NUTRITION & RESPIRATION.pptx

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Nutrition and Respiration

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Introduction

• Every organisms performs different activities for that

it requires energy.

• This energy is obtained by different modes of

nutrition.

• There are basically two types of organisms :

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Introduction cont….

•

The entire process of ingestion of food

conversion into easily absorbable components

and transport to the different cells is called

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Introduction cont….

•

The process of getting energy from nutritive

substances is carried out by cells which is

called

Cellular Respiration

.

•

Due to this process energy is released which

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What are life processes?

•

Nutrition

•

Growth

•

Respiration

•

Circulation

•

Excretion

•

Control &

Coordination

•

Movement

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Nutrition

• Process of intake of nutrients from which

organisms derive energy to work is called

Nutrition.

• A substance which supply nutrients to the body is

called diet or food.

• The food contains fats, protiens, vitamins, water

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Autotrophic Nutrition

•

Auto = self

•

Trophe = nutrition

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Autotrophic Nutrition cont….

• The carbohydrates provide energy to our body and

the carbohydrates that are not used are stored in our body in form of Starch.

• The energy derived from the food which is stored

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Steps in photosynthesis

1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

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Steps in photosynthesis cont….

• The plants take CO₂ from the atmosphere for

photosynthesis. The CO₂ enters the plant

through stomata present on the surface of the leaf.

• The stomata are also present in the green stems

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Steps in photosynthesis cont….

• Each stomatum consists of minute pore

surrounded by a pair of guard cells.

• The opening and closing of the stomata are

controlled by the guard cells.

• When water enters guard cells, it becomes turgid

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Steps in photosynthesis cont….

• When the guard cells loose water they shrink and

cause the pore to close..

• Aquatic plants use dissolved CO₂ in water to

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2. Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Organism cannot synthesis their own food by

using sunlight etc.

• In this mode of nutrition after the intake, food is

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Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

a. Saprophytic nutrition

b. Parasitic nutrition

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(a) Saprophytic nutrition

• Here the dead and decaying organic materials are

absorbed through the walls of the organisms.

• The organisms depend entirely on the non-living

substances.

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(b) Parasitic nutrition

• When organisms depend on another organisms

for their nutrition them this mode of nutrition is called parasitic mode of nutrition.

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(c) Holozoic nutrition

• In this type of nutrition mode the parts of the

plant or animal or the whole organisms is taken in as food which is then digested with the help of the digestive enzymes into simpler substances.

• Undigested food is thrown out of the body by the

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Type of organisms

• Herbivores

• Carnivores

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Phagocytosis in Paramecium

•

The unicellular animal paramecium has thin

hair like

cillia

all over the body.

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Through sweeping of cillia the food particle

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Mechanism Of Breathing

• Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

• If Pressure increases then volume decreases and

vice versa.

• During inspiration pressure inside decreases as

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Respiration

• Cells require energy to perform various functions

which is derived from the oxidation of the food.

• The process of releasing energy from food is

called respiration.

• The process involves inspiration, then removal of

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Respiration in plants

• Since the energy is released in the cells this is also

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Types of Respiration

• Aerobic respiration

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Aerobic respiration

• The respiration that takes place in presence of

oxygen is called aerobic respiration. It takes place inside the cell.

• During this food (glucose) is broken into CO₂ and

water in presence of O₂ + energy (ATP).

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Anaerobic respiration

• The respiration that takes place in absence of

oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. It takes place inside the cell.

• This mode of respiration is seen in fungi, yeasts,

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Anaerobic respiration cont….

• During this food (glucose) is broken into ethanol

and CO₂ + energy (ATP).

• Glucose  Pyruvic acid  CO₂ + Ethanol + 2 ATP

• Glucose  Pyruvic acid  CO₂ + Lactic acid + 2 ATP

Cytoplasm No Oxygen

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Respiration in Plants

• Plants also need energy like animals.

• Plants use oxygen from air and release CO₂. The

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ways:-Comparing Respiration in Plants & Animals

• All parts of the plants (roots, stem and leaf)

perform respiration independently.

• There is a little transport of gases from one part to

the another.

• Respiration in plants occur at much slower rate than

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Respiration in Plants

• The roots of the plants take oxygen for respiration

from the air present between soil particles by the process of diffusion.

• The CO₂ gas produced inside is diffused out

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Respiration in Plants

• The stems and leaves have stomata for the exchange

of the gases.

• The hard and woody stems do not have stomata

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Respiration in Animals

• Different animals has different modes of

respiration. In unicellular organisms like amoeba the respiration takes place through diffusion.

• In Insects tracheae are the respiratory organs.

• Aquatic animals like fish and crab have gills to take

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Respiration in Animals cont….

• In frog, Lizard, Birds and human beings lungs are

the respiratory organs.

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Human Digestive System

• Digestive system consists of alimentary canal and

associated glands.

• The human digestive organs are mouth,

oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large

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Human Digestive System cont..

• Mouth is the special organ for ingestion

(receiving in). Inside the mouth food mixes with saliva due to which the food wets and can be

swallowed easily.

• Buccal cavity consists of tongue, teeth's and

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Human Digestive System cont..

• Salivary glands secret an enzyme called amylase

that digests starch of food into maltose so the digestion of starch starts from the mouth.

• Then the food goes to oesophagus and then to

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Human Digestive System cont..

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The food churns for about three hours and

converted to semisolid paste.

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The walls of the stomach has three tubular

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• Gastric juice contains dil.HCl, pepsinogen

(enzyme) and mucus that protects the walls of the stomach from its own secretion of HCl and

Pepsinogen.

• Pepsin digests protein into small molecules and

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Human Digestive System cont..

• Then the food digests into small intestine from

stomach which is controlled by sphincter muscle.

• The small intestine is about 6.5 m in long. The

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• Herbivore animals have larger intestine and

carnivore animals have small as meat is easy to digest compared to grass.

• Small intestine completely digests carbohydrates,

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Human Digestive System cont..

• Small intestine receives bile juice and pancreatic

juice for proper digestion of food.

• Liver secrets bile juice which is greenish yellow

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• The pancreatic juice contains enzyme like amalyse,

trypsin and lipase.

• The glands of small intestine secrete intestinal juice

which contains various enzymes for digestion which completely digests Carbohydrates into glucose,

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Name of Enzyme Nutrient being acted upon

Amalyse starch

trypsin proteins

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Human Digestive System cont..

• Villi (finger like projections) in small intestine are

the main site in small intestine. This increases the surface area of absorption.

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Human Respiratory system

•

It consists of Nostril, nasal passage, pharynx,

laropharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and

diaphragm.

•

Nostrils open into nasal cavities. The air for

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Human Respiratory system

•

Nasal cavity is lined by fine hairs and mucus.

Dust particles and microbes in air gets trapped

in mucus of nasal cavity.

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Nasal cavity ends in internal nostril through

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Pharynx leads to trachea through a slit called

glottis.

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Glottis is protected by a cartilaginous flap like

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While swallowing food glottis is covered by

epiglottis so food cannot enter trachea.

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Trachea does collapse even when there is no

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At the upper end of trachea has a voice box

known as

larynx.

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Trachea runs down the neck and divides into

two bronchi which leads to lungs.

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Each bronchi divides into lungs and form

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•

The smallest bronchiole terminates into

alveoli

whose walls are thin and covered with blood

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