Italian Basic Phrases

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Basic Phrases

English French Italian

Good day Bonjour Buongiorno

Good evening Bonsoir Buona sera

Good night (going to bed) Bonne nuit Buona notte

Hello / Hi / Bye Salut Ciao

Goodbye Au revoir Arrivederci

Thank you (very much) Merci (beaucoup) Grazie (mille)

You're welcome De rien Prego

Please S'il vous plaît Per favore

How are you? (formal) Comment allez-vous ? Come sta?

How are you? (informal) Ça va? Come stai?

I'm (really) good. Je vais (très) bien. Sto (abbastanza) bene.

I'm ok. Comme ci, comme ça. Cosí cosí.

Bad / not bad Mal / pas mal Male / Non c'è male

What's your name? (f) Comment vous appelez-_{vous ?} Come si chiama? What's your name? (in) Tu t'appelles comment ? Come ti chiami?

My name is… Je m'appelle… Mi chiamo…

Where are you from? (f) D'où venez-vous ? Di dov'è Lei? Where are you from? (in) Tu es d'où ? Di dove sei?

I'm from…. Je suis de… Sono di…

How old are you? Quel âge avez-vous ? Quanti anni ha?

How old are you? Tu as quel âge ? Quanti anni hai?

I'm ___ years old. J'ai ___ ans. Ho ___ anni.

Yes / No Oui / Non Si / No

Do you speak … ? (f) Parlez-vous … Parla…

Do you speak … ? (inf) Est-ce que tu parles … Parli…

I (don't) speak… Je (ne) parle (pas)… (Non) parlo… I (don't) know Je (ne) sais (pas). (Non) lo so. Do you understand? (f) Comprenez-vous? Capisce? Do you understand? (inf) Est-ce que tu comprends ? Capisci? I (don't) understand Je (ne) comprends (pas). (Non) capisco. Can you help me? (f) Pouvez-vous m'aider ? Può aiutarmi? Can you help me? (inf) Est-ce que tu peux

m'aider ? Puoi aiutarmi?

Of course. Bien sûr Certamente

I would like… Je voudrais… Vorrei…

Where is / are … ? Où est / sont… ? Dov'è / Dove sono… ?

Excuse me Excusez-moi Con permesso

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I'm sorry Je suis désolé(e). Mi dispiace

See you tomorrow A demain A domani

See you later / soon A tout à l'heure / A bientôt A più tardi / A presto Mister / Misses / Miss Monsieur / Madame / _Mademoiselle Signore / Signora / _Signorina Pleased to meet you. Enchanté(e). Piacere. / Molto lieto.

Pardon? Comment ? Come?

How do you say … ? Comment dit-on … ? Come se dice … ? What's the matter? Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ? Cosa c'è?

What's happening? Qu'est-ce qui se passe ? Che succede?

There is / are… Il y a… C'è / Ci sono…

What is it? Qu'est-ce que c'est que

ça ? Che cosa è?

Right? N'est-ce pas ? Vero?

It doesn't matter. Ça ne fait rien. Non importa I have no idea. Je n'ai aucune idée Non ho idea

I don't care. Ça m'est égal. Non m'importa

I'm tired / sick. Je suis fatigué(e) / malade. Sono stanco(a) / _malato(a) I'm hungry / thirsty. J'ai faim / soif. Ho fame / sete. I'm cold / hot. J'ai froid / chaud. Ho freddo / caldo.

I'm bored. Je m'ennuie. Mi annoio.

I forgot. J'ai oublié. Ho dimenticato.

I have to go. Je dois y aller. Devo andare.

Welcome! Bienvenue Benvenuti

Let's go! Allons-y ! Andiamo!

Good luck! Bonne chance ! Buona fortuna!

Have fun! (inf) Amuse-toi ! Divertiti!

Bless you! A tes souhaits ! Salute!

Cheers! A la vôtre ! Cincin!

Pay attention! / Be careful! Faites attention ! Fate attenzione! Don't worry! (inf) Ne t'en fais pas ! Non ti preoccupare! Shut up! (f / inf) Taisez-vous ! / Tais-toi ! Sta zitto! / Stai zitto!

Congratulations! Félicitations ! Congratulazioni!

Happy New Year Bonne Année Buon Anno

Happy Easter Joyeuses Pâques Buona Pasqua

Merry Christmas Joyeux Noël Buon Natale

Happy Birthday Bon Anniversaire Buon Compleanno

I love you. (singular) Je t'aime Ti amo / Ti voglio bene I miss you. (singular) Tu me manques Mi manchi

Adjectives in both languages must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular and plural) with the nouns they describe. For example. if you are

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a man, you would use je suis fatigué in French and sono stanco in Italian for I am tired. If you are a woman, you would use je suis fatiguée in French and sono stanca in Italian. Vocabulary words are generally given in the masculine form, with the feminine ending in parentheses.(In French, you generally add -e to form the feminine; while in Italian, you change -o to -a). If there is only one form of an adjective given, then it is the same for masculine and feminine (such as malade in French).

Pronunciation

The major difference in pronunciation between the two languages is that French has several silent letters, while every letter must be pronounced in Italian. In addition, French contains four distinctive nasal vowels that do not exist in Italian. Vowels

Vowels in French are somewhat complex (12). Vowels in Italian are much simpler (7). Vowels that do not exist in English are highlighted in blue.

French Vowels _VowelsItalian _{Pronunciation}English [i] vie, midi, lit, riz [i] vita meet

[y] rue, jus, tissu, usine ee rounded [e] blé, nez, cahier, _pied [e] vedi wait

[ø] jeu, yeux, queue, _bleu ay rounded [ ]ɛ lait, aile, balai, reine [ ]ɛ era bet

[œ] sœur, œuf, fleur, _beurre eh rounded [a] chat, ami, papa, _salade [a] kane not

[ɑ] bas, âne, grâce, _château ah longer [u] loup, cou, caillou, _outil [u] uva boot [o] eau, dos, escargot, _hôtel [o] sole coat [ɔ] sol, pomme, cloche,

horloge [ɔ] modo law

[ə] fenêtre, genou,

cheval, cerise rut

I'm using the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for the vowels and a rough phonetic transcription for those who do not know the IPA.

French has three front rounded vowels that do not exist in English, but you can learn to pronounce them correctly because their unrounded counterparts do exist in English. To pronounce [y], round your lips when saying [i]; to pronounce [ø], round your lips when saying [e]; and to pronounce [œ], round your lips when saying [ ]ɛ .

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The distinction between [a] and [ɑ] continues to disappear in modern French, so don't worry about trying to distinguish these two sounds.

Pronouncing Italian vowels is rather easy. The only problems arise when

distinguishing the two e's and o's. If the vowel is stressed, then it is always closed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open [ ]ɛ and [ɔ]. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standard rule.

Nasal Vowels, Semi-Vowels/Consonants, & Diphthongs

The four nasal vowels are a distinctive feature of French. There are also three semi-vowels. In Italian, there are two semi-vowels, several diphthongs and a few triphthongs. French nasal vowels French semi-vowels Italian semi-vowels [ã] gant, banc, _dent [w] oui, Louis [w] quando, _uomo [ ̃]ɛ pain, vin, _linge [ ]ɥ lui, suisse [j] piano, ieri, _piove [œ̃] brun, lundi, _parfum [j] oreille, _Mireille

[õ] rond, ongle, _front

The distinction between the two nasals [ ̃]ɛ and [œ̃] is disappearing in French. Italian semi-vowels are written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong.

Consonants French consonants

ex + vowel egz examen, exercice eg-zah-mawn, eg-zehr-_sees ex + consonant eks exceptionnel, expression sehp-see-oh-nel, ek-spreh-see-ohn ch (Latin origin) sh architecte,

archives ar-shee-tekt, ar-sheev ch (Greek origin) k orchestre, archéologie ohr-kehs-tr, ar-kay-oh-loh-zhee ti + vowel

(except é) see démocratie, nation

day-moh-krah-see, nah-see-ohn

Italian consonant + vowel combinations c + a, o, u,

he, hi k amica, amico, amiche ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh c + ia, io, iu,

e, i ch bacio, celebre, cinema bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-mah g + a, o, u,

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g + ia, io, iu, e, i dj Giotto, gelato, magico djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh sc + a, o, u, he, hi sk scala, scuola, scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah

sc + ia, io, iu,

e, i sh

sciarpa, sciupato, scemo

shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

In both languages, s is generally pronounced the same as in English, except when it is between two vowels, then it is pronounced like z. H is always silent.

Double consonants in Italian must be pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently than il nono (eel noh-nohn-noh)

Liaison in French forces a preceding consonant to be pronounced before the following vowel of the next word. Normally, this consonant is silent, but it must be pronounced at the beginning of the next word: très (treh) and heureux (uh-ruh) become treh zuh-ruh when pronounced together. S and x are pronounced as z, d as t and f as v in liaisons.

Stress

In general, stress falls on the last syllable in French and the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable in Italian, the vowel is written with an accent mark (la città). However, it is also possible for the stress in Italian to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations.

Alphabet

English French Italian

A ah ah B bay bee C say chee D day dee E uh eh F eff eff-eh G zhay zhee H ahsh ahk-kah I ee ee J shee ee loon-gah K kah kahp-pah L ell ehl-eh M emm ehm-eh N enn ehn-eh O oh oh P pay pee Q kew koo R air ehr-reh S ess ehs-seh

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T tay teh

U ew oo

V vay voo

W doo-blah-vay dohp-pyah voo

X eeks eeks

Y ee-grek ee greh-kah

Z zed dzeh-tah

Numbers

English French Italian English French Italian

zero zéro zero

one un uno first premier (ère) primo (a)

two deux due second deuxième secondo (a)

three trois tre third troisième terzo (a)

four quatre quattro fourth quatrième quarto (a)

five cinq cinque fifth cinquième quinto (a)

six six sei sixth sixième sesto (a)

seven sept sette seventh septième settimo (a)

eight huit otto eighth huitième ottavo (a)

nine neuf nove ninth neuvième nono (a)

ten dix dieci tenth dixième decimo (a)

eleven onze undici eleventh onzième undicesimo (a)

twelve douze dodici twelfth douzième dodicesimo (a)

thirteen treize tredici thirteenth treizième tredicesimo (a) fourteen quatorze quattordici fourteenth quatorzième quattordicesimo

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fifteen quinze quindici fifteenth quinzième quindicesimo (a) sixteen seize sedici sixteenth seizième sedicesimo (a) seventeen dix-sept diciassette seventeenth dix-septième diciassettesimo

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eighteen dix-huit diciotto eighteenth dix-huitième diciottesimo (a) nineteen dix-neuf diciannove nineteenth

dix-neuvième

diciannovesimo (a)

twenty vingt venti twentieth vingtième ventesimo (a)

twenty-one vingt et un ventuno twenty-first vingt et

unième ventunesimo (a) twenty-two vingt-deux ventidue twenty- vingt- ventiduesimo (a)

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second deuxième

twenty-three vingt-trois ventitre twenty-third

vingt-troisième ventitreesimo (a) thirty trente trenta twenty-_fourth vingt-_quatrième ventiquattresimo _(a) forty quarante quaranta twenty-fifth

vingt-cinquième

venticinquesimo (a)

fifty cinquante cinquanta

sixty soixante sessanta one-half une moitié un mezzo seventy soixante-_dix settanta one-third un tiers un terzo eighty

quatre-vingts ottanta one-fourth un quart un quarto ninety quatre-_vingt-dix novanta

hundred cent cento once une fois una volta

hundred

one cent un centuno twice deux fois due volte

two hundred

deux

cents duecento three times trois fois tre volte thousand mille mille

million un million un milione

When writing numbers, switch the use of commas and periods. For example, 4.50 in English would be written as 4,50 in French and Italian. In French, cent has a plural form: cents, but mille is invariable (there is no plural form); while in Italian,

cento is invariable and mille has a plural form: mila.

French telephone numbers are ten digits, beginning with zero, and the country code is 33 (Belgium: 32, Switzerland: 41, Canada: 1). Italian telephone numbers are between 8 and 11 digits, most beginning with zero, and the country code is 39. Articles & Demonstratives

Definite and Indefinite Articles Definite

Article (the) French Italian

Indefinite Article (a, an) French Italian masculine singular le il masculine singular un un begins with vowel l' l' begins with vowel un un begins with s + cons. lo begins with s + cons. uno

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plural plural plural of l' and lo gli plural: di + gli degli feminine singular la la feminine

singular une una

begins with

vowel l' l'

begins with

vowel une un'

feminine

plural les le

feminine

plural des delle

Articles are slightly more complicated in Italian. The rows in italics only concern Italian and not French. If a masculine Italian noun begins with s + consonant, z, gn, ps, x, or i + vowel, you must use lo as the definite article (instead of il). However, la is still used for all feminine Italian nouns that begin with those same letters. Only il changes to i in the plural, while l' and lo change to gli. Feminine articles are more simple: la and l' change to le in the plural. The plural indefinite article can be expressed as some in English, but it is not always used.

Demonstrative Adjectives this / these

+ noun French Italian that / those + noun French Italian masculine

singular ce questo masculine singular ce quel begins with

vowel cet quest' begins with vowel cet quell' begins with

s + cons. questo

begins with

s + cons. quello

masculine

plural ces questi

masculine

plural ces quei

plural of l'

and lo questi

plural: di +

gli quegli

feminine

singular cette questa

feminine

singular cette quella begins with

vowel cette quest'

begins with

vowel cette quell' feminine

plural ces queste

feminine

plural ces quelle

In French, ce, cet, and cette can be translated as this or that, while ces can be translated as these or those. If you would like to be precise, you can add -ci to the end of the noun to specify this/these (for what is close to you), and -là to the end of the noun to specify that/those (for what is further away from you). For example, cette chaise-ci means this chair while cette chaise-là means that chair. In Italian, two distinct forms exist to distinguish between what is close and what is far away: quest- for close, and quel- for far away.

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In Italian, demonstrative adjectives (which precede nouns) and demonstrative pronouns (which take the place of nouns) have very similar forms. In French, the demonstrative pronouns have different forms. You can add -ci and -là to the

French demonstrative pronouns to specify what is close (this/these) and what is far away (that/those): celui-ci means this one, while celui-là means that one.

Demonstrative Pronouns this / these

+ verb French Italian

that / those

+ verb French Italian masculine

singular celui questo masculine singular celui quello masculine

plural ceux questi masculine plural ceux quelli feminine

singular celle questa feminine singular celle quella feminine

plural celles queste feminine plural celles quelle Nouns: Gender & Number

There are two genders of nouns in both languages, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, singular and plural. Adjectives agree in gender and number with nouns, so you must learn the gender with each noun in order to form grammatically correct phrases. Usually the last letter of the noun will tell you which gender it is. Gender

In French, masculine singular nouns generally end with a consonant, - age or -ment. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette.

In Italian, masculine singular nouns generally end with -o or -ore. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -a or -zione. Nouns ending with -e and -ista can be either gender, so you must learn those individually. A few masculine nouns end with -a: il problema, il tema, il teorema, il poeta, il cinema, il programma; and a few feminine nouns end with -o: la mano, la radio, la foto, la moto.

In most cases, the gender of a noun is the same in French and Italian. But there are some cases in which the genders are reversed. (For example, names of cities and letters of the alphabet are masculine in French, but feminine in Italian.)

Masculine in French / Feminine in Italian

Feminine in French / Masculine in Italian English French Italian English French Italian

air l'air l'aria affair,

case l'affaire l'affare art l'art l'arte tooth la dent il dente calm le calme la calma oil l'huile l'olio number/digit le chiffre la cifra limit la limite il limite couple le couple la coppia sea la mer il mare

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dimanche domenica méthode metodo summer l'été l'estate minute la _minute il minuto forehead le front la fronte panic la _panique il panico guide le guide la guida period la

période il periodo spring le printemps la primavera planet la planète il pianeta sand le sable la sabbia second la

seconde il

secondo evening le soir la sera attempt la

tentative il

tentativo

Number

In French, singular nouns generally add -s (unless the noun already ends in -s, -z, or -x, then they change nothing for the plural), though nouns ending in -au, -eau, and -eu add -x instead (or change -al/-ail to -aux) to form the plural. (Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s) There are also seven nouns ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou

French Irregular Plurals: l'œil - les yeux (eye-eyes); le ciel - les cieux (sky-skies); le jeune homme - les jeunes gens (young man-young men); and three nouns are masculine in the singular, but feminine in the plural: amour, délice, orgue

In Italian, singular nouns that end with -o or -e, whether masculine or feminine, change to -i in the plural. Feminine nouns change -a to -e in the plural.

Monosyllabic nouns, nouns that end with an accented letter, with a consonant, and with -i do not change in the plural. Nouns ending in -ca, -go, -ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending (as a rule of pronunciation). Nouns that end with -io can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i (if the i of -io is not stressed).

Italian Irregular Plurals: l'uomo - gli uomini (man-men); il dio - gli dei (god-gods); il bue - i buoi (beef); il centinaio - le centinaia (century-centuries); il dito - le dita (finger-fingers); il riso - le risa (laughter); l'uovo - le uova (egg-eggs); l'ala - le ali (wing-wings); l'arma - le armi (weapon-weapons); la mano - le mani (hand-hands) Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns Direct Object _Pronouns Indirect Object _Pronouns Disjunctive _Pronouns English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian English French Italian

I je io me me mi me me mi me moi me

you (s,

inf) tu tu you (s, inf) te ti you (s, inf) te ti you (s, inf) toi te you (s,

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he / she il / elle lui / lei him / her le / la lo / la him / her lui gli / le him / her lui /elle lui / lei one / we on si

we nous noi us nous ci us nous ci us nous noi

you (pl,

inf/f) vous voi

you (pl,

inf) vous vi

you (pl,

inf) vous vi

you (pl,

inf) vous voi they

(m/fem) ils /

elles loro them les li them leur loro them

eux / elles loro s = singular, pl = plural, inf = informal, f = formal, m = masculine, fem = feminine There is more than one you in both languages, depending on how many people you are speaking to and how informal or formal you are being. In French, tu is singular and informal (when speaking to one person, such as a family member); while vous is plural, whether informal or formal (when speaking to more than one person) AND singular and formal (when speaking to one person, whom you do not know well or to whom you'd like to show respect). In Italian, tu is informal and singular, while Lei is formal and singular and voi is plural, whether informal or formal. Keep in mind that Lei takes a third person singular form when conjugating verbs (same as for he/she - lui/lei).

On and si are used as an abstract subject meaning one, they, you, we, people in general, etc. There are several translations of this into English where the subject doesn't refer to any person already mentioned: They say it's going to rain today. How are you supposed to do this? What should one do with $10 million? In addition, the French on is very commonly used to mean we instead of nous in everyday conversation. It always take a third person singular form when

conjugating verbs, even though it refers to more than one person.

In both languages, if you want to use it to refer to a noun, you must know the gender. For example, il in French can mean he or it, depending on what noun the pronoun refers to. Il est petit, le garçon. He is small, the boy. Il est petit, le lit. It is small, the bed. Notice that they can also be translated in two ways in French (ils and elles), depending on the gender of the noun.

Verbs: Be, Have, Do

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

être / essere -to be

suis sono étais ero serai sarò

es sei étais eri seras sarai

est è était era sera sarà

sommes siamo étions eravamo serons saremo

êtes siete étiez eravate serez sarete

sont sono étaient erano seront saranno

avoir / avere

-to have ai_as ho_hai avais_avais avevo_avevi aurai_{auras avrai}avrò

a ha avait aveva aura avrà

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avez avete aviez avevate aurez avrete

ont hanno avaient avevano auront avranno

faire / fare -to do, make

fais faccio faisais facevo ferai farò

fais fai faisais facevi feras farai

fait fa faisait faceva fera farà

faisons facciamo faisions facevamo ferons faremo faites fate faisiez facevate ferez farete font fanno faisaient facevano feront faranno Past tense here refers to the imperfect, not preterite.

In French, the subject pronoun must always be used before the verb conjugations. When the verb begins with a vowel, je becomes j' and is connected to the verb (j'ai). In informal speech, the same happens with tu, it becomes t' and is connected to the following verb (t'as). In Italian, you do not have to use the subject pronouns, unless you want to emphasize the subject or to avoid ambiguity.

There are several common and idiomatic expressions with the verbs avoir and avere, which translate to be in English:

to be hungry avoir faim avere fame to be thirsty avoir soif avere sete to be warm avoir chaud avere caldo to be cold avoir froid avere freddo to be right avoir raison avere ragione to be wrong avoir tort avere torto to be sleepy avoir sommeil avere sonno to be afraid (of) avoir peur (de) avere paura (di) to be # years old avoir # ans avere # anni to need avoir besoin de avere bisogno di to want, feel like avoir envie de avere voglia di

There is another verb in Italian that means to be, stare. But this verb is only used in expressions relating to health and feelings and when expressing the progressive form (be + gerund in English).

stare -to be

sto stavo starò

stai stavi starai

sta stava starà

stiamo stavamo staremo

state stavate starete

stanno starano staranno

Interrogatives / Conjunctions / Adverbs

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who qui chi because parce que perché

whose de qui di chi and et e

what qu'est-ce que / quoi che cosa or ou o

where où dove but mais ma

where from d'où di dove if si se

why pourquoi perché not pas non

when quand quando very très molto

how comment come also aussi anche

how much combien quanto while pendant mentre

which quel(le) quale since depuis da

that que che although bien que benché

Days / Months / Seasons

Monday lundi lunedì January janvier gennaio

Tuesday mardi martedì February février febbraio

Wednesday mercredi mercoledì March mars marzo

Thursday jeudi giovedì April avril aprile

Friday vendredi venerdì May mai maggio

Saturday samedi sabato June juin giugno

Sunday dimanche domenica July juillet luglio

August août agosto

spring le printemps la primavera September septembre settembre summer l'été (m) l'estate (f) October octobre ottobre autumn l'automne (m) l'autunno November novembre novembre winter l'hiver (m) l'inverno December décembre dicembre The days of the week and months of the year are all masculine in both languages (except domenica in Italian). If you want to express an action that happens habitually on a certain day, use the definite article before the day: le lundi / il lunedì (on Mondays). In a season or a month is translated as en in French (except for in spring, which is au printemps) and in in Italian. When writing the date, use the definite article (le or il) plus the number and then the month: le 5 mai / il 5 maggio. For the first day of a month, you must use premier or primo instead of the number.

Time / Weather / Directions What time is it? Quelle heure est-il ? Che ora è? / Che ore sono?

What's the weather like? Quel temps fait-il ? Che tempo fa?

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At what time?

A quelle

heure ? A che ora? It's nice Il fait bon

Fa tempo buono

1:00 Il est une _heure È l'una It's _beautiful Il fait beau Fa bel tempo 2:00 Il est deux _heures Sono le due It's hot Il fait _chaud Fa caldo 3:10 Il est trois _{heures dix} Sono le tre e _dieci It's cold Il fait froid Fa freddo

19:50

Il est vingt heures moins dix

Sono le venti

meno dieci It's sunny

Il fait du soleil C'è il sole 18:15 Il est dix-huit heures et quart Sono le diciotto

e un cuarto It's windy

Il fait du

vent Tira vento

7:45 Il est huit heures moins le quart Sono le otto

meno un quarto It's cool Il fait frais Fa fresco

15:30 Il est quinze heures et demie Sono le quindici e

mezzo It's bad

Il fait mauvais

Fa brutto tempo noon midi mezzogiorno It's foggy Il fait du

brouillard C'è la nebbia midnight minuit mezzanotte It's cloudy Il fait _nuageux È nuvoloso exactly précise in punto It's stormy Il fait

orageux

Il tempo è burrascoso in the

morning du matin di mattina It's raining Il pleut Piove in the

afternoon de l'après-midi del pomeriggio It's snowing Il neige Nevica in the

evening du soir di sera It's freezing Il gèle

Fa un freddo gelido

afternoon l'après-midi (m) il pomeriggio sunrise le lever du soleil il levar del sole

century le siècle il secolo sunset le coucher du

soleil il tramonto

dawn l'aube l'alba time le temps il tempo

day le jour il giorno today aujourd'hui oggi

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jour giorno

dusk la tombée de _{la nuit} il far della notte week la semaine la _settimana

evening le soir la sera year l'an (m) l'anno

fortnight la quinzaine la quindicina yesterday hier ieri holiday la fête la festa last, _previous dernier (ère) ultimo

hour l'heure (f) l'ora next prochain(e) prossimo

half hour une demi-_heure una mezz'ora north nord nord quarter

hour un quart d'heure un quarto d'ora south sud sud hour and

half une heure et demi un'ora e mezzo east est est leap year l'année _bissextile l'anno bisestile west ouest ovest midnight la minuit la mezzanotte northeast nord-est nord-est minute la minute il minuto northwest nord-ouest nord-ovest

month le mois il mese southeast sud-est sud-est

morning la matin la mattina southwest sud-ouest sud-ovest

night la nuit la notte to/on the

left à gauche a sinistra

noon le midi il mezzogiorno to/on the

right à droite a destra

season la saison la stagione straight tout droit sempre diritto second la seconde il secondo

Colors & Shapes

English French Italian English French Italian red rouge rosso square le carré il quadrato pink rose rosa circle le cercle il cerchio orange orange arancione triangle le _triangle il triangolo yellow jaune giallo rectangle le

rectangle il

rettangolo

green vert verde oval l'ovale l'ovale

blue bleu azzurro box la boîte la scatola purple lila / _violet viola sphere la sphère la sfera brown brun /

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black noir nero pyramid la _pyramide la _piramide white blanc(he) bianco cone le cône il cono gray gris grigio cylinder le _cylindre il cilindro silver argent argento heart le cœur il cuore

gold or oro star l'étoile la stella

diamond le _diamant il diamante crescent le _croissant la _mezzaluna Family

family la famille la _famiglia stepson le beau-fils il figliastro mother la mère la madre stepsister la belle-_sœur la sorellastra

mom maman mamma stepbrother le

beau-frère il fratellastro father le père il padre half-sister la demi-_sœur la sorellastra dad papa papà half-brother le demi-_frère il fratellastro parents les parents i genitori mother-in-_law la belle-_mère la suocera daughter la fille la figlia father-in-law le beau-_père il suocero

son le fils il figlio

daughter-in-law la belle-fille la nuora children les enfants i figli son-in-law le gendre il genero sister la sœur la sorella sister-in-law la

belle-sœur la cognata

brother le frère il fratello brother-in-_law le beau-_frère il cognato

wife la femme /

l'épouse la sposa godmother la marraine la madrina husband le mari / _l'époux lo sposo godfather le parrain il padrino grandmother la grand-_mère la nonna girl la jeune _fille la ragazza grandfather le grand- il nonno boy le garçon il ragazzo

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père

grandparents les

grands-parents i nonni baby le bébé il bambino

granddaughter la petite-fille la nipote woman la femme la donna

grandson le petit-fils il nipote man l'homme l'uomo

grandchildren les

petits-enfants i nipoti adult l'adulte l'adulto

cousin (f) la cousine la cugina relatives les parents i parenti cousin (m) le cousin il cugino twins les

jumeaux i gemelli

aunt la tante la zia birth la _naissance la nascita

uncle l'oncle lo zio death la mort la morte

niece la nièce la nipote marriage le mariage il matrimonio nephew le neveu il nipote divorce le divorce il divorzio stepmother la belle-mère la

matrigna single célibataire celibe/nubile stepfather le beau-père il _patrigno married marié(e) sposato (a) stepdaughter la belle-fille la _figliastra divorced divorcé(e) divorziato (a)

Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian adjective + noun masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural

my mon il mio mes i miei ma la mia mes le mie

your (s) ton il tuo tes i tuoi ta la tua tes le tue

his / her son il suo ses i suoi sa la sua ses le sue

our notre il nostro nos i nostri notre la nostra nos le nostre

your (pl) votre il vostro vos i vostri votre la vostra vos le vostre

their leur il loro leurs i loro leur la loro leurs le loro

In Italian, you must always use the definite article before the possessive adjective, except with singular family members that are not modified by an adjective.

However, loro is invariable and always preceded by the definite article. In both languages, you generally use the definite article instead of a possessive adjective when referring to parts of the body (because it is obvious who they belong to). In Italian, possessive adjectives (which precede nouns) and possessive pronouns (which take the place of nouns) have the same form. However, in French, there are different words for the possessive pronouns.

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French Italian French Italian French Italian French Italian verb + pronoun masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural

mine le mien il mio les miens i miei la mienne la mia les miennes le mie yours (s) le tien il tuo les tiens i tuoi la tienne la tua les tiennes le tue his / hers le sien il suo les siens i suoi la sienne la sua les siennes le sue ours le nôtre il nostro les nôtres i nostri la nôtre la nostra les nôtres le nostre yours (pl) le vôtre il vostro les vôtres i vostri la vôtre la vostra les vôtres le vostre theirs le leur il loro les leurs i loro la leur la loro les leurs le loro

Remember that the forms for her/hers in Italian can also be capitalized and use for the singular formal your/yours: il Suo / i Suoi / la Sua / le Sue.

Adjectives: Gender & Number

Adjectives are placed after the noun they describe in French and Italian, though there are a few common adjectives that are placed before the noun (adjectives of beauty, age, goodness and size). They also must agree in gender and number with the noun. Most of the rules for changing gender and number in both languages are the same for adjectives as they are for nouns.

Gender

In French, add -e to the masculine adjective to form the feminine. If the masculine adjective already ends in -e, then add nothing (the masculine and feminine forms are the same). There are several other rules for forming feminine adjectives in French: -x changes to -se, -il, -el, and -eil change to -ille, -elle, and -eille, -et changes to -ète, -en and -on change to -enne and -onne, -er changes to -ère, -f changes to -ve, -c changes to -che, -g changes to -gue, -eur changes to -euse if adjective is derived from verb, -eur changes to -rice if adjective is not same as verb, -eur changes to -eure with adjectives of comparison. Three common adjectives are irregular, and generally precede the noun: beau - belle (beautiful); nouveau - nouvelle (new); vieux - vieille (old). These three adjectives also have an alernate form that is used before masculine adjectives that begin with a vowel: bel, nouvel, vieil.

In Italian, masculine adjectives change -o to -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -e can be masculine or feminine.

Number

In French, add -s to a singular adjective to form the plural, unless it already ends in -s, -x, or -z (adjectives ending in these letters are the same in the singular and plural).

In Italian, singular masculine adjectives change -o to -i and singular feminine adjectives change -a to -e to form the plural. Adjectives ending in -e (regardless of gender) change to -i for the plural. Same as for nouns, adjectives ending in -ca, -go, -ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending. Adjectives that end with -io can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i (if the i of -io is not stressed).

In both languages, when an adjective describes more than one noun of different genders, the adjective will be masculine plural. Mes amis et mes amies sont tous italiens. / I miei amici e le mie amiche sono tutti italiani. My male friends and

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my female friends are all Italian. However, in Italian, the adjective can also agree with the noun that is closest to it.

nice gentil / gentille gentile ugly laid/e brutto/a

mean méchant/e meschino/a open ouvert/e aperto/a

great / large grand/e grande closed fermé/e chiuso/a

small petit/e piccolo/a wide large largo/a

long long/ue lungo/a narrow étroit/e stretto/a

short (length) court/e corto/a hot chaud/e caldo/a

tall grand/e alto/a cold froid/e freddo/a

short (height) petit/e basso/a dirty sale sporco/a

new nouveau / nouvelle nuovo/a clean propre pulito/a

young jeune giovane quiet tranquille zitto/a

old vieux / vieille vecchio/a loud bruyant/e rumoroso/a

first premier / première primo/a thin maigre magro/a

next prochain/e prossimo/a big / fat gros / grosse grasso/a

last dernier / dernière ultimo/a empty vide vuoto/a

same même stesso/a full plein/e pieno/a

different différent/e differente slow lent/e lento/a

good bon / bonne buono/a fast vide veloce

bad mauvais/e cattivo/a happy content/e felice

beautiful beau / belle bello/a sad triste triste

Remember for adjectives, you add -e to form the feminine in French; while in Italian, you change -o to -a.

Verbs: Come, Go

venir / venire -to come

viens vengo venais venivo viendrai verrò

viens vieni venais venivi viendras verrai

vient viene venait veniva viendra verrà

venons veniamo venions venivamo viendrons verremo venez venite veniez venivate viendrez verrete viennent vengono venaient venivano viendront verranno

aller / andare -to go

vais vado allais andavo irai andrò

vas vai allais andavi iras andrai

va va allait andava ira andrà

allons andiamo allions andavamo irons andremo

allez andate alliez andavate irez andrete

vont vanno allaient andavono iront andranno

Aller and andare can both be used to indicate the future, as does go in English: to be going to + infinitive. In French, aller is followed directly by the infinitive, but in Italian, the preposition a is placed between andare and the infinitive.

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Je vais partir. / Vado a partire. I'm going to leave. Asking Questions

Yes / No Questions

The easiest way to form yes/no questions in both languages is to add n'est-ce pas to the end of French statements and non è vero to the end of Italian statements. These phrases are similar to the tags that English adds to the end of questions, and therefore there are several translations into English.

Tu es une étudiante, n'est-ce pas ? / Sei una studentessa, non è vero? You're a student, aren't you?

You can also change the word order to form yes/no questions. In French, you invert the subject and verb and write them together with a hypen. If the verb ends in a vowel, you must add -t- between the verb and subject for ease of pronunciation. And if there is a subject other than the subject pronoun, you leave the subject at the beginning and invert the subject pronoun and verb. In Italian, you simply add a question mark to the end of the sentence and raise the intonation of your voice. Or if there is a subject, you can move it to the end of the sentence.

Parlez-vous allemand ? / Parlate tedesco? Do you speak German? Le garçon a-t-il faim ? / Ha fame, il ragazzo? Is the boy hungry?

Another way to form yes/no questions in French involves adding est-ce que before the statement: Est-ce que vous parlez allemand ? You can also simply add a question mark and raise the intonation of your voice to form questions in French, but this is informal and not advised in writing: Vous parlez allemand ?

Interrogative Questions

For questions that begin with wh- words or phrases in English, you use question word + inversion of subject and verb in French and simply the question word + verb in Italian. You can also use question word + est-ce que + subject + verb in French if you do not want to use inversion. A third, and informal, way of forming wh-

questions in French is to use the question word + subject + verb (no est-ce que and no inversion).

Quelle heure est-il ? / Che ore sono? What time is it? Negatives

In French, ne and pas are placed around the verb to make the phrase negative. (In everyday spoken French, ne is often dropped, but it must always be written). In Italian, non is placed before the verb.

Il n'est pas triste. / Non è triste. He is not sad.

Tu n'es pas parti ? / Non è partito? You haven't left?

Je ne joue pas au foot. / Non gioco a calcio. I don't play soccer.

Other negatives use two words in both languages. Ne or non is placed before the verb, and the other word is placed after. Unlike English, it is possible to use two negative words in a sentence.

never ne...jamais non...mai

no longer, no more ne...plus non...più nothing ne...rien non...niente

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nobody ne...personne non...nessuno neither...nor ne...ni...ni non...nè...nè Work & School

actor l'acteur l'attore lawyer l'avocat l'avvocato

actress l'actrice l'attrice mechanic le mécanicien il

meccanico author l'écrivain l'autore musician le musicien il/ la

musicista baker le boulanger il fornaio nurse l'infirmière l'infermiera bookseller le libraire il libraio optician l'opticien l'ottico businessman le _commerçant il _commerciante painter le peintre il pittore butcher le boucher il macellaio pharmacist le chimiste il chimico clerk le vendeur il commesso photographer le _photographe il fotografo cook le cuisinier il cuoco policeman l'agent de _police la guardia customer le client il cliente postman le facteur il

portalettere dentist le dentiste il dentista priest le curé il prete doctor le médecin / _docteur il medico / _dottore publisher l'éditeur l'editore employee l'employé l'impiegato shoemaker le cordonnier il calzolaio engineer l'ingénieur l'ingegnere singer le chanteur il cantante fisherman le pêcheur il pescatore soldier le soldat il soldato gardener le jardinier il giardiniere student l'étudiant lo studente hairdresser le coiffeur il parrucchiere surgeon le chirurgien il chirurgo jeweler le bijoutier il gioielliere teacher l'instituteur il maestro journalist le _journaliste il giornalista typist le _{dactylographe} il _dattilografo

judge le juge il giudice workman l'ouvrier l'operaio

accounting le _{comptabilité} la ragioneria history l'histoire (f) la storia

architecture l'architecture l'architettura law le droit la _{giurisprudenza} art l'art l'arte (f) linguistics le linguistique la linguistica astronomy l'astronomie l'astronomia literature la littérature le lettere biology la biologie la biologia mathematics les

mathématiques la matematica business les _commerces il _commercio medicine la médecine la medicina

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chemistry la chimie la chimica music la musique la musica computer

science l'informatique l'informatica philosophy la philosophie la filosofia earth science la science de la terra la scienza della terra physical education l'éducation physique l'educazione fisica

economics l'économie l'economia physics la physique la fisica engineering l'ingénieur l'ingegneria political _science la science _politique le scienze _politiche foreign

languages

les langues étrangères

la lingua

straniera psychology la pyschologie la psicologia geography la géographie la geografia science la science la scienza geometry la géométrie la geometria sociology la sociologie la sociologia

In the French school system, foreign languages is referred to as les langues vivantes (living languages).

Countries & Nationalities

Africa l'Afrique (f) l'Africa Indonesia l'Indonésie (f) l'Indonesia African africain/e africano/a Indonesian indonésien/ne indonesiano/a Albania l'Albanie l'Albania Ireland l'Irlande (f) l'Irlanda

Albanian albanais/e albanese Irishman irlandais/e irlandese America l'Amérique (f) l'America Israel l'Israël l'Israele American américain/e americano/a Israeli israélien israeliano/a Argentina l'Argentine _(f) l'Argentina Italy l'Italie (f) l'Italia Argentine argentin/e argentino/a Italian italien/ne italiano/a

Asia l'Asie (f) l'Asia Japan le Japon il Giappone

Asian asiatique asiatico/a Japanese japonais/e giapponese

Australia l'Australie (f) l'Australia Latvia la Lettonie la Lettonia Australian australien/ne australiano/a Latvian letton/ne lettone Austria l'Autriche (f) l'Austria Lithuania la Lituanie la Lituania Austrian autrichien/ne austriano/a Lithuanian lituanien/ne lituano/a

Belgium la Belgique il Belgio Luxembourg le Luxembourg il Lussemburgo Belgian belge belga Luxembourger luxembourgeois/e lussemburghese

Bosnia la Bosnie la Bosnia Malta Malte (f) Malta (f)

Bosnian bosniaque bosniaco/a Maltese maltais/e maltese

Brazil le Brésil il Brasile Netherlands Pays Bas i Paesi Bassi Brazilian brésilien/ne brasiliano/a Dutch néerlandais/e olandese Bulgaria la Bulgarie la Bulgaria New Zealand la

Nouvelle-Zélande

la Nuova Zelanda Bulgarian bulgare bulgaro/a New

Zealander néo-zélandais/e neozelandese

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Canadian canadien/ne canadese Norwegian norvégien/ne norvegese

China la Chine la Cina Macedonia la Macédoine la Macedonia

Chinese chinois/e cinese Macedonian macédonien/ne macedone Croatia la Croatie la Croazia Poland la Pologne la Polonia

Croatian croate croato/a Polish polonais/e polacco/a

Czech Republic la République Tchèque la Repubblica Ceca

Portugal le Portugal il Portogallo

Czech tchèque ceco/a Portuguese portugais/e portoghese

Denmark le Danemark la Danimarca Romania la Roumanie la Romania

Danish danois/e danese Romanian roumain/e romeno/a

Egypt l'Egypte (f) l'Egitto Russia la Russie la Russia

Egyptian égyptien/e egiziano/a Russian russe russo/a

England l'Angleterre _(f) l'Inghilterra Scotland l'Ecosse la Scozia

English anglais/e inglese Scottish écossais/e scozzese

Estonia l'Estonie l'Estonia Serbia la Serbie la Serbia

Estonian estonien/ne estone Serbian serbe serbo/a

Europe l'Europe (f) l'Europa Slovakia la Slovaquie la Slovacchia

European européen/ne europeo/a Slovak slovaque slovacco/a

Finland la Finlande la Finlandia Slovenia la Slovénie la Slovenia

Finnish finnois/e finlandese Slovene slovène sloveno/a

France la France la Francia Spain l'Espagne (f) la Spagna

French français/e francese Spanish espagnol/e spagnolo/a

Germany l'Allemagne _(f) la Germania Sweden la Suède la Svezia

German allemand/e tedesco/a Swedish suédois/e svedese

Great

Britain la Grande-Bretagne la Gran Bretagna Switzerland la Suisse la Svizzera

British brittanique britannico/a Swiss suisse svizzero/a

Greece la Grèce la Grecia Turkey la Turquie la Turchia

Greek grec/grecque greco/a Turk turc/turcque turco/a

Hungary la Hongrie l'Ungheria Ukraine l'Ukraine l'Ucraina Hungarian hongrois/e ungherese Ukrainian ukrainien/ne ucraino/a Iceland l'Islande l'Islanda United _Kingdom la Royaume-Uni il Regno Unito Icelandic islandais/e islandese United States les Etats-Unis gli Stati Uniti

India l'Inde l'India Wales le Pays-de-Galles Galles

Indian indien/ne indiano/a Welsh gallois/e gallese

The article is not used with Malta in either language. Prepositions & Contractions

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Prepositions are highly idiomatic in any language, so it is always better to learn them in common phrases. Nevertheless, here are the most common prepositions:

English French Italian

to, in, at à a

in, to en / dans in

on sur su

with avec con

without sans senza

for pour per

from, by de da

of de di

over / above au-dessus sopra under / below au-dessous sotto in front of devant dietro behind derrière di fronte a

near près de vicino a

far loin de lontano a

In both languages, possession is shown by using de or di (of) rather than the - 's in English: le chat de Luca / il gatto di Luca Luca's cat (or the cat of Luca)

In French à and de combine with the definite articles: à + le = au, à + les = aux, de + le = du, de + les = des. Italian has several more contractions involving prepositions and articles:

il lo l' la i gli le

a al allo all' alla ai agli alle da dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle di del dello dell' della dei degli delle in nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle su sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle con col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle

Usually no article is used with in before words denoting rooms in a house or

buildings in a city. The contractions with con are rarely used nowadays, but you will see them in older writings.

Verbs: Know

savoir / sapere -to know facts

sais so savais sapevo saurai saprò

sais sai savais sapevi sauras saprai

sait sa savait sapeva saura saprà

savons sappiamo savions sapevamo saurons sapremo

savez sapete saviez sapevate saurez saprete

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connaître / conoscere -to know people, places; to be acquainted with

connais conosco connaissais conoscevo connaîtrai conoscerò connais conosci connaissais conoscevi connaîtras conoscerai connaît conosce connaissait conosceva connaîtra conoscerà connaissons conosciamo connaissions conoscevamo connaîtrons conosceremo connaissez conoscete connaissiez conoscevate connaîtrez conoscerete connaissent conoscono connaissaient conoscevano connaîtront conosceranno Food & Meals

bacon le bacon il lardo lunch le déjeuner il pranzo

beef le bœuf il manzo meal le repas il pasto

beer la bière la birra meat la viande la carne

beverage la boisson la bevanda milk le lait il latte biscuit le biscuit il biscotto mustard la _moutarde la mostarda

bread le pain il pane mutton le mouton la carne di

montone breakfast le petit

déjeuner la colazione oil l'huile (f) l'olio

butter le beurre il burro omelet l'omelette

(f) la frittata

cake la gâteau la torta pepper le poivre il pepe

candy le bonbon la caramella pie la tarte la torta

cheese le fromage il formaggio pork le porc il maiale

chicken le poulet il pollo rice le riz il riso

chocolate le chocolat il cioccolato roast le rôti l'arrosto

coffee le café il caffè roll le petit

pain il panino cookie le biscuit il biscotto salad la salade l'insalata cottage

cheese

le fromage

blanc la ricotta salami le salami il salame cotton candy la barbe à

papa

lo zucchero

filato salt le sel il sale

cream la crème la panna sauce la sauce la salsa

dessert le dessert la frutta sausage la saucisse la salsiccia

dinner le dîner la cena soup la soupe la minestra

egg l'œuf (m) l'uovo steak le bifteck la bistecca

fat la graisse il grasso stew la ragoût lo stufato

flour la farine la farina sugar le sucre lo zucchero

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hamburger le hamburger l'hamburger tea le thé il tè

honey le miel il miele toast le pain _grillé il pane tostato hot dog le hot-dog l'hot dog veal la veau la carne di _vitello ice la glace il ghiaccio vegetables le légume il legume ice cream la glace il gelato vinegar le vinaigre l'aceto

jam la confiture la marmellata water l'eau l'acqua

juice le jus il succo wine le vin il vino

lollipop la sucette il leccalecca yogurt le yaourt lo yogurt Verbs: Can, Want, Must

pouvoir / potere - to be able to, can

peux posso pouvais potevo pourrai potrò

peux puoi pouvais potevi pourras potrai

peut può pouvait poteva pourra potrà

pouvons possiamo pouvions potevamo pourrons potremo

pouvez potete pouviez potevate pourrez potrete

peuvent possono pouvaient potevano pourront potranno

vouloir / volere -to want

veux voglio voulais volevo voudrai vorrò

veux vuoi voulais volevi voudras vorrai

veut vuole voulait voleva voudra vorrà

voulons vogliamo voulions volevamo voudrons vorremo

voulez volete vouliez volevate voudrez vorrete

veulent vogliono voulaient volevano voudront vorranno

devoir / dovere -to have to, must

dois devo devais dovevo devrai dovrò

dois devi devais dovevi devras dovrai

doit deve devait doveva devra dovrà

devons dobbiamo devions dovevamo devrons dovremo

devez dovete deviez dovevate devrez dovrete

doivent devono devaient dovevano devront dovranno Fruits & Vegetables

almond l'amande (f) la _mandorla lemon le citron il limone

apple la pomme la mela lentil la lentille la lenticchia

apricot l'abricot (m) l'albicocca lettuce la laitue la lattuga artichoke l'artichaut (m) il carciofo lime le citron vert la limetta asparagus l'asperge (f) l'asparago melon le melon il melone

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banana le banane la banana mushroom le

champignon il fungo

barley l'orge (f) l'orzo oats l'avoine (f) l'avena

bean

(broad) la fève la fava olive l'olive (f) l'oliva

bean

(kidney) le haricot il fagiolo onion l'oignon (m) la cipolla

berry la baie la bacca orange l'orange (f) l'arancia

broccoli le brocoli i broccoli parsley le persil il _prezzemolo

cabbage le choux il cavolo pea le pois il pisello

carrot la carotte la carota peach la pêche la pesca

cauliflower le chou-fleur il cavolfiore pear la poire la pera

celery le céleri il sedano pine le pin il pino

cherry la cerise la ciliegia pineapple l'ananas (m) l'ananasso chestnut la châtaigne, le

marron la castagna plum la prune la susina

chives la ciboulette la cipollina potato la pomme de

terre la patata

corn la maïs il

granoturco pumpkin le potiron la zucca cucumber le concombre il cetriolo radish le radis il ravanello currant la groseille il ribes raspberry la framboise il lampone

cypress le cyprès il cipresso rice le riz il riso

date la datte il dattero rye le seigle la segale

eggplant l'aubergine (f) la _melanzana sage la sauge la salvia

fig la figue il fico seed la graine il seme

fruit le fruit la frutta spinach les épinards _(m) gli spinaci garlic l'ail (m) l'aglio strawberry la fraise la fragola grapefruit le

pamplemousse il

pompelmo tomato la tomate il pomodoro

grapes le raisin l'uva turnip le navet la rapa

hazelnut la noisette la nocciola vine la vigne la vite

herb l'herbe (f) l'erba walnut la noix la noce

horse-radish le raifort

la

barbaforte watermelon la pastèque l'anguria

leaf la feuille la foglia wheat le froment il frumento

To specify the type of tree that a certain fruit grows on, just make the noun

masculine and add -ier to the French fruit / change the last letter of the Italian fruit to -o (sometimes the fruit and the tree will be the same). la pomme / la mela - apple; le pommier / il melo - apple tree