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A B S T R A C T

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1

3

.

M

an n e

q

u

i

n at 1

80 D

e

g

r e e

O

r

i

e ntat

i

o n to t

h

e

F

ree strea

m

6 0

(7)

I. I

N

T

R O D U C

T I

O N

1

.1 B a ck

g

r ou n

d

T

h

e

id

e a t

h

at e

m p l

oyees

w i l l b

e

p

r o v

i d

e

d

a

w

o r

k

e n v

ir o n

m

e nt

f

r e e

f

r o

m

r e c ogn

i

z e

d

h

a z a r

d

s

i

s t

h

e c r u x o

f

t

h

e

G

e ner a

l D

ut

y

c

l

au s e o

f

t

he

O

c c u

p

at

io n a

l Sa

f

ety a n

d H

e a

l

t

h A

ct

(

O SH A

)

o

f

1 9 7 0

/

^^ Pr

i

o r to t

h

e es ta

b l i

s

h m

e nt o

f O SH A

, a n

d

s

i

n c e t

h

e n, t

h

e

d i

s c

i p l i

n e o

f

in

d

u str

i

a

l hy g i

en e

h

as s ou

g h

t to r e co

g

n

i

ze, e v a

lu

ate, an

d

co ntro

l w

o r

k p l

ac e

h

a z a r

d

s

M

a ny

o

f

t

h

e

h

a z a r

d

s

i

n t o

d

a

y

'

s

w

o r

k

e n v

i

r o n

m

e nts

h

a v e

b

een e v a

lu a

te

d

t

h

r o u

g h

a

ir

s a

m p l i

n

g

,

to x

ic o

l

o

g

y, e

p i d

e

m io

l

og y, a n

d b io

lo

g

i

c a

l m

a r

k

e r s o

f

e x

p

o s u r e

G

u

i d

e

l i

n e s o

f

a c c e

p

ta

b l

e

ex

p

o s u r e t o

m

ate r

i

a

l

s ar e

p

u

b l i

s

h

e

d b

y t

h

e

A m

e r

ic a n

C

o n

f

e r e nce o

f G

o v e r n

m

e nta

l

In

d

us tr

ia

l

H

y

g i

e n

is

ts

(

A C G

I

H

)

a n

d

ap pe a r a s T

hr e s

h

o

l d

L

i m i

t

V

a

lu e s

(

T

L V

s

)

a n

d B i

o

l

o

g i

c a

l

E

x

p

o s u r e In

d i

c e s

(

B E Is

)

^^^

M

a ny

m

et

h

o

d

s a r e a v a

i l

a

b l

e to t

he

in

du

s tr

i

a

l h

y

g i

e n

i

st to

c o ntr o

l w

o r

k

p

la c e

h

a zar

d

s a n

d

to

p

r ote ct t

he

e

m p l

oye e

C

o ntr o

l m

et

h

o

d

s

in c

l

u

d

e :

(

1

)

t

h

o s e

o ut

l i

n e

d i

n t

he

In

d

u str

i

a

l V

e nt

i l

at

i

o n

M

a n u a

l,

(

2

)

s u

b

st

i

tu t

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

h

a z a r

d

o u s

m

ate r

ia

l i f

p

o ss

ib l

e, an

d

(

3

)

r es

p i

r ato r

y p

r ote ct

io n

a s a

l

a st opt

io n

i f

ot

h

e r c o ntr o

ls a r e n o

t v

i

a

b l

e ^^^

A

n o

p

t

i

o n

fo r

w

o r

k pl

a c e

h

e a

l

t

h

ev a

lu a

t

i

o n

i

s expo s u r e

m

o

d

e

l i

n

g

W

h

e n t

h

e

d

ete r

m i

n a nts o

f

e x

p

o s u r e ar e r e c o

g

n

i

z e

d

, a

m

o

d

e

l

c a n

b

e

d

e v e

l

ope

d

to pr e

d i

ct e xpo su r e a s a

f

u n ct

i

on o

f

the

d

ete r

m i

n a nts

M

o

d

e

l

s c a n

b

e

d

eve

l

o

p

e

d

c once

p

tu a

l l y b y i d

e nt

i f

y

i

n

g

t

h

e

ge n e r a

l

r e

l

at

i

o n s

h i p b

et

w

e e n

g

e n e r at

i

on a n

d

tr a n spo rt pr o c e s s es

le a

d in

g

to t

h

e e x

p

osu re

w it

h i

n t

h

e

f

r a

m

e

w

o r

k

o

f

t

h

e

in

d

u str

i

a

l

ope r at

i

o n *^ "*

^ Furt

h

e r r e

fi

n e

m

e nt c a n o c c u r

w i

t

h

d i m

e n s

io n a

l

a n a

l

y s

i

s,

w h i

c

h g

r o u

p

s v a r

ia

b l

e s

i

nto

d i

me n s

i

o n

l

ess

p

a r a

m

eter s t

h

a t a re

f

e

w

er

i

n nu

m b

e r t

h

a n t

h

e o r

i g i

n a

l

v a r

i

a

b l

e s^ '^

T h

e r e s u

l

ta nt

m

o

d

e

l i

s a n "e

m

p

ir

i

c a

l

-c o n -c e

p

tu a

l

m

o

d

e

l

.

(8)

A

n e xpo s u r e

m

o

d

e

l f

o r c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

spr ay gu n operat

i

o n s

w

a s

d

e v elope

d

b y Ca rlto n

T

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

r e

l

ate

d

t

h

e

b

r e at

h i

ng z o n e c o n c e ntr at

i

o n a n

d

o v e r spr ay

g

en e r at

i

on r ate to t

h

e

l i q

u

i d p

r o

p

e rt

i

e s o

f

t

h

e s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt, spr ay pa

i

nt gu n n o z z

l

e

p

r e s s u r e,

f

r e e str e a

m

v e

l

oc

i

ty, a n

d

t

h

e or

i

e ntat

i

on o

f

t

h

e

w

or

k

e r

i

n a c r o s s-

d

ra

ft w i

n

d

tu n n e

l

(

o r

C

a r

l

to n n u

m b

e r

) /

'*

^ F

i

e

l d

te sts

o

f

t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

c o n

f

i r

m

e

d i

t s a

b l i

t y to

p

r e

d i

ct t

h

e e x

p

o s u r e s o

f w

o r

k

e r s u s

i

n

g

c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

s

p

ra

y p

a

i

nt

g

u n s ^

"*

^

C

a r

l

to n's e xpo s u r e

m

o

d

e

l w

a s a

p

p

l i

e

d

to the D e

V i l b i

s s

h i g h

v o

l

u

m

e,

l

o

w p

r e s s u r e

(

H

V L P

)

spr ay pa

i

nt

i

n

g

gu n ope r at

i

o n s

b

y

M

c

K

e r n a n^^^a n

d D

u n n ^

'

^

\

T

h

ey

d i

s c o v e r e

d

t

h

at

t

h

e tr e n

d l i

nes o

f

t

h

e t

w

o s

p

r a

y p

a

i

nt

i

n

g

s

y

ste

m

s

l

o o

k

e

d

s

i m i l

a r,

b

ut o c c u r r e

d

o v e r

d i f f

e r e nt

r a nge s o

f C

a r

l

ton n u

m b

e rs

T h

e r e

f

o r e, t

h

e

m

ot

i

v at

i

o n

f

o r t

h i

s

p

r o

j

e ct

i

s to u n

d

e r stan

d w h

at

f

a cto r s

m

ay

b

e c a u s

i

n

g

t

h i

s

d i f f

e r e n c e, a n

d h

o

w

t

h

e

d i f f

e r e n ce

m

ay

b

e

m i

n

i m i

z e

d

T

h

e

fi

r st

f

acto r to co n s

i d

e r

i

s

w h

et

h

e r

M

c

K

e r n a n a n

d D

u n n a

p p l i

e

d

t

h

e

l

a

w

s o

f

s

i m i l

a r

i

ty to s c a

l

e t

h

e

i

r e xpe r

i m

e nts

f

r o

m C

a r

l

to n's e xpe r

i m

e nt

O

n e o

f

t

h

e c r

i

te r

i

a o

f

s

i m i l

a r

i

t

y

, s

p

e c

i f

i c a

l l y g

eo

m

etr

i

c s

i m i l

a r

i

ty, r e

q

u

i

r e s a

l l b

o

d

y

d i m

e n s

i

o n s

i

n a

l l

t

h

ree

c o o r

d i

n ate s to

h

a v e t

h

e s a

m

e

l i

n e a r

-s c a

l

e r at

i

o

b

et

w

e e n t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

a n

d p

r ototy

p

e ^ ^^

A l

s o, a

l l

a n

g l

es,

fl

o

w d i

re ct

i

ons, o

ri

e nt

at

i

ons

b

et

w

e e n t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

a n

d p

r otot y

p

e

w i

t

h

res

p

e ct to t

h

e

su r rou n

d i

n

g

s

m

u st

b

e

i d

ent

i

c a

l

. ^^^

C

a r

lt

o n te st e

d h i

s e x

p

o s u re

m

o

d

e

l i

n t

h

e

B

a

i

ty

B

u

i l d i

n

g

w i

n

d

tu n n e

l

u s

i

n

g

a c

h i l d m

a n n e

q

u

i

n

M

cKe r n a n a n

d D

u n n t este

d

t

h

e

H V L P

spr ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n

i

n t

h

e sa

m

e

w i

n

d

tu n n e

l

a n

d i

n t

h

e

l

a r

g

e r

R

o s e n a u Bu

i l d i

n

g p

a

i

nt

b

o ot

h

u s

i

n

g

a

tr u nc ate

d

, a

d

u

lt

m

an n e

q

u

i

n

F

o r exa

m p l

e, t

h

e r at

i

o o

f m

a n n e

q

u

i

n a r e a

(

h

e

i g h

t x

b

r e a

d

t

h

)

to

t

h

e

w i

n

d

tu n n e

l

a r e a

w

a s v e ry

d i f f

e r e nt

f

o r

M

c

K

e r n a n a n

d D

u n n

w h

e n c o

m p

a r e

d

to

C

ar

l

ton '

s

w

o r

k

T h

er e

f

or e,

b

et te

r c o

m p

ar

i

s ons c an

b

e

m

a

d

e

b

et

w

een ex

p

e r

i m

e nts

w h

en

(9)

T he s e c o nd fa ctor to c o nsi

d

er is the de si gn d i f fe r en c e bet

w

ee n the t

w

o spr ay paint

g

u ns

A

n

H V L

P s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n u s e s a

h i g h

a

i

r-to-

l i q

u

i d f l

o

w

rat

i

o to a to

m i

z e t

h

e

p

a

i

nt an

d

o

p

e r ate s at a

m

a x

i m

u

m

a

i

r c ap

p

r e s s u r e o

f

10

p

o u n

d

s pe r s

q

u a r e

i

n c

h

ga u

g

e

(

p

s

ig

)

^ ^^

A

c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n u s e s

h i g h

pr e s s u r e to ato

m i

z e t

h

e

p

a

i

nt a n

d

o

p

e r ate s at a c a

p

pr e s s u r e o

f

5 0 to 6 0 ps

i

g T

h

e r e s u

l

ta nt e x

i

t v e

l

o c

i

ty

i

s s o n

i

c

f

o r t

h

e c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n a n

d

s u

b

s on

i

c

f

o r t

h

e

H V L

P

C

ar

lt

on

'

se x

p

o s u r e

m

o

d

e

l

a s su

m

e

d

so n

i

c co n

d it

i

ons at t

h

en o z z

l

e T

h

e c o n vent

i

o na

l

s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n

m

e ets t

h i

s c r

i

te r

i

o n,

b

ut n ot t

h

e

H V

L P T

h

e

j

et e x

i

t v e

l

o c

i

ty

i

s a n

i m

po rt ant

c r

it

er

i

a s

i

n c e

K i m

^' "^

d

ete r

m i

n e

d

t

h

at t

h

e

m

o

m

entu

m f

r o

m

a n o z z

l

e,

w h i

c

h i

s t

h

e

m

as s

f l

o

w

r ate t

i m

e s

i

ts v e

l

o c

i

ty, a

f f

e cts t

h

e r e v e r s e

f l

o

w

r eg

i

o n

d

o

w

n

w i

n

d

o

f

t

h

e

m

a n n e

q

u

i

n

i

n a

f

r eestr e a

m

, an

d

t

h

u s t

h

e c o n c e ntr at

i

o n o

f

c o nta

m i

n a nt

i

n t

h

e

b

r e at

h i

n

g

z o n e

K i m d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d

t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x r at

i

o,

w h i

c

h i

s t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f

r o

m

t

h

e s

p

r ay pa

i

nt gu n

d i

v

i d

e

d b

y t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu m o

f

t

h

e r e ver s e

f l

o

w

r e

g i

o n

B

a s e

d

o n

K i m

'

s

w

or

k

, t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x r at

i

o

ta

k

e s

i

nto ac cou nt t

h

e

d i f f

e rent e x

it

v e

l

o c

i

t

i

e s o

f

t

h

e spr ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n s a n

d

c o u

l d b

e u s e

d

t o

p

r e

d i

ct t

h

e e x

p

o s u re o

f

a

w

or

k

e r.

I f

t

h

e

C

a r

l

to n n u m

b

e r

i

s r ep

l

a c e

d w i

t

h

t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x

to

p

r e

d i

ct ex

p

o s u re, t

h i

s n e

w m

o

d

e

l

a ss u

m

e s t

h

at t

h

e

l i q

u

i d p

r o

p

ertie s

h

a v e

l i

t t

l

e

i

n

f l

u e n ce

o n co nta

m i

n a nt tr a n s

p

o rt to t

h

e

b

reat

h i

n

g

z o n e

C

pnye r s

i

on o

f

t

h

e

d

ata

f

r o

m C

a r

lt

on

,

M

c

K

e r n a n

^ a n

d D

u n n

i

nto t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x r at

i

o

g i

v e s a

p

r e

l i m i

n a ry

i

n

d i

c at

i

o n as a

m

o r e

c o n s

i

ste nt

p

r e

d i

cto r o

f

e x posu r e t

h

an t

h

e

C

a r

l

t on n u

m b

e r

1

.2 Pro

j

ect

O b

j

e ct

i

v e s

T

h i

s

p

r o

j

e ct te sts t

h

e

h

y

p

ot

h

e s

i

s t

h

at t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x r at

i

o

m

ay pr e

d i

ct t

h

e

(10)

a n

d H

V L P s

p

r ay pa

i

nt

g

u n s

A

n a nt

h

r o

p

o

m

etr

i

c

m

a n n e

q

u

i

n a n

d

a n e

m

p ha s

i

s o n ge o

m

etr

i

c

s

i m i l

a r

i

ty

w

e r e u s e

d d

u r

i

n

g

t

h

e e x

p

e r

i m

e nta

l

r u n s

i

n t

h

e 9 0° a n

d

1 8 0° o r

i

e ntat

i

o n s

n

.

T H

E

O R Y

D E

V

E L

O

P

M

E N T

2.1 Ex

po s u r e

M

o

d

el De v elo

p m

e n t

C

ar

l

to n^ '*

^

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d

a n e

m p

er

i

ca

l

-c o n -ce

p

tu a

l

mo

d

e

l

to

p

r e

di

ct t

h

e

b

r eat

h i

n

g

zon e

con c e ntr at

i

o n o

f

pa

i

nt

m i

sts

d

u r

i

ng s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

i

n

g

ta s

k

s

H

e

i

ntr o

d

u c e

d

t

h

e

f

o

l l

o

w i

ng t

h

r e e

s equ e nt

i

a

l p

r o c e s s e s c o

m m

o n to a

l l

spr ay

i

ng ta s

k

s a n

d

r e

l

ate

d

to e x po s u r e s :

(

1

)

d

r op

l

et

f

o r

m

at

i

on

,

(

2

)

d

ro

p l

et tr ans

f

e r, a n

d

(

3

)

d

r o

p l

et tr a n s

p

o rt

/

e v a

p

o r at

i

o n

I

n a s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

g

u n, t

h

e a

i

r str e a

m d i

s c

h

a r

g

e

d

t

h

r o u g

h

t

h

e a n n u

l

u s s u r r o u n

d i

ng t

h

e

l i q

u

i d

str e a

m

c a u s e s

d

r o

p l

et

f

o r

m

at

i

o n

b

y e x e rt

i

ng s

h

ear

f

o r c e s o n t

h

e

l i

qu

i d

T

h

e t

w

o

str e a

m

s

m i

x a

w

a

y f

r o

m

t

h

e n o z z

l

e

i

n a

p

roc e s s c a

l l

e

d

t

w i

n-

f l

u

i d

ato

m i

z at

i

o n ^

' '^

A d d i

t

i

o n a

l

a

i

r t

h

r o u

g h

t

h

e t

w

o

h

o r n s at ta c

h

e

d

to t

h

e c a

p

r egu

l

ate s t

h

e

d

e s

i

r e

d

spr ay pat te r n T

h

e

re su

l

t

i

n

g m i

st c a n c o nta

i

n pa rt

i

c

l

e s

l

e s s t

h

a n 5 0 ^

m i

n

m

a s s

m

e

d i

a n

d i

a

m

ete r

(M

M

D

)

t

h

at

c an

b

e eas

i l

y

i

n

h

a

l

e

d

^ ^ *^

C

a r

l

to n

d

ete r

m i

n e

d

t

h

at n o z z

l

e

p

r e s s u r e

(

p

n

)

,

l i q

u

i d p

a

i

nt

v

i

sco s

i

t

y

(

m

)

, a n

d

t

h

e r at

i

o o

f

a

i

r to

l i q

u

i d m

a s s

f l

o

w

r ate s

(

m

j

m

\

)

a r e sa

l i

e nt

p

a r a

m

eter s o

f

d

r op

l

et

f

or

m

at

i

on . ^'*

^

D

r o

p l

et tr a ns

f

e r o c cu r s a

ft

e r t

h

e

d

r o

p l

et

i

s

f

o r

m

e

d

at t

h

e n o z z

l

e

T h

e a

i

r

j

ets o

f

t

h

e

s

p

r a

y p

a

i

nt

g

u n

i m p

a rt a

m

o

m

e ntu

m

to t

h

e

d

r o

p l

ets T

h

e

d

r o

p l

ets a r e e

i

t

h

e r tr a n s

f

e r re

d

to

t

h

e o

b

j

e ct

b

e

i

n

g p

a

i

nte

d

o r t

h

ey

b

ec o

m

e t

h

e o v e r s

p

r ay o

b

s e r v e

d d

u r

i

n

g

s

p

r ay

p

a

i

nt

i

n

g

.

D

r o

p l

ets

w i

t

h

s u

f fi

c

i

e nt s

i

z e a n

d m

o

m

e ntu

m w i l l i m p

a ct t

h

e o

b

j

e ct; ot

h

e rw

i

se, t

h

e

d

r o

p l

ets

w i l l f

o

l l

o

w

t

h

e a

i

r str ea

m

s c r eate

d b y

t

h

e

p

a

i

nt

i

n

g

o

p

e rat

i

o n

C

a r

l

to n

d

ete r

m i

n e

d

t

h

at n o z z

l

e

p

r e s su r e

(

p

n

)

a n

d

o v e r s

p

r ay

(

m

o

)

a

f f

e ct

d

r o

p l

et tr a n s

f

e r. ^"*

(11)

D

r op let tr a n spo rt a n

d

e v apo r atio n af fe cts the o v er spray fro

m

the painting operatio n

T r j i n s

p

o rt

m

ay

i

n v o

l

v e c o ntr o

l l i

n

g

t

h

e o v e r s

p

r ay

w i

t

h

e x

h

a u st v e nt

i l

at

i

o n,

w h i

c

h i

s

f

o u n

d i

n

a

p

r o

p

e r

l

y

d

e s

i g

n e

d p

a

i

nt

b

o ot

h

Ev apo r at

i

o n o

f

s

m

a

l l d

r o

p l

ets a n

d

t

h

e s o

l

v e nts u s e

d i

n t

h

e

p

a

i

nt

m

ay a

l

s o o c c u r. B ot

h p

r o c e s s e s

m

ay c a u s e e x po s u r e to the e

m p l

oy e e T

h

e o r

i

e ntat

i

o n

o

f

t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r

, a s s

h

o

w

n

i

n F

i

gu r e

1

,

m

ay

i

n c r e a s e

/ d

ecr e a s e t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r '

s e x

p

o s u r e

C

a r

lt

o n

u s e

d

t

h

e

fr

eestrea

m

v e

l

o c

it

y

(

U

)

,

w

o r

k

e r or

i

e ntat

i

o n

(

9 0° o r 1 8 0° to t

h

e

i

n c o

m i

n

g

fr

e e strea

m

)

,

b

r e at

h i

n

g

z o n e c o n c e ntr at

i

o n

(

C

)

, a n

d

t

h

e

h

e

i

g

h

t

(

H

)

a n

d b

r e a

dt

h

(

B

)

o

f

t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r

f

o r

h i

s e x

p

o s u r e

m

o

d

e

l

^ ''

^

U

s

i

ng

d i m

en s

i

o n a

l

a n a

l

ys

i

s

,

C

a r

lt o

n

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d

t

h

e

f

o

l l

o

w i

n

g m

o

d

e

l

to r e

l

ate

e x

p

o s u r e a n

d

t

h

e o

p

e r at

i

o n o

f

a c o n v e ntio n a

l

spr ay

g

u n :

C H U D

= <

t

>

m

-,

^-^

, o n entati o n

m

, n,

U

0 )

W

h

en t

h

e

d i m

e n s

i

o n

l

e s s c o n c e ntr at

i

o n,

C H U D / m

o,

i

s

p l

o t te

d

a s a

f

u n ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

C

a r

lt

o n

n u

m b

er

,

p

n

H /

|a i

U

, t

h

e

d i m

e n s

i

o n

l

e s s c o n c e ntr at

i

o n v a r

i

e

d

a s a c o

m p l

e x

f

u n ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

d i m

e n s

i

o n

l

e s s

l i q

u

i d p

r opert

i

e s

i

n

b

ot

h

t

h

e 9 0°

o r 1 8 0°

w

o r

k

e r o r

i

e ntat

i

o n to t

h

e

f

r e e str e am

2.2

E

x

p

o s u r e

M

o

d

el in

g w i

th

M

o

m

e n tu

m

F lu x

A i

r e x

i

t

i

n

g

t

h

e c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

a n

d H V L P

s

p

r a

y p

a

i

nt

g

u n s

w i

t

h

s o n

i

c a n

d

su

b

s on

i

c

e x

it

i

ng ve

l

o c

i

t

i

e s, r e spe ct

i

v e

l

y,

i m

pa rt

m

o

m

e ntu

m

to t

h

e

f

r e e str e a

m

v e

l

o c

i

ty

f

i e

l d L i

qu

i d

d

ro

p l

ets

f

or

m

e

d f

rom ato

m i

zat

io

n

h

av e

i

n s

i g

n

i fi

c ant mo

m

e ntu

m

a s c o

m p

a r e

d

to t

h

e a

i

r;

t

h

u s, s u

b

s e

q

u e nt

d i

scu s s

i

o n o

f

mo

m

e ntu

m

r e

f

e r s o n

l

y to the a

i

r mo

m

e ntu

m

T h

e

m

o

m

e ntum

(12)

I

-9

0

°

O R I E N T A T IO N

1 8 0

°

O R

I

E N

T A

T

I

O N

F i g

u re

1

:

W

or

k

e r

O

r

i

entat

i

o n to t

h

e

F

re estr ea

m

^ '*

(13)

R

e v e r s e

fl

o

w

o c c u r s

d

o

w

n str e a

m f

r o

m

a

w

o r

k

e r a s the

f

r e e str e a

m

lo o s e s

i

ts

k

in et

i

c

e n e r

g

y to t

he

f

r

ic

t

io n a

l fo r c e s o

f

t

h

e

i m m

e

d i

at e

b

o u n

d

a ry

l

aye r o

f

t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r T

h

e r e v e r s e

fl

o

w i

s r e

l

ate

d

to t

he

e x

p

o s u re o

f

a

w

o r

k

e r

/

^ ^^

T h

e

m

o

m

entu

m

o

f

t

he

r e v e r s e

fl

o

w

c a u s e

d b

y

t

h

e

w

o r

k

er

i

s r e

f

e r r e

d

to a s Fm.

K i m

^^ °^

d

ete r

m i

n e

d

t

h

at t

h

e r at

io

o

f

t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m fl

u x o

f

a n o z z

l

e to t

h

e r e v e r s e

fl

o

w m

o

m

e ntu

m i

s r e

l

ate

d

to t

h

e e x

p

o s u r e o

f

t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r

I

n c o r

p

o r atin

g

t

h i

s

k

n o

w l

e

dg

e

in

to

e

q

ua t

io n

(

1

)

, t

h

e

f

o

l l

o

w i

n

g

r e

l

at

i

o n s

h i p i

s

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d

:

C H U D

,

=

O

m

—^

, o r

ie n

tat

i m

m

(

2

)

T h

e

b

r eat

h i

n

g

z o n e co n c e ntr at

io n

is n o

w

a

f

u n ct

io n

o

f

t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m fl

u x r at

io

T

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m fl

u x r a t

io

c a n

b

e

w

r

i

t t en a s :

Z

g_ ^ Pn

A

n

V

n

^

+

(

Pn

'

Pa

)

A

n .

3.

F, p.

H D U

^

w h

e r e p

is

t

h

e

d

e n s

i

t y o

f

t

h

e gas at t

he n o z z

le

e x

i

t

(

n

)

o r a

m b ie n

t

(

a

)

,

A

i

s t

h

e n o z z

l

e a r ea o

f

t

h

e c ap an

d h

o r n,

V

n

i

s t

h

e a

i

r e x

i

t v e

l

o c

i

t y at t

h

e n o z z

le

, p

i

s t

h

e

p

res s u re at t

h

e n o z z

le e x

i

t

or a

m b i

ent,

H i

st

h

e

w

or

k

er

h

e

i g h

t,

D is

t

h

e

w

or

k

er

d ia

m

ete r

(

br e a

d

t

h

)

, a n

d U i

s t

he

v e

l

oc

i

t

y

o

f

t

h

e

f

r e e str e a

m

T

h

e n u

m

e ra to r

in

E

q

u at

io n

(

3

)

i

s the

m

o

m

e ntu

m fl

u x

f

r o

m

t

h

e s

p

r ay pa

i

nt

g

u n a n

d

pa

H

D

U

^

is

t

h

e

m

o

m

e ntu

m fl

o

w

t

h

r o u

g h

t

h

e

p

r o

j

e cte

d

a r e a o

f

t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r

T he

t er

m

(

P

n -

P

a

)

A

n a

d

j

u sts

f

o r

p

r e s s u r e

d i f f

e r e n c e

b

et

w

e e n t

h

e c a

p

a n

d

a

m b i

e nt a

ir

t

h

e c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

(14)

T

h

e Fg

/ F

m r at

i

o

i

s a n

i

n

d

ex t

h

at c an

i

n

f

or

m

t

h

e re searc

h

e r

w h

et

h

e r t

h

e

g

u n

m

o

m

e ntu

m

or t

h

e vorte x s

h

e

d d i

n

g

e

f f

e ct

do

m i

n ate s t

h

e

f lo

w

r e

g i m

e a r o u n

d

t

h

e s

p

ray

p

a

in

ter.

B

y u n

d

er st an

d i

n

g w h i

c

h m

o

m

e ntu

m f l

u x

d

o

m i

n ates

d

u r

i

n

g

a

p

a

in

t

i

n

g p

r o c ess, an

ex

p

o s u r e

p

r e

d i

c t

i

o n c a n

b

e

m

a

d

e

m

.

M

E

T H O

D

O

L

O

G

Y

3.1 E x

p

e r

i m

e nt

S

et -u

p

T h i

s

p

r o

j

ect

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d

t

h

e o

b

j

e ct

iv e s

o

f S

ect

i

o n

1

2 so t

h

at

d

ata o

b

ta

i

ne

d i

n t

h i

s

e x

p

e r

i m

e nt c o u

l d b

e c o

m p

a r e

d

to

d

ata o

b

ta

in e

d b y C

a r

l

ton

T h

e r at

io

o

f

t

h

e a

d

u

l

t

m

a n n e

q

u

i

n' s 1 4

i

n c

h

c

h

e st

d i

a

m

ete r to t

h

e c

h i l d m

a n n e

q

u

in

's 8

i

n c

h

c

h

e st

d ia

m

ete r

(

u s e

d i

n

C

a r

l

to n's e x

p

e r

i m

e nts

)

i

s

1

7

5

. T

h

e r e

f

o r e

, t

h

e n e

w p l

ate u s e

d i

n t

h i

s

p

r o

j

ect

is

4

2 i

nc

h

es

w i d

e a n

d

6 3

i

n c

h

e s

i

n

h

e

i g h

t

C

a r

l

to n u s e

d

a

p l

ate

2

4

i

n c

h

e s

b

y 3 6

i

n c

h

es T

h

e a

d

u

l

t

m

a n n equ

i

n

i

s 7 3

i

n c

h

e s

i

n

h

e

i g h

t a n

d

t

h

e c

hi l d m

a n n e

q

u

i

n

i

s

4

1

in c

h

e s

i

n

h

e

i g h

t

T h

e a

d

u

l

t

m

an n e

q

u

in

w

a s po s

i

t

i

o n e

d i

n t

h

e

R

o s e n a u Bu

i l d i

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(15)

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(16)

Com pr e s s o r

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I^

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W

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To S pr ay Pot

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l i qui

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