biochem

Biomolecul

es

Water

DNA

Lipids

Proteins

Atoms are the Bomb!

• _{Atom- Basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down} by chemical means.

• _{Atoms are made up of 3 subatomic particles:}

– _{Protons- Have a positive charge and weigh 1 AMU.} – _{Neutrons- Have no charge and weight 1 AMU.}

Breaking Down Atoms

•

_{All the mass of an atom is}

in the nucleus.

– _{Protons and neutrons are in} the nucleus.

•

_{Electrons are all around}

outside the nucleus.

Basic Chemistry Terms

•

_{Element- A pure substance made of only one kind of}

atom.

•

_{Compound- A substance consisting of two or more}

joined atoms of different elements.

•

_{Molecule- A substance consisting of two or more}

Isotopes

•

_{Isotopes of different numbers of neutrons.}

Therefore they have different mass numbers.

– _{An atoms atomic mass is the average mass of all known}

isotopes of that element.

The mass number of an

Chemical Bonding

• _{There are three basic types of bonds:}

– _{Ionic - The attraction between ions (positive and} negatively charged atoms)

– _{Covalent - The sharing of electrons between} atoms (strongest bonds)

Other Bonds

•

_{Van der Waals interactions}

_{are attractions}

Ionic Bonds

• _{Ions form when an atom gives up or gains electrons} to create a filled outer shell.

– _{Atoms in the 1}st _{three columns (metals) will lose}

electrons and atoms in column 16 and 17 will gain electrons.

Covalent Bonds

• _{A covalent bond forms between atoms that share} electrons to create a complete outer shell.

– _{Nonmetals tend to create covalent bonds because} they tend to gain electrons.

6 Most Common Elements in Living

Things

6 most common elements in living things…

1)Carbon 4) Phosphorus 2)Hydrogen 5) Nitrogen

 _{Water transports nutrients around the body}

and helps the body maintain a constant temperature, since water has a high

specific heat.

 A calorie is the amount of energy needed

to raise the temperature of water by 1 degree celcius.

What’s With Water?

Sweating cools the body off when sweat evaporates off the body. The specific heat of water is 1 calorie

 _{Water is a polar molecule, with one end that}

has a positive charge another end with a negative charge.

 The negative pole is near the oxygen

atom.

 The positive pole is between the hydrogen

atoms.

 _{Water forms hydrogen bonds}

between the positive charge by the hydrogen atoms on one water molecule and the

 _{Since water is a polar}

molecule it is capable of dissolving many

substances, especially polar and ionic molecules

(charged substances).

 _{Non-polar substances do}

 _{Water molecules tend to stick}

to each other, a property known as cohesion.

• _{Water molecules also stick to}

 _{A combination of adhesive and}

cohesive forces cause water to

spontaneously rise through narrow tubes against the force of gravity. This phenomenon is called capillary action.

 _{Water moves up thin}

Acids and Bases

 _{Acids increase the H} _{concentration in water,}

while bases reduce the concentration of H  _{Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7}

 _{Basic solutions have pH values greater than 7}  _{Most biological fluids have pH values in the}

Ocean Acidification

 About 25% of human-generated CO₂ is

absorbed by the oceans

 CO₂ dissolved in seawater forms carbonic

There’s Something About Carbon

•

_{Carbon serves as the backbone for all life on earth.}

•

_{Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with}

• The general chemical formula for a carb is CxH₂xOx (1 water molecule for every carbon).

• Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is the main molecule used by cells for energy.

• _{A monosaccharide is one sugar unit and a polysaccarhide consists of}

multiple sugar units.

• _{Glucose is a monosaccaride that gets freed for energy usage by}

hydrolysis (the addition of water to a disaccaride).

Common

Polysaccharides

• _{Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely} of glucose monomers

• _{Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals}

• _{Cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant} cells.

•

_{Lipids are a main structural component of}

cells; namely the cell membrane.

•

_{Most lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they do}

not dissolve in water.

• _{Lipids are primarily used for energy storage.}

• _{Saturated fats only have single bonds between}

carbon atoms, so they are saturated with hydrogens.

Double Bond

• _{Fats are constructed from two types of smaller} molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

• _{Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group}

attached to each carbon

• _{A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long}

carbon skeleton

Lipids

Glycerol

• _{The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate}

group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head.

• _{When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble}

into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior

• _{This feature of phospholipids results in the bilayer}

arrangement found in cell membranes

Proteins

• _{Proteins are made of chains of amino acids.}

• _{Of the 20 amino acids the body needs to build proteins, it} can make 11.

• _{Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot} make.

DNA contains the instructions to

Enzymatic proteins Storage proteins Defensive proteins Transport proteins Enzyme

Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Function: Storage of amino acids

Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules.

Ovalbumin Amino acids for embryo

Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.

Examples: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports

oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes.

Function: Transport of substances

Transport protein Cell membrane Antibodies Bacterium Virus

Protein Structure

• _{Proteins are very diverse, but share three superimposed levels of}

structure called primary, secondary, and tertiary structure

• _{A fourth level, quaternary structure, arises when a protein consists}

of more than one polypeptide chain.

– _{The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino}

acids

– _{Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds}

in the polypeptide chain through hydrogen bonds.

– _{Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side}

chains (R groups)

– _{Quaternary structure results from interactions between multiple}

Proteins

• _{In addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions}

can affect structure.

• _{Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other}

environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel.

Polypeptides

Enzymes

• _{Enzymes are a special group of proteins that act as}

biological catalysts, which speed up chemical reactions. • _{Enzymes work by binding to a substrate (the reactant(s) in}

Nucleic Acids

• There are two types of nucleic acids:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

RNA vs. DNA

sugar in RNA is RIBOSE

•

RNA

DOESN’T

have

thymine- instead it has

Uracil

.

Therefore in RNA adenine

pairs with uracil.

•

RNA is

SINGLE

stranded.

RNA’s job is to read the DNA,

create instructions to make proteins

(Using the DNA), and make what a cell