart of

(6)

The Early

Republic

 Rome will eventually Rome will eventually

transform into a

republic. republic.

 Form of gov’t in _{Form of gov’t in}

which power rests which power rests

with citizens who with citizens who have the right to have the right to

vote to select vote to select

(7)

The Early

Republic



Patrician



Aristocratic

landowners who

held most of the

power.



Inherited power

& social status.



Held the most

important gov’t

positions.



Plebian



Common,

farmers,

artisans, &

merchants.



Were citizens

who could vote.



Could not hold

(8)

The Early

Republic



In time the Senate will allow the

plebeians to form their own assembly

& elect representatives known as a

tribune.



Tribunes protected the rights of the

plebeians from unfair acts of

patrician officials.



More rights were given under the

12

(9)

The Early

Republic

 Consuls Consuls

 Taken best features of

monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

 Two officials who

commanded the army & directed the gov’t.

 One year term

 One consul could always

(10)

The Early

Republic

 Senate Senate

 Aristocratic branch of Rome’s gov’t.

 300 Members chosen from the upper class.  Membership for life

 CenturiateCenturiate

 Citizen-soldiers, selects

consuls & makes laws

 Tribal AssemblyTribal Assembly

 Elects tribunes and

(11)

The Early

Republic



Dictator



Leader who

had absolute

power to make

laws &

command the

army.

(12)

The Early

Republic

 Roman ArmyRoman Army

 All citizens who

owned land were required to serve in the army.

 Organized into

units called

legions.

(13)

Rome Spreads Its

Power



Rome dominated Italy by the fourth

century B.C.



Rome had different laws & treatment

for its conquered territory.



Conquered peoples were granted

citizenship

(some could vote) or

were considered

allies

(left alone as

long as they did not sign treaties

(14)

(15)

Rome Spreads Its

Power

 Punic WarsPunic Wars

 Three wars

between Rome &

Carthage

Carthage (city in Northern Africa)

 Both wanted

complete control of the

(16)

FIRST PUNIC WAR

(17)

Rome Spreads Its

Power

 First Punic War

 23 year fight over

Sicily & Western Mediterranean in which the Romans won.

 Second Punic War

 Hannibal Hannibal (from

Carthage) wanted to avenge

(18)

Rome Spreads Its

Power

 Hannibal attempted to attack Rome by going to Spain,

trekking across France & the alps.  Hannibal will

(19)

Rome Spreads Its

Power



The Roman

general

Scipio

planned to attack

Carthage, which

forced Hannibal

to return home &

was finally

(20)

Rome Spreads Its

Power

 Third Punic War Third Punic War

 After the Second Punic War, Carthage

was no longer a threat so …

 In 149 B.C. Rome laid siege to Carthage,

(21)

The Roman

Empire Brings

Change

(22)

Expansion Creates

Problems

 There was a widening

gap between the rich and the poor.

 There was a huge slave

population.

 Returning soldiers were

homeless & jobless.

 These factors caused

(23)

The Republic Collapses

(24)

The Republic Collapses

 Tiberius Gracchus & Tiberius Gracchus &

Gaius Gracchus

Gaius Gracchus made attempts at helping Rome’s poor.

 They wanted to limit

the size of the estates & give land to the

poor.

 Their death was met

(25)

The Republic

Collapses



Generals were now

recruiting soldiers

from the poor

promising them land

in exchange for their

allegiance.



Julius Caesar

will

(26)

Julius Caesar

(27)

The Republic

Collapses



Caesar enlisted

Crassus (wealthy

Roman), & Pompey

(general)

to help

him become consul.



For the next 10

years they

dominated as a

triumvirate.

(28)

The Republic

Collapses



Caesar will be appointed dictator by the

Senate in 46 B.C.



By 44 B.C. Caesar will be declared

dictator for life.



Caesar governed as an

absolute ruler

(29)

The Republic

Collapses

 Caesar granted citizenship

to people in the provinces, expanded the Senate with friends & supporters.

 He created jobs through

construction

programs,gave land to the poor through colonies & increased the pay for

(30)

The Republic

Collapses

 Fearful of his

growing power a number of

important senators led by Marcus

Brutus & Gaius

Cassius plotted his death.

 March 15, 44 B.C. March 15, 44 B.C. (Ides of March)

(Ides of March) – Caesar is stabbed to death in the

(31)

The Republic

Collapses

 Civil war broke out again

after the death of Caesar.

 Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

 Octavian, Mark Antony, _{Octavian, Mark Antony,}

Lepidus

 This will ultimately end

in jealousy & violence.

 Octavian will eventually

(32)

The Republic

Collapses

 Octavian will take

the title of

Augustus

Augustus or

“exalted one”.

 He will also become

the imperator imperator or emperor (supreme (supreme

military

commander).

(33)

(34)

A Vast and Powerful

Empire



Pax Romana

or

Roman peace

when Rome was

at its peak.



The empire will

house a

population of

about 60 to 80

million.



Rome has about 1

(35)

A Vast and Powerful

Empire

 Agriculture was the most important

industry in the empire.

In Augustus’ time a silver coin (denarius)(denarius)

(36)

A Vast and Powerful

Empire

 Rome also had a vast trading network and

complex network of roads used for trade & the military.

 Rome used men from its provinces for military

(37)

A Vast and Powerful

Empire



Augustus stabilized the Roman frontier,

built splendid buildings, & created a

system of gov’t that will last for

centuries.



He also set up a

paid civil service.



The Pax Romana will end with the

death of Marcus Aurelius.

(38)

Life in Imperial

Rome

 Rome emphasized the

virtue of gravitas.gravitas.

 The eldest man controlled

all property & authority.

 Women were nearly

equal to men.

 Ran the household,

(39)

Life in Imperial

Rome

 Romans favored boys over girls.

 Daughters received the feminine form of

their father’s name.

 Only wealthy boys went to school until

16 when they became adults.

 Girls were educated

(40)

(41)

(42)

Life in Imperial

Rome

 Slavery was

significant to Roman life.

 Slaves were usually

conquered peoples.

 Some males will

become gladiators gladiators

(43)

Life in Imperial Rome



With all the

problems of the

empire, the

Colosseum

provided free

games, chariot

races, mock

(44)

Life in Imperial

Rome



The Romans adopted

the Greek form of the

Gods & Goddesses who

were worshiped through

various rituals.



Religion & government

were linked.



Worship of the emperor

(45)

(46)

Section 4 – Decline of the

(47)

A Century of Crisis



Trade



Gold & silver resources were

drained.



No new sources for precious

metals.



Gov’t raised taxes & printed

(48)

A Century of Crisis

 Agriculture

 Overworked soil lost

its fertility.

 Farmland destroyed

by warfare.

 Farmland

abandoned.

 No improvements in

(49)

A Century of Crisis

 Outside Germanic tribes

began to weaken the Roman legions.

 Soldiers began to give

loyalty to their commanders & not Rome.

 Rome began to recruit

mercenaries,

mercenaries, foreign soldiers

who fought for money.  Loyalty to Rome was no

(50)

Emperors Attempt

Reform

 Diocletian Diocletian

 Will restore the empire

& increase its strength.

 He claimed descent

from the Roman Gods.

 He split the empire in

two (Greek – East; (Greek – East; Latin –West)

Latin –West)

 His retirement will

(51)

Emperors Attempt

Reform



Constantine

will be victorious & will

move the capital from Rome to

Byzantium

which he renamed

Constantinople

(52)

Invaders Overrun the

Western Empire

 From 376 to 476 A.D. huge numbers of

Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Saxons, Burgundians,

Alemanni & Vandals

(53)

Invaders Overrun the

Western Empire

 The main reason for the Germanic

invasions of the Empire was the

movement into Europe by the Huns.Huns.  They forced the other groups to move

(54)

Western Empire



Attila



United the huns &

attacked both halves

of the empire.



Famine & disease

weakened Attila’s

forces.



Pope Leo I will

(55)

Rome’s Last Emperor

 476 A.D.476 A.D. the last

emperor Romulus Romulus Augustulus

Augustulus was

deposed by a German general Odoacer.Odoacer.

 West – empire

disappears

 East – Byzantine

(56)

Section 5

Rome & the Roots of

Western Civilization

(57)

Legacy of Greco-Roman

Civilization



Romans

acknowledged the

importance of

Greek culture.



Greco-Roman

Culture



Combination of

(58)

Civilization

 Roman art was

practical,

intended for education.

 Roman artists

created mosaicsmosaics..  Best example of

Roman art are in

Pompeii.

(59)

 Romans borrowed

their philosophy & literature influence from the Greeks.

 Roman poet VirgilVirgil

 Wrote the Aeneid

 Roman historian Tacitus

Tacitus

 Notable for his

accurate facts

Legacy of Greco-Roman

Civilization

(60)

Roman

Achievements

 Latin Latin

 Official language

of the Catholic Church

 French, Spanish,

Portuguese, Italian &

Romanian

(Romance

languages)

(61)

Roman

Achievements



Great architecture

as well



Roman Colosseum

& the Aqueducts.

(62)

Roman Law

Achievements

1.

All persons had the right to equal

treatment under the law.

2.

Innocent until proven guilty.

3.

Burden of proof rested on the

accuser.

4.

Punished for actions, not thoughts.