Biology Essay Points

c


      

@

@  


 





PREPARED BY :

î

Y V
D IKVAL BIN ASVNI

î

Y NR
AFIZA
BINTI SAZALI





ALLAH HELPS THOSE

WHO HELP THEMSELVES

c


  

 

Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Animal and plant cells in an isotonic solution

rY     !!     "  " #$ %"& "   $&" $"$' ( rY @)" rY R  #" " " * "$"'      # '#"+ rY R   ,    #"    #      + rY   "$    #" ,+ rY @#" "'#"$ #    '  #"+ XY ," "'"  " ""'$"  #"+ XY - #""$ .#"$"'*+ XY á"'*R)%$"" ##('"$$"' #"" "$+ XY  , "$R)  + XY R #" "'#" ##'#R)  "$ XY R",$  #"+ rY —""  " "" - *# $+ rY $""$  -+ rY i","+ rY @""#+

)' * Simple Diffusion smosis: the diffusion of water

rY R##$$$"'+ rY "'$*#' *+ rY #+ '"  $"  # '"   + rY R#" $  $," *."$"'##$+ rY R##$" $  "# '$"$, + rY R$, *"$ $$'$**$ "* $**+ rY R"'""$"  *#+ rY i," " '"' " "" '" " ""+ rY "'$" " ""'$"" "- ,$+ rY R# $$-* '*+ rY R " ""'$"#,$ "'*, ""$  + rY i,"*,"' '" " ""'"' " ""'î# "+!! rY i,"'" ' " ""'"  " ""+!! rY i,"*#"  '"*#" '"+  //@"*"

c


  

0

potonic solution
pertonic solution Preservation of fish and vegetables

@" ""$  " " """$ +  "  rY $*#" "+ rY @# $"*#" "+ rY i,"" , + rY @#+ rY ".**#" &  ,"* rY @"""$ #  "#"+ rY á+'1$$ %*(  )"  rY À" rY '$ + rY $",  , + rY @#"$ '$ rY R'#"#"+ rY —##"'#"+ R " """" '" " """  +  "  rY i,""$ $ + rY @" !!,&""# $ + rY $$ $"*#"  "& " "$# " " #+ rY @"$'" ""+  )"  rY $,+ rY 0 "$ *#" "$# "#* + rY R#  $#*+ rY @  $+  rY  ,$*"  *#" $*$! !+ rY $" ",+ rY  *$$+ rY )," '"+ rY c   #*$!! "$+ rY ),"$ *!"'+  0' rY 0'$","'   $ !!#+ rY 0"'$",'+ rY 0'  $ !! #+ rY )," '"+ rY ),""'$ *!!"'+ 

c


  



Differences"facilitated diffusion"$active transport

 Facilitated diffusion But Active transport À á_ À" " ""'$"  ,' " "" " "" '" " ""'$"  , " "" ' " "" À_  á_  ,"$ " # "   ",'##"!"$  #"  ,""$ " # "  ,' #"  À0 á0 iR)!"'*$   ",'##""$"' R)!"'*$ á"'*"$$"$"'!"$ , À _{  "$ #""$##"#} ," i_{$ #""*#,"} À_ @_{$ ,-} _{" ,-!" "} À _ i_{$#"$$" #"} À_{#"$" #"!"'*} 

Similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport

The Importance of water eneral characteristics of enzmes

rY c%*"#"("$  #"+ rY R"$  !"!!.# rY c"##   "*+ rY c  #",#    " + rY c#  ","' + rY c  #""$! " "' #" , + rY # "$  ,"+ rY R"#$"$& *# &. *"$$', *"$",  #"+ rY $   "+ rY #" "+ rY '!"""'$*#+ rY ),$"'## + rY ' """$ "+ rY ),$"'%#*   ,(+ rY """' " "$ '$*+ rY #$#    " rY "" "'$"$ "+ rY À"$*$* "* *$+ rY ,#   $ , "$#  + rY i$$"-"+ rY  ", rY @"$$"##$* "+á+'1$"$ * rY -# & $  + rY "'"   1& ## rY
'"   1,"& c,"+

c


  



Extracellular enzme ͚Lock and ke hpothesis Effects of temperature on enzme activit

rY á. "*#$ $" & "# $"$ $ +  * "$ + ".#*+ rY R"  ""Ài   ""*""*+ rY )"*"$ "#$' # "'á+ rY )"$#'á ##$", $ "'á+ rY R"#, " "''##"$ #* """ "# + rY R#"$$$"' "#"'##+ .#& *$$$$ #"'* #"+ rY — *,  """' $$#"$' ##"$,# "+ rY á"*$+ rY R " , "* + rY R2 *3" "*2 3+ rY 0*#"$ *$'" "$" "$$ rY " ,"'"*î  #.+ rY 
"  #.$&"* "'#$ + rY R#$ , ,+ rY R"*"$* " "$ "$+ rY #& " #  *+ rY #" &," " + rY "  "  $"'  "$ , "*+ rY ##& " .+ rY c*"$##&  """ + rY c"$$"* '"  + rY  ,$*$+ rY á"*$"$+

Prophase Vetaphase Anaphase

rY @""  "$"+ rY @##"$ + rY @" $4"$ "+ rY —#"$'"+ rY @"'###+ rY "$&" $##"$ " "$"'+ rY @'"# #!!-#!!$$ + rY  #"$*$+ rY R $ $ "" "+ rY á"$" "$,$+  rY R $# "+ rY — $#$### #+ rY @$$$' + 

c


  

 

Telophase Ctokinesis ncontrolled mitosis

rY @ ###  + rY @" "$, ."$$% "(+ rY )  *# $,"+ rY c'"" $," #$+ rY  ""$ " "'+ rY @" "$ " #"' #""$+ rY , ,'#"  -"" + rY 0 4" #+ rY @#'"$' #" +@ $,$+ rY @#$ $*  "'"" + rY @$,$'#$*  "+ rY )$  "  + rY @" '" $ $* " "$+ rY À#"  * + rY @"  $,$*"$ " "*" $"'  * + rY R  #"$"' " "'*"$""+ rY @"  $+ rY R",$"$$*"'"' +

Animal cloning Tissue culture Advantages of cloning

rY —  %*'"$ (,$"$'"" + rY @#$,$"'"$"""î$,"' #+ rY J"$''"$+R"   $&,"' *#"$ '""* + rY á  #" "  "$''  " + rY @$,$#$*"'" *+ rY R*"#"$" '+ rY R "$#   $""+ rY —##" +á+'1&$+ rY R# $.#"+ rY á"*$$'  + rY @" $%##(+ rY á.#"!##$" # $"' ""  "" """+ rY @$%' &" $(+ rY ##$   '"% (+ rY #"$## ,+ rY á.#"$,$*+ rY À,#" + rY @$,#" * %#"(+ rY R""$'+ rY c "'#* # '" "+ rY @" "#$ $" "$"'"+ rY @"$#"&,& "#$ $ "$"#$+ rY @"-*+ rY À*$#""'+ rY À""$#""''"+ rY )#'" " # "*+ 

c


   5    —*""* +Y R""*""* $*Ài îY R-" "Ài $ #" +Y "" &Ài$.""$"$.#"$*""'i%i("$ îY R"'i*"$ $"'" ""Ài 0+Y R"'i"," "$, +Y R"'i  îY R  " "'i îY R"'i """"  $-" " $ +Y R'" """$"#* #  #" +Y á " $"$$"."$& "" $%#*##$($"$$*" *#+  

Disadvantages of cloning Veiosis I Veiosis II

rY "'î$ "* ""+ rY *"$'""+À# "-" *+ rY @"$""*'"  ,"+ rY ," $ "$+ rY @""'"  # ""'" " $+ rY R'"*"$$ ',+R$$"  " $+ rY @"$"#"+ +Y À"'## &' ##%*"#("$ "',""" $ + +Y À"'# &' '"# #%-&$$( + 0+Y À"'"# &' #"$, ###+— $  $'"$,"+ +Y "$R# &#$ $' $+á $' "*" *# &#" " + +Y À"')# &*"# ' "$ "' ,"""î $$ " # + +Y À"'# &  ""' $'" ##%-!$$(  + 0+Y À"'"# & $ #& "'$' ,## #+ +Y "$R# &#$ $' $+á $' " #$  #$ $" & "* " $+

c


  

6 

Digestion in mouth Digestion in stomach Digestion in small intestine

rY — ",*# ,*'"$ rY —, """*,* * rY c'"*$* +   —     rY "$$"$',#   "'"* " ",' + rY #""$ +î5+ rY á#""'  "" ' '"$+ rY R'"$ ' 4 + @" &@"$"* ##""$""+ rY @ #"$+7+ rY ' $*$* + rY  $*# ,*,* *"*+   )" #*##$  rY "" ' * ","'  #"& "'""  "+ rY —  "" î$ $ *+ rY @*'$*"$$"+      rY À$" ,$ *  "$ "'$$"$ #" + rY — &#""$#$$'$+ rY c #$ $*,"$ $"'$$" $$",$ + rY c#" $  *"$ ##"* "" $$"+ rY c*#$& "' $"""*$#+ rY ),$"''R—$'"+ rY )"  #"  4 " $$",#"  $ + rY )"  4  ""#"   *&*#""$#+ rY )"  * # $'" + rY R*#"$'#*##$" ##$+ rY # #$'"#$" * $"$'* + rY "$"%""(  ""4   "" $',"*"$$ # $'"##$"$$ $+ rY )#$$'$*#"""  $+ rY $'$*"' + rY À $$'$*""* "" $"$' + —_{,**} ##"

c


  

8

Digestion of cellulose b ruminant Digestion of cellulose b rodent Digestion

rY )* $$#$ "%' #"  (+ rY @ "$"*  #$ $* + rY ) $"#$  $* &*+ rY $" + rY @"$'*$*+ rY R "" & $ $&"''$*" '* $+ rY #""$ $" &  "'    "+ rY R $$"$,$ + rY &'# $  "$""# * #+ rY ,$ $+ rY $# ,$"&  ""+%+'1 (+ rY  4  #$'" #""$$" + rY R$"#' ""$'$"$$" "*+ rY @ "$##"$."'$  î$'"' + rY R $"#$ #' "* " + rY R " * #$ $"'+ rY  ""'"+R #$   $"+ rY R "$  $ "$$+ rY $"%',.#( , """* + rY )" îY _{" &##" $"} #""#*##$+ îY @"' $#,$ $  $$'" + îY _{"$$"&*#" $"} #*##$"##$+ îY """&#" $" ##$"" $+  rY  îY c "'#" $#"$$"+ îY _{"$$"!""&#}  #$"* $"$ '* +  rY @*$ îY _{"&,***$*}  "+ îY _{"$$"&#"  *} *$* "+ îY _{"""&*$*} "' +   

c


  

7

Absorption of digested food Assimilation of digested food Formation faeces

rY #"$'$$ " + rY  !" $"*$" $ #+ rY R""'' !" $  ,*"#"$ #+ rY $ # ",'"#  #,"& $,%"$ "##$*(+ rY * "$* $$ #  ""'("$ "$#+ rY * $"$'* ""  %*# *(+ rY " $  ,","+ á.#""' "$" $ "$* +  rY  .$$#$ "'*& "$.$"$*  #"+ rY " $$*" ##% #"" (+c* *" *"$ "''+ rY " $ "$*" "*&""$*+ rY    ""$$  $""""'&.  " "$#'"" "* "#+ rY " "&$+R "$'$$$$"   + rY   """$'$ "# $'""$ #""" # " ""+    

c


  



Photosnthesis mechanism Photosnthesis mechanism ses of enzme (Chapter 4)

rY R" "#"* # #*"  " #+ rY R'"#*" '"$$  "+ rY ' "1 rY )01R # "'"+ rY ) 1@#* #'"'*  .  " #*  '"'*,+ rY )1 ". $& " " , #* + rY ) 1'"'*$#  "*$'""%("$ *$.*"%
î(%)*(+ rY )51R*$'""" "  "$* #* *$'"+  rY )61R"'*. $ " $"'*î   $""##!R)+ rY )81*$.*"" " *$.*'#+R ""  ,$* #*+ rY )71R*$.*'#" " "$'.*'"+ rY À  "1 rY )1R # "+ rY )1À"-'"'*+ rY )01R*$'"$. "$.$" " *$*#*" "* rY ) 1"$ $$ " " $.$"' + rY )1R' """$' "$""   #*$ '"" #+ rY á"*$'  $'"+ 9)$'$ '$#" "î "##$+ 9#$'$"" * $"$'* + 9*$'$ " î "#* $"$'+  rY á"*$" "'"$*+ 9)$" $" #""#$ "  + 9*$" $"  ' " "' $&""$+  rY á"*$"$ $+ 9R*#"$,$  "$ ""$+ 90"*$" "+  rY á"*$""$ 1 9R* ,+ 9R* #"$*+ 9R* "î$&"* ""$$+ 9R*$":-'#  &$  +   

c


  



Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration in human muscle Anaerobic respiration in east

rY @""##*.*'"+ rY   .$$* .*'"+ rY @# $"' " #" .*'"+ rY '""'*$+ rY @"$.$"$#$ $ #$ + rY "'*$$ *"$""##%R)( $""$##%À)("$ "'" ##+ rY R) """'* + rY R) "##"$  "* "$" "'*+    R) À)##"'* rY À"','. %"""'(& "'" $+ rY R##*.*'"  #$  " "+ rY ,&##*.*'"  " "+ rY "$ , * " #""'*+ rY R'  ",$"   $& "*$""'* "'#$ $+ rY ".*'"$$#"$*& "".*'"""'*#$ "+ rY ',   $"   + rY """'& #$*"$$#*"" "*"+ rY R ,*#$7" " 7"".*'" #$ $"' #"+ rY !    $.$$ " $.$&"$"'*+ rY "*# *+ rY J"$"  "$"&* * " #"+ rY )$ "+ rY )  """"+ rY @*$*"**+  îY á"#$ $ "$"  "'""$+ îY "$ "'& "$.$ $$"'""* $'+ 

Similarities between the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents

 —_ rY c"* " "" !# ) _{rY R . "*!!$'} ) rY R$' "'  —_ rY c,'  ) rY R" $"!!*$*$$    á_{"'*$}

c


  

0

Differencesbetween the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents

Aspects Ruminant (has)

But Rodent (has) i   À á_    _{,$' }    À_{",$' } —_{  } À_ á_ —_{!!  } À_{"$' } c'!!"'   # $'  c  À_0 á_0 "    "* "     "* i*$# '   À  á _ R  R_{ #$'"!!}
"  R_{$'$$} ''$ À_  R_{ " ,*} 
" " ,* 

Breathing mechanism in man Breathing mechanism in man (continuation) Transport of  and C  in human bod

rY À#' " $* ,*#"'. $"+ rY ""&  $#' " & "'  $+ rY R#" ,    ,*"$$ #    ,*+" "'+ rY " $#' .&" $ "$"& $ "',   ,*"$" "'#    ,*+ $ "'+ rY R " "" "  + rY À"'""." "   " "$ + rY R#" ,    ,*"$$ #    ,*+""'+ rY À"'.".""    " &" '"#"&$ #    ,*+ $"'+ rY R,"î$  "'+ rY R "$$*"  #+ rY À"'"",$ "$'. "' " ,"$ #+ rY
.*'",$" # "$.$$  #",+ rY . "' ,  *$"+ rY À"'$#"$"$"  "##"'"+ rY R##! " "" .*'"",' #$##! " "".*'""$ #+ rY R&.*'"$   ,"$$ #"$+ rY R"#.*'" $* $  **+ rY
.*'" "#* #'" $'""$ $ + rY R.*'"+ rY "$#$ ##.*'"& 

c


  

 

Transport of  and C  in human bod

(continuation)

Explain how energ flows through the food chain and how it is lost to the environment.

Colonisation and succession in mangrove swamps rY
.*'"$  .*'"+ rY @"$.$$*#"'  ""#$*$, "$.$"$#+ rY c"$'"+ rY  "'"+ rY " ""+ rY @"$.$.#$ ,#"'+   rY á"'*'$ """ $ "+ rY "$ "&#"#$ & #* "&"   "$* ""$' * "+ rY "$ "&#"#$ & #* "& $ "$* ""$ " !'* "+á  ,$ " $# ,+ rY á"'*"$"# , "# ,+ rY ""'*"$"#  ,", 87;  "'*"$ "$* #* "$   ,"$+ rY 
"*7;"'*""'" #$"'"".#  ,+ rY R#"# "', ##+"$ #+ rY R#" # '$* "'#* ","" +R.",* #"#"$   $"&" $"''"  $ *"'#"#+ rY #&  # "$+R "$" ,' #+ $* #+#  #"# + rY R##*  #+#"$$& "'  ,+ rY R'"$ '+& $  '$*+ rY R "$""   ! #+&  #  #+ rY R*  ! #+# ."$ #"$$+ rY $"$#$& ."$+R $"* "$ '"$+ rY
,&#"  #"$" #+'" #  ! #+  

c


  



reen house effects Explain briefl wh humans carr out the activit as shown in diagram above

Explain the impacts of the activit shown above on the environment rY " + rY J,%,($" $*"$  $ #" !"$+ rY "$$" ""  $ #+ rY c ##$*'" ' @
&"'"$.$"$ "+ rY !"$$  + rY á#" + Y  rY R"##"'#$*+R $"$$"$"', " $+ rY 0 $ ' "$  ##+ rY J"""$"$", $ $ $ " ""$"'+ rY À" $* $"$"$$+  rY À" "& "$$&$"$' "'+ rY @ "$ + rY # "'"#"& .#$ "$ "$"+ rY R#*$* '$**"+ rY R """+ rY —" $#" "&  ""$" ' + rY "$$*##""#$ $"',*"+ rY  "- *"$ #* + rY ,"$$"$"$  $+ rY R&""$"$ $" $"'"*"+   

c


  

 

uman blood vessels Circulator sstem in fish and human Blood clotting

 ÕY $* ÕY "#$- *&'# ÕY  "* " "$$ ÕY "'"$ & ," @# ÕY "$$, ÕY #$'. "',$" ÕY ""&"$" . "'$  ÕY "   0_" ÕY $" # '," ÕY $"# ÕY ,'""$,,%#,"  (  — ÕY , $  " ÕY ,  À"    _{" "'  " $  " $,$"}  _{$,$$" }  —_{#"} —_{##"} À_{.*'"$$}  ' À_{.*'"$$}  "'
.*'"$$ ' $* 
.*'"$$ "'  

îY #$#&$'$ & "'   ,%#"( îY  ,'  ""$ ,"<& ",#" " îY " * "," #""'""" "+ îY "#"  " "'$, "$&##"'$$ "$ "'"$+ îY $ $"".#$ "' 

Difference between blood and lmph Tpe of immunit Phagoctosis

îY *#'"*# * #$ îY *# *#$ $**#"$ "*#* îY *# "".*'" #$  ÕY  ,"*&$*#$ " "$"#""* ""'" ÕY #,"*&$* ," "$$  îY #' * $*   #$ $*  îY )' *."$#$#$ %'($ "'+ îY "'" #' îY #' "* îY ***" #' îY  "$#' $*$*** îY #' *$'$#$    

Lmph ʹ formed - brought back into the blood circulator sstem.

c


   5 îY "$" #&'*$  #"$ # îY '# ## ' #*""  #  îY "$# " "$ ""*  îY 87;"$$ " $ #* îY 7;"$'"*# #"$ ""*# îY *# #""'' *# , îY *# ,&*#,"* #"  $  îY " *#$" "$ R_{"#""#*'+} ÕY .*'"",$"'"" ÕY '. "' $, %.*'"$$"$ #  "$.$$$( ÕY $"' $* $"## ' ÕY ##.*'"", '"##.*'"" $ # ÕY .*'"$$" *#$$  ÕY .*'" "'" "'.*'" ÕY .*'"""# $* ÕY ##$.*'"$$ $*  ÕY .*'"$$$ #  ##.*'"" $ #'""  ÕY "$.$$ $ # ## "$.$" '"" $ # ÕY $.*'"$$'"'  *," ,"$"'*#"* *  ,"* îY "$*, ""% *  -$( îY , " ""$$! "$  !#'"!, îY $ $#$  "$'"#'" îY "$"""$,$  ,$ "$%"*  -$( îY $*$##*"$*', "*$$ ),"* îY "$*"4 "' "$!"% *  -$( îY ""'"#"$*&$*$ "#$ ""$ îY "$**""$ 3$#$" '# "%"* -$(   

c


  

6

Vovement of water froom root toleaves Vovement of water from root toleaves Effect of no lignin formation on the function of tissue xlem ,",$$* #& #* ""$"#" #+  # rY #%*(*#"  "$"'" rY $"* rY  # $ #$ "'"'  rY ,$4 "    $$,&  ""  . rY %("  ,* $".*,"$  #"  rY  ""*".*"$ #%#( rY #',""#$  "$""".* @_{#* "} rY ,#'.*" * #* rY #* "$ "$   "% ,  " ("$ $"%  $ $,( rY   "" "".*,%$ " "$$"( rY  "#," "".* "'# rY $"#,"',* #"'$" "  R_{"#"#} rY #*  $"'"#"# *  ".*," , rY  ""! " "  "  , ## $"#"# rY "#"#$ .*",!! rY  ""' #" """#" rY '""#" .* "'  ÕY '""&.* # ÕY & "" ""  ÕY #$ ""*  rY '""   #  ÕY  ""#".*  ÕY   ÕY  "" ÕY  % "/"$.#""(   

c


  

8

light intensit and stomata and cells effect the rate of water loss

Adaptation of the muscle which enables it to contracts

Vovement takes place involves muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments and joints

rY î777757%!(& "  rY áî'""*"  rY áî#*""'$  rY á0î "'*, #,"'$ *  ,"# rY á î'$   *#" % #$ #( #$  rY áî #$  $"'$ * rY á î "''$ "$$ rY á5î#"% #( rY î7577077%!( $  rY á6î'""*$ ! #*"$  rY á8î'$   $"$"$ "$ rY á7î &#,"  #"' rY i1%"*á(%0á( ÕY    ""$  "$'##*", "$$, ÕY  $#"$ " $* ÕY  *$#*# #""1 ""$ *" " "$   " " ÕY  3","$"' " " "   ÕY -$ # "  #  .%''"$( ÕY  # " -$ # .%'"( ÕY   " # ÕY #$"$"$ $ ÕY #$ " ""$."  """"'," '" ÕY  "" "' ÕY ',##"$"'4" ," ÕY "'"$  =" ÕY "'4","' "' "$ R_"$" ÕY ""  " ÕY "'"$""  ÕY  "$"' "$" c" ÕY !'""'&,*"$ "' ÕY #,$##$*'   

c


  

7

Adaptation of plant which enable it to float Skeletal sstem of earthworm and fish adapted for its movement

Adaptive features which helps in birds and fish locomotion ÕY ,"" *%#"  '( ÕY ,# ! %  *( ÕY ,'"$!#%"  ##""'( ÕY ,""$"*%#' ( ,"" ÕY *$  " ÕY ,* "'"'*$ # $"'" ÕY  '"$*"   èY "*    """'"$$*   "'"$"" * "  èY """*"'$"  '"$  "* "  ÕY     " & "'$" . "*""'"  " ÕY *$ # "$"## # "',$  ,"" ÕY ""$ " ÕY #,$#  "   ÕY "* " &' *.""'"  " ÕY , " , $ ÕY "$" " " " c$ ÕY "'>'"#$ ÕY #"'"  %#  4"$"(#$$""$# "' ÕY "''"%"! $"*(!!  >$ ' ÕY "$$*#>$  "  ÕY #>,$" " $*'$"'""'  ÕY $"$$*>$  "  ÕY * !0>#$   "'" * ÕY  >""*" *" ÕY " èY $"$,""> #,"!#"*"'"$ "' èY ">#,$"$ "$ " èY #,""$# ">   !$"   

c


  



Support is achieved in submerged and floating plants

steoporosis and osteoarthritis happen - prevented

Important to have health musculoskeletal sstem - was maintaining a health

musculoskeletal —_{'$#"} ÕY # ","$ ##"*#'"  ÕY *" *#,$## ÕY ,,*$*!,   ÕY "!"!.,>#,$ "  "'#" ÕY ,#"*  ÕY " *#*"  ÕY $",$* ÕY "*" *# ÕY ,$, ."'"$*,  "
# ÕY $" "$ $ "$"$ #"$' ÕY  ""$##&#* ",'""# ÕY $#"#"$" #$ ."&'" ÕY """ $#$ ÕY &" "$ ÕY "#,"$* èY $"''î"'. & "'" "$" èY  "'$ "  & ##"$,"À èY  "","@&" "  èY ""' "'
 ÕY
#'"'#  $"$ '" " "4" ÕY )"#"&" "   $* ,% "'& "'( ÕY ",#"& '" "# $'$4"  "$#   R_{  "*"&}  &'""$"$" '   ""',"  ÕY   "### $* ÕY "*#*"4$& .#" $ &#""$ * ÕY  '""$#*'  # "$*%#"!$'"(     

c


  



Important to have health musculoskeletal sstem - was maintaining a health

musculoskeletal

steoarthritis and arthritis gout occur - effect of the diseases

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants _{*""} ÕY ,"'" $$+R $ " #"&,"&@"À' "%  &##""( $"'"'"+À" "' $$$" " ÕY $#'$#"$"'& "'& "'"$#"' " "$* *##$+R#"  $##"$ #" "$#""$ "" " " ""'"%"'&"$ ( ÕY ##$* ,+ _{"$  +R'}  ,"+" "''$*$+ R_{ " &""$} ""$" $& "'#" ,," ÕY  "'# "$"','  , ÕY #    "$ "-" . "'#,""4   ""*  $*#* ÕY  $*"'$$ ÕY  "! "'  ÕY *" ÕY   >  ÕY "#" !"'!# ,"
# ÕY "$"  $*" $"*" ÕY "'"'" ÕY "  ÕY "*#"*"  ÕY "-" >  ,!!$ ""', !!#$# i_{"î$*#"% #"(} ÕY %##" #"(#,$$ *'$* #" *! " *  ÕY %""'" '"$(  "* "$ '$ ÕY R'#$" , #  ""!# "'"  ÕY @"'##!!, ÕY R" ""'$  ! " * ',##  #"   

c


  

0

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants

Snapse ʹ The event as a nerve impulse is transmitted across a snapse

Knee jerk _$*#" ÕY $*#",# $ ! " *!.* ,+ $',## ÕY ,   ,$#'""$$$"' ÕY  " * ,,*  %$"#'( ÕY % $$ (" " #,$## ÕY *,, '""  $#$$"'#"3  "$*' ÕY R'"$.*, $* ÕY R #""'"$ #,$###" ÕY R $$$   "$,*$ ÕY R*"$.*,"$ '*###" 'Y —*"#"'#""." ""$$"$" $4 """+  $* """"#  *"#+R   $ ""  'Y R""""  *"#",, ","   '""  '"" "" 'Y i"#$ $",  ""#."" $*"#  " 'Y —*"#  " """$"  "$"'""'* "" 'Y ""#,$*"#  "&,  """*"# 'Y R"" $  *"#$"$ """ 'Y R$"$""" $''"#  ,$""'"" ÕY  "4  "",,*# """$""$" "" ÕY ""$" "" -$ # "' ""' ÕY  &   -$ # "$   #" & ''"'",# ÕY """""" -$ # "$  " "''$ ÕY #""'' $&"$ #"3 ",*" ""' ÕY "#"& #"3",*" " ##*   

c


  

 

_{hen the hand touches a hot object Roles of cerebellum and medulla oblongata -} reflex action when finger being stung b a bee

lomerular filtrate formed

ÕY "4  ","$"'% #(" " ÕY #''$ ÕY #,"'"*!" ""#" $ ÕY "#" $&# "$ *"# """"$" " *"#!"""  *"# ÕY ""# #*"#  "&''*"#  , """ *"#   ÕY ""$  *"#   ÕY "$"$ #  $ #*"# " ÕY "$"'""  #$'"" "# ÕY #,#" $"' !"""  ÕY   #   " " +R"'$$" $"$ @_ ÕY $""," ÕY "" !# $"' ÕY "!" "' ÕY "!"  ÕY "$#!"' . " ÕY  #" ""'$  #" ÕY ",#'"$"#"  # ÕY   #", "%"*(""#" $ ÕY #"$ """"#" $ ÕY """"# """ ÕY """"#  #!  ÕY  #!  " % #.( "'"$ ÕY "$"'& " #  ÕY  $  "#"!''# ÕY "$$$""$ " ÕY '# $' """ ##  "''   

c


  



Structure and the role of nephron - formation of urine

Formation of urine



Consequences of kidne failure

—_{ "$"#"} ÕY "#"" "" $"* ÕY "#" "04# %'&"$ $,( ÕY c"3 # ÕY "'" $" & $##. ",$&#""$ $ ",$ ÕY $ ",$, "#"4" "  "' $  ÕY #""'#"î#$ '""#"$ "$" $"$"" . ÕY "&#""$ " ÕY $"$,*'# " "#" ÕY '$#"'&  $'" """c"3 # ÕY "''

ÕY ""&' &" $& ""$  ÕY '" #. ",$ ÕY  ,#"  ÕY * ,"$#,"# ÕY "',*' " """# # ÕY ',$ "$* ÕY "  " """ ",$ ÕY '""# ""$$ ",$ ÕY "$""' $ "$  ÕY  # "$ ",$ ÕY !."!"! "' $ *#,$""$ ,"# $ #*"$ ",$  ÕY    "'$ %" $"(+$"& $$"$"$"*. $ ÕY  $"*#" ""'&$  #"$$, """"$ ÕY #. "$* ""î""' "$" ÕY *,"$'$* ÕY ""#$ $"* " ""#"* $"*$"#"

Avoid drug and alcohol ʹ wh ʹ affects - coordination sstems

eotropism is brought about in a plant root and shoot - advantages

Tips of shoot contribute to growth in oat seedlings

c


     À_' ÕY $'"!  " ÕY "  , " ",* ÕY . ,$#* #$*$#" ÕY !!# , "'$". ÕY $' "  !"!#" ÕY  #"'" ÕY "$ "'#!$" ",#   ÕY "'$#" ÕY   $"""$4$'" ÕY "À# #* ÕY $"$ !"#$ $  ÕY  !$'$$ , ÕY $,#$#"$" "  !$'!$,#,$   ÕY "'' "$''" ÕY "$'!   —_ ÕY ."#$ $#  ÕY .",$"$! " "$$#$ #',* ÕY ' " ""."  ' ÕY "'' "'"" "$$, " ##$ ÕY $""'"  "$*',*!' #$  ÕY ."#$ $#  ÕY .",$"$! " "$$#$ #',* ÕY ' " ""."" ' ÕY "'$" "'"" "$$, " ##$ ÕY $""'"  "$$',* ÕY /#&"$"' ""' ÕY #,"'"# $#"$""#" #  ÕY /# # ,$"$# $""'   "$" # "$"'# ''#$ ÕY "# $  "'  $$"'  ÕY   "'"$" #"$ # "' ÕY /' # $* * %"  "(& "$*  ' ''"'$ ' ÕY R ' " "" '#"'   "' '   ÕY R"'  ""  "'#$ $"  ÕY R  ' $$"" ÕY R  "'."