PART 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE VALUE 60 %
Instructions: Place the letter corresponding to the BEST possible answer on the answer sheet provided.
1. What results when rock layers are up-folded? (A) anticline
(B) normal fault (C) reverse fault (D) syncline
2. What type of volcano is illustrated below?
(A) ash and cinder (B) composite (C) hot spot (D) shield
3. Which process results in the peeling of rock layers resulting from pressure release? (A) exfoliation
(B) frost fracture (C) hydrolysis (D) oxidation
4. Under which conditions would the rate of frost fracture be greatest? (A) cold, dry
(B) cold, wet (C) warm, dry (D) warm, wet
5. Which stage of the river life cycle is shown in the graphic below? (A) early maturity
(B) late maturity (C) old age (D) youth
6. Which accurately describes an estuarine delta? (A) bow-shaped depositional feature
7. Which two features are a result of continental glaciation? (A) aréte, terminal moraine
(B) cirque, lateral moraine (C) drumlin, hanging valley (D) erratic, outwash plain
8. Which refers to a circular hollow in a mountain caused by glacial erosion? (A) aréte
(B) cirque (C) drumlin (D) moraine
9. Which coastal landform feature is identified by the arrow below? (A) sea arch
(B) sea cave (C) spit (D) stack
10. Which illustrates landforms produced by tensional forces? (A) W
(B) X (C) Y (D) Z
11. What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?
12. According to the map, which phrase best describes the location of volcanoes on Earth’s surface?
(A) along the edge of plate boundaries (B) along the southern edges of continents (C) in the middle of continents
(D) in the middle of oceans
13. What type of physical weathering has occurred in the graphic below? (A) exfoliation
(B) frost fracture (C) oxidation (D) solution
14. What stage in the life cycle of the river is described below?
(A) late maturity (B) maturity (C) old age (D) youth
15. According to the diagram of a glaciated region in which direction did the glacier move? (A) east to west
16. Which term refers to a ridge of sand that runs away from the coastline, was developed by a longshore drift, and has an edge that may be curved?
(A) barchan (B) bay bar (C) spit (D) tombolo
17. Which process and feature are illustrated at X? (A) compressional and anticline
(B) compressional and syncline (C) tensional and anticline (D) tensional and syncline
18. What fault is the result of compressional forces in the graphic below? (A) normal
(B) overthrust (C) reverse (D) transform
19. Which type of chemical weathering involves the reaction of metallic minerals in rocks to the oxygen in water?
(A) exfoliation (B) hydrolysis (C) oxidation (D) solution
20. Which is the correct sequence for coastline erosion?
(A) arch cave stack (B) arch stack cave (C) cave arch stack (D) cave stack arch
21. Which describes Earth’s rotation?
(A) annual movement of Earth around the sun (B) changing distance of Earth from the sun (C) daily movement of Earth on its axis (D) tilt of Earth on its axis
22. Which describes the equinoxes?
(A) direct rays of the sun over the Tropic of Cancer (B) indirect rays of the sun over the poles
23. In comparison to the windward side of a mountain, which best describes the leeward side?
(A) cloudier (B) cooler (C) drier (D) wetter
24. Why are the prevailing winds, in the pressure belt identified X, moving in the direction indicated?
(A) high pressure system at the equator (B) low pressure system at 30E
(C) winds always move from high to low (D) winds always move from low to high
25. What refers to the seasonal reversal of winds experienced in Southeast Asia? (A) easterlies
(B) hurricanes (C) monsoons (D) westerlies
26. Which statement is true regarding the development of land breezes? (A) high pressure developing over ocean
(B) land cooling down much faster than the ocean (C) low pressure developing over land
(D) ocean heating up much faster than the land
27. In the graphic below, what is the most common type of rainfall experienced at location X?
(A) convectional (B) cyclonic (C) frontal (D) orographic
28. Which refers to the distance of a location above sea level? (A) elevation
29. Which location would experience the greatest temperature range in the graphic below? (A) A
(B) B (C) C (D) D
30. Which is responsible for day and night on Earth? (A) elevation
(B) latitude (C) revolution (D) rotation
31. Which creates the greatest temperature range from day to night? (A) cloud cover for 24 hours
(B) cloudy in daytime only (C) cloudy in night-time only (D) no cloud cover
32. Which refers to the most common and dominant wind at a given location? (A) hurricane
(B) monsoon (C) prevailing (D) tornado
33. How do night-time and temperature conditions at 40 °N compare to 40° S? (A) fewer hours of night and cooler temperatures
(B) fewer hours of night and warmer temperatures (C) more hours of night and cooler temperatures (D) more hours of night and warmer temperatures
34. Which is true regarding the development of a sea breeze? (A) air is heavier over the land than the sea
35. What creates the Coriolis Force? (A) equinox
(B) revolution (C) rotation (D) solstice
36. What accounts for differences in temperature as the seasons change? (A) directness of the sun’s rays and length of days
(B) sun’s closeness to Earth and regular variation in the sun’s output (C) longer days and the sun is closer to Earth
(D) regular variation in the sun’s output and more direct sun’s rays
37. Which sequence identifies the North to South arrangement of temperature profiles? N S
(A) 1 4 3 2 (B) 2 3 4 1 (C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 4 1 3 2
38. Which best defines a prevailing wind? (A) direction
(B) dryness (C) force (D) steadiness
39. Which description of Earth’s temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is best? (A) Latitude has no effect on temperature.
(B) The higher the latitude, the higher the temperature. (C) The lower the latitude, the higher the temperature. (D) The lower the latitude, the lower the temperature.
40. How does cloud cover affect the range of temperature from day to night? (A) Clouds absorb the sun’s energy which decreases the range.
(B) Clouds absorb the sun’s energy which increases the range.
41. What does the diagram below best represent? (A) decomposers
(B) ecosystem (C) food chain (D) food web
42. Which best explains why there are fewer organisms at the top of a food pyramid? (A) energy is lost from the bottom trophic level to the top
(B) organisms at the top trophic level eat less food to get energy to survive (C) the available energy is constant through all trophic levels
(D) there is less energy available at lower trophic levels
43. Which world ecosystem is defined as having annual temperatures between 23°C - 27°C and precipitation between 100 cm - 150 cm per year?
(A) desert (B) grassland (C) savanna
(D) tropical rain forest
44. Which refers to the relationship between living and non-living elements of a region? (A) ecosystem
(B) food chain (C) food web (D) trophic level
45. Which forest ecosystem is described below? (A) boreal
46. What climatic sub-region is represented by the data below?
(A) continental cold winter (B) marine west coast (C) temperate mild winter (D) tropical wet and dry
47. Based on the graphic below, which soil would be least desirable for farming? (A) 10% sand, 70% clay, 20% silt
(B) 20% sand, 20% clay, 60% silt (C) 30% sand, 40% clay, 30% silt (D) 40% sand, 40% clay, 20% silt
48. Which ecosystem is described in the statement below?
(A) desert (B) mountain (C) savanna (D) tundra
49. Why would the 3rd level consumer in a food pyramid have a relatively large concentration of toxins?
(A) Higher level organisms need to consume more food for energy. (B) Higher level organisms need to consume less food for energy. (C) Lower level organisms are more resistant to toxins.
50. Which climate region is described below?
(A) marine west coast (B) mediterranean
(C) temperate mild winter (D) tropical
51. According to the diagram below, which number would represent producers? (A) 1
(B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
52. Which is an example of biological amplification?
(A) hawks dying from eating prey exposed to insecticides (B) lake trout dying from exposure to a chemical spill (C) sea birds dying from exposure to an oil spill (D) trees dying from exposure to acid rain
53. Which pattern best describes the change in ecosystems from polar regions to the equator?
(A) boreal forest temperate forest tropical rain forest tundra (B) boreal forest temperate forest tundra tropical rain forest (C) tundra boreal forest temperate forest tropical rain forest (D) tundra boreal forest tropical rain forest temperate forest 54. Which best describes energy flow throughout an ecosystem?
(A) Decomposers obtain energy from 3rd level consumers only. (B) Energy flows from 3rd level consumers to 2nd level consumers. (C) 10-15% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next. (D) There is no energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. 55. Which factors affect soil texture?
(A) leaching, eluviation, capillary action (B) particle size, particle type, bonding ability (C) percent of particle type, humus, particle size
(D) precipitation levels, air movement, percent of particle type
56. Which describes the sequence of nutritional needs of various species from producers to higher level consumers?
57. Which factor contributes most to increased soil fertility? (A) capillary action
(B) eluviation
(C) humus accumulation (D) leaching
58. Which explains why toxins concentrate at the top of the food pyramid? (A) Top consumers are the primary target of pesticides.
(B) Top consumers receive all the energy and toxins from producers.
(C) Toxins are fat soluble and at each higher level become more concentrated. (D) Toxins are found in water and higher order consumers drink more.
59. Which is the most suitable for growing crops based on the graph below? (A) 10% sand; 10% clay; 80% silt
(B) 20% sand; 50% clay; 30% silt (C) 40% sand; 20% clay; 40% silt (D) 50% sand; 40% clay; 10% silt
60. Which term refers to the increase in the accumulation of toxins in the higher trophic level of the food chain?
(A) biological amplification (B) climax vegetation (C) energy transfer (D) pollution transfer
61. What describes how the rotation of Earth causes freely moving water and air masses to be deflected from their original courses?
(A) coriolis effect (B) high pressure (C) pressure zones (D) trade winds
62. What is the horizontal movement of unusually warm or cold surface water? (A) convection cell
63. Which term refers to the process by which particles of insoluble inorganic matter are transported downward through the soil?
(A) accumulation of humus (B) capillary action
(C) eluvation (D) leaching
64. Which term refers to the process by which minerals and dissolved salts are transported upward through the soil?
(A) accumulation of humus (B) capillary action
(C) eluvation (D) leaching
65. Which process transports insoluble inorganic matter downward through the soil? (A) accumulation of humus
PART II
QUESTIONS VALUE: 35 %
Instructions: Do ALL questions in PART II. Answer the question in the space provided. 66. With the aid of a labeled diagram, explain how compressional and tensional
forces are caused. 7 %
Space for diagram:
CASE STUDY 1 Tsunami
and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage, loss of life, and environmental destruction.
Tsunamis do not have season and do not occur regularly or frequently. Yet
they pose major threat to the coastal
populations of the Pacific. Nothing can be done to prevent them, but the adverse impact on the loss of life and property can be reduced with proper planning.
The undersea Indian Ocean earthquake that occurred on December 26, 2004, produced tsunamis that were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. The tsunamis devastated the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries with waves of up to 15 m high, even reaching Somalia on the east coast of Africa, 4 500 km west of the epicenter (point of origin). Over 225 000 people are known to have died as a result of the tsunami.
In the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oversees the Tsunami Program, with its mission to provide a 24-hour detection and warning system and increase public awareness about the threat of tsunami. It provides warning bulletins to
government authorities and the public. The Tsunami Ready Community program was created by the NOAA Weather Service to help communities become prepared for tsunamis through better planning, education and
awareness. The program is voluntary and communities must meet certain criteria to receive the designation. The countries impacted by the 2004 Tsunami did not have access to any of these programs.
General Information about Tsunamis
by their great length between peaks, often exceeding 100 miles in the deep ocean, and by the long
amount of time between these peaks, ranging from five minutes to an hour. The speed at which tsunamis travel depends on the ocean depth. A tsunami can exceed 800 km per hour in the deep ocean but slows to 50 km per hour in the shallow water near land. In less than 24 hours, a tsunami can cross the entire Pacific Ocean.
In the deep ocean, a tsunami is barely noticeable and will only cause a small and slow rising and falling of the sea surface as it passes. Only as it approaches land does a tsunami become a hazard.
As the tsunami approaches land and shallow water, the waves slow down and become
compressed, causing them to grow in height. In the best of cases, the tsunami comes onshore like a quickly rising tide and causes a gentle flooding of low-lying coastal areas.
In the worst of cases, a bore will form. A bore is a wall of turbulent water that can be several meters high and can rush onshore with great destructive power. Behind the bore is a deep and fast-moving flood that can pick up and sweep away almost anything in its path, such as what happened in Papua New Guinea in 1998 when more than 2 000 people were killed and villages destroyed. Minutes later, the water will drain away as the trough of the tsunami wave arrives, sometimes exposing great patches of the sea floor. But then the water will rush in again as before, causing additional damage.
This destructive cycle may repeat many times before the hazard finally passes. Persons caught in the path of a tsunami have little chance to survive. They can be easily crushed by debris or they may simply drown. Children and the elderly are particularly at risk, as they have less mobility, strength and endurance.
Tsunamis typically cause the most severe damage and casualties very near their source. There the waves are highest because they have not yet lost much energy to friction or spreading. In addition, the nearby coastal population, often disoriented from the violent earthquake shaking, has little time to react before the tsunami arrives. The largest tsunamis, however, can cause destruction and casualties over a wide area, sometimes as wide as the entire Pacific Basin. These types of Pacific-wide tsunamis may happen only a few times each century.
68. Describe two impacts tsunamis have on ecosystems. 4 %
69. Identify and explain three ways that a coastal Newfoundland community may
reduce the potential impact of a tsunami. 6 %
CASE STUDY 2
Two Hurricanes – Different Results Hurricane Floyd - 1999
Floyd was a large and intense hurricane that pounded the central and north Bahama islands, seriously threatened Florida, struck the coast of North Carolina and moved up the United States east coast. It neared the threshold of category five intensity on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane scale as it approached the Bahamas, and produced a flood disaster of immense proportions in the eastern United States, particularly in North Carolina.
The storm eventually moved over the coast of New Brunswick, late on the 17th, Prince Edward Island early on the 18th, and the island of Newfoundland late on the 18th and early on the 19th. Floyd will be most remembered in the United States for its
rainfall. Many places reported new 24-hour station rainfall records. Widespread rainfalls in excess of 2 500 mm in North Carolina to amounts as high as 4 200 mm in some places were reported. These rains, aided by rains from tropical Storm Dennis two weeks earlier, caused widespread severe flooding. The flooding caused an estimated $6 billion in damages and was responsible for 55 deaths. All along the eastern seaboard there were approximately 20 000 homes destroyed and an estimated 75 000 homes damaged. As well, there were 2.5 million people without electricity at some point during the storm. Large numbers of families were housed in temporary shelters. With so much property underwater there was severe agricultural damage. “Nothing
since the Civil War has been as destructive to families here,” said H. David Bruton, the state’s Secretary of Health and Human Services... “The recovery process will be much larger than the water-going-down process”. However, soon after the hurricane was over the U.S. government provided over $3 billion in initial aid and additional funds later. Some families also had insurance for such a disaster.
On the positive side, the warning system that was in place worked out extremely well and over the entire lifetime of the hurricane, the track forecasts for Floyd were excellent. The average track errors for the official forecasts were substantially below most recent ten-year averages. These forecasts allowed for various watches and warnings to be issued for Floyd. For instance, a hurricane warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas more than 24 hours prior to the arrival. For the United States, practically the entire east coast was put under hurricane warning as a result of Floyd. Given required response times for evacuations and other preparations for such a large, severe hurricane, it was prudent to issue such warnings. As a result, over 2 million people were evacuated in the United States. This was probably the largest evacuation in U.S. history. As well, due to Hurricane Andrew in 1992 extra protection measures had been taken. Many residents were prepared by having galvanized storm shutters installed and new houses were built to a high standard.
Hurricane Jeanne - 2004
On September 28th , 2004, Hurricane Jeanne hit both the Dominican Republic and neighboring Haiti, destroying livelihoods in both countries. The storm caused flooding and triggered
landslides in Haiti. With winds of 140 -160 km/h Jeanne was classified as a category 2 intensity on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane scale.
Haiti itself, one of the world’s poorest countries, was the worst hit of all Caribbean islands, and Hurricane Jeanne only added to the existing problems of poverty and unrest. Hunger,
dehydration and the spread of disease were of major concern. The United States government provided some financial aid to the affected areas. Other world organizations also helped to provide feeding programs and assistance to children suffering from malnutrition. Although the Dominican Republic is not as poor as neighboring Haiti, the hurricane did deteriorate living conditions and destroy incomes.
Work is ongoing through many groups and organizations to help people of these countries recover. In Haiti, any work done needs to address the causes of this tragedy. “People are at rock bottom”, said Prosperty Raymond, a Christian Aids’s programme officer in Haiti. “They have no alternative means of survival. They turn to the last available resources - trees- which they cut down just to have a few pennies with which to buy their daily bread and make an effort to meet their families’ basic needs.”
If one adds up the steps taken in Haiti and Dominican Republic to prepare for this disaster, one will find that there are limited resources devoted to volunteer programs, warning systems, and shelter construction. People who do make it to temporary shelters only do so after everything they own has been destroyed. In contrast, both the Bahama Islands and Florida have a good warning system in place. As a result, the residents were much better prepared for such a natural disaster.
70. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, describe two ways
climatic conditions affect human activity. 4 %
71. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, explain two ways humans respond to hazards posed by selected land forms and water forms. 4 %
72. As a climatologist with an expertise in hurricanes, you will give a report to three major news networks on Hurricane Jeanne and Floyd. Using the case study and your geographical knowledge, suggest three reasons why the number of lives lost
were different in each case. 6 %
