Name ___________________________________________ Period _____________________ Directions: As you read pages 164 to 201, answer the following questions thoroughly. Rome and the Barbarians
At the height of the Roman Empire, how many people did they rule and what were their characteristics?
When was it the most powerful and how large was the Roman Empire?
Define Pax Romana.
From Hill Town to Empire: The Founding of the Roman Republic When was Rome founded and, according to legend, by whom?
What did the Roman learn from the Etruscans?
Define republic.
What remained at the center of power? Describe them.
Define centuries.
What did the leaders of the centuries do?
What did magistrates, administrative and judicial officials do?
The Conquest of Italy
Describe how the new Roman army was organized.
The Conquest of Carthage and the Western Mediterranean What were the three wars that broke out called?
Who won the first war and when did it end? What occurred as a result of the win?
Who defeated (the commander) Rome’s troops in 219 BCE during the second Punic War?
How long did this war last? Describe how the commander ran this war.
Why did Hannibal return to Africa? What was the result when he arrived?
What was Rome’s policy of “New Wisdom?”
What started the third Punic War? What was the result of this war?
Subsequent Expansion
Who conquered Gaul by 49 BCE?
Who was defeated in order to free the Greeks?
What did Pompey the Great found?
Institutions of Empire
How did Rome win the support of the conquered?
How did Rome win over the Tusculuns?
Define tribune.
What did Marcus Livius Drusus the Younger propose?
What occurred after two years?
Patrons and Clients
Describe the patron-client relationship.
What were clients expected to pay for?
How long did the patron-client relationship last?
The Roman Family Define paterfamilias.
What other rights did fathers have?
Describe a woman’s role.
Class and Class Conflict
What percent of the population was included in the system of government and what social class were they?
The Struggle of the Orders
What was the Struggle of the Orders? What was the result?
How did the benefits of conquest affect the rich and poor?
Urban Splendor and Squalor
What had the population grown to by the first century CE?
What did the wealthy and powerful adorn the city with?
Attempts at Reform
Who wanted to provide the poor with public lands and what happened to him?
Gaius Gracchus was elected as a tribune of the people. What did he do? What happened to him, his brother and his followers?
What did Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar learn from them?
“Bread and Circuses”
Describe the policy of “bread and circuses.”
Slaves and Slave Revolts
What fraction of agricultural labor were slaves?
What did the slaves do to end slavery and what were the results.
Military Power
What was central to life in Rome and what did they excel in?
When confronting the Goths in battle, how did the Romans adapt?
How did the Romans learn to build sophisticated warships?
What were key factors that brought many victories to Rome in warfare?
What tribute did Italian city-states have to pay when captured?
Under Caesar, how long did the average soldier serve? Under Augustus?
What were the Barbarians encouraged to do to end fighting?
What expanded at the same time that Rome expanded?
What five things did the soldiers build in the field?
Under Augustus, the nodes were linked by how many miles of roads, what did they facilitate, and what were their original purpose?
Generals in Politics
What did General Gaius Marius do for the army?
Explain why the civil war occurred.
Define triumvirate.
Why was Julius Caesar assassinated?
What did Sulla ask of Caesar and what was the result?
Describe Caesar’s rise in politics.
How did he deal with senators who disagreed with him?
What other purpose did Caesar dominating Gaul serve?
What did Antony do to humiliate Octavian and what was done in response?
What name was Octavian given? How long did he rule? What did he do for Rome?
How did he improve the situation for some women?
What did Augustus seek to do, what did he make a crime and what was the penalty for that crime? Was he fairer when dealing with his own family members?
What did he encourage and punish dealing with family and/or male and female interactions?
The End of the Republic
From Augustus on, where did the real power lie with, in the Roman Empire?
What was the civilian republican government replaced with?
What became a normal border to the northeast and why was this so?
In 14 CE, What was the population of the empire and what was the total number of citizens in the empire?
Economic Policies of the Empire
How did imperial rule become oppressive?
Supplying Rome
Where was the most important resource from in dealing with provisioning the city of Rome?
How waeremost of the commodities transported to Rome?
Building Cities
Some large cities needed to import, but most cities didn’t need to. Thus, they were?
How did the Romans incorporate new regions into the empire?
What did the empire rest on?
Luxury Traders
In order for commerce to flourish, what needed to occur?
Why were overland routes vital?
What goods were imported westward?
Why did Pax Romana break down politically?
What did Rome do to win and secure allies?
Roman cultural achievements lagged far behind the Greeks. How did it move forward?
Stoicism
What is stoicism?
Religion in the Empire
What officially was the religion?
What did the Romans allow with regards to religion?
Who did the Romans crack down on and why?
What is another reason the Roman were threatened by Judaism and later Christianity?
Christianity Triumphant
What is one reason Christianity was able to enter the Roman empire?
The Barbarians and the Fall of the Roman Empire Why did Rome label many of its neighbors barbarians?
Invaders at the Gates
When did the Celts arrive in Europe?
What did the Celts do to model the Greeks and Romans?
What ultimately happened to the Celtic people?
Who were the Goths?
How were the Goths able to develop more sophisticated tools and weapons?
How many migrations did the Goths undergo and why?
What did the Romans call the steppe people from central Asia?
Describe the domino effect that would ultimately destroy the Roman empire.
The Decline and Dismemberment of the Roman Empire What did Marcus Aurelius realize between 168 and 175 CE?
The Crisis of the Third Century
What became the greatest challenge to the Roman Empire? Who was captured and what was the result?
The Fragmentation of Authority
Who bankrupted the empire and how did he do this?
How did he cope with the attacks on distant borders?
When was the empire formally divided?
Where did Theodosius I rule from and how did he deal with the Visigoths?
Why did the Emperors avoid Rome?
Who was Alaric and what did he do?
Who was the Huns leader and what did he do?
What year did Rome fall and who deposed the last emperor of Rome?
Causes of the Decline and Fall
By the end of the second century, had happened in the Roman Empire?
When did the Roman Empire cease to be Roman?
What are the traditional explanations of Rome’s fall?
The Empire in the East
Constantinople from the beginning was characterized by what three things?
Resurgence under Justinian
What are Justinian I’s accomplishments, which had a lasting effect?
What two things were intertwined?
Define monophysites.
Religious Struggles Define themes.
Discuss the iconoclastic controversy.
What happened in 1204?
A Millennium of Byzantine Strength
The Legacy of the Roman Empire: What Difference Does it Make? What languages come from Latin?
What did Roman law inspire?
What did Rome’s roads contribute to?
Review Questions:
Why did Rome choose to expand from city-state to empire? What stages marked that expansion?
What was the policy of the “New Wisdom” in Rome’s military strategy? Give examples of its implementation.
How did the policy of “bread and circuses” evolve?
