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(1)COPYRIGHT NOTICE All rights and interests (including copyright) in the (attached/below) released questions are owned by the National Dental Examining Board of Canada ("NDEB"). Exact reproduction of these questions will be permitted only on the specific terms set by NDEB. Any editing or manipulation of these questions is strictly prohibited. NDEB strictly prohibits the addition of answers, suggested answers, commentary, or any other additional material to these released questions. NDEB also strictly prohibits the sale of these released questions, and the distribution or sale of any material purporting to provide the answers to the released questions. Please contact NDEB for permission prior to any reproduction of the released questions.. Following trauma, bluish-grey discolouration of the crown is due to A. B. C. D.. external resorption. pulpal hemorrhage. discoloured composite restoration. chromogenic bacteria.. Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause pain? A. B. C. D.. Carious pulp exposure. Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp). Acute pulpitis. Apical periodontitis.. Disclaimer: Beginning in 2009, the NDEB of Canada is making available this Released Test Item Bank. The Released Test Item Bank includes both retired and active test items that have been utilized since 1994 on previous examinations. The Released Test Item Bank includes test items in both English and French. Please note that the proportion of test item categories within the Written Examination Blueprint is not necessarily representative of the Released Test Item Bank. Furthermore, the content of the released test items is not necessarily representative of any given form of past written examinations. Please also be aware that some of the items in the Released Test Item Bank may have been discontinued due to outdated science, grammar and content errors. All released test items are the property of the NDEB and are copyrighted.. A patient experiences pain and some gingival swelling in the anterior segment of the mandible. The mandibular lateral incisor has a shallow restoration, is tender to percussion and gives a positive response to the electric pulp tester. There is some mobility. The most likely diagnosis is A. B. C. D. E.. acute apical abscess. acute serous pulpitis. lateral periodontal abscess. acute suppurative pulpitis. chronic ulcerative pulpitis..

(2) Which one of the following statements is true as defined in endodontics?. When root canals are treated topically with antibiotics rather than with disinfectants. A.. 1. 2.. B.. C.. D.. E.. Overfilling refers to the incomplete filling of the canal system with a surplus of material extruding beyond the apical foramen. Underfilling refers to the complete filling of the canal space, but leaving voids in the pulp chamber for possible recontamination or infection. Overextension refers to the extrusion of filling material through an accessory canal. Underextension refers to the vertical extent of the filling material regardless of its completeness of obturation. All of the above.. After completion of endodontic chemomechanical debridement you can expect to have 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. A. B. C. D. E.. removed all tissue from the entire root canal system. machined the canals to a microscopically smooth channel. caused some temporary inflammation. sterilized the root canal. left some areas of the root canal system incompletely cleaned. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only. All of the above.. 3. 4. 5.. A. B. C. D. E.. a greater success rate results. the same rules of mechanical preparation and filling must be observed. treatment may be completed in fewer appointments. there is greater assurance that all microorganisms are destroyed. there is a danger of sensitizing patients to antibiotics. (1) (3) (4) (2) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (2) and (5) All of the above.. The antibiotic of choice for infections of pulpal origin is A. B. C. D.. penicillin V. lincomycin. erythromycin. tetracycline.. Endodontic therapy is CONTRAINDICATED in teeth with A. B. C. D. E.. inadequate periodontal support. pulp stones. constricted root canals. accessory canals. curved roots.. Which of the following methods of instrument sterilization uses the lowest temperature?. Periapical surgery is CONTRAINDICATED for a tooth that has a. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D.. Steam autoclave. Dry heat oven. Ethylene oxide method. Glass bead sterilizer. Alcohol autoclave.. E.. large periapical rarefaction. fistula related to a periapical lesion. vertical root fracture. fracture of the root apex and a necrotic pulp. a post and core retained crown..

(3) A patient telephones and tells you he has just knocked out his front tooth but that it is still intact. Your instructions should be to A. B. C. D. E.. put the tooth in water and come to your office at the end of the day. wrap the tooth in tissue and come to your office in a week's time. put the tooth in alcohol and come to your office immediately. place tooth under the tongue and come to your office immediately. place the tooth in milk and come to your office immediately.. The placement of a retentive pin in the proximal regions of posterior teeth would MOST likely result in periodontal ligament perforation in the A. B. C. D.. mesial of a mandibular first premolar. distal of a mandibular first premolar. distal of a mandibular first molar. mesial of a mandibular first molar.. For a cast gold restoration, a gingival bevel is used instead of a shoulder because a bevel 1. 2. 3. 4.. protects the enamel. increases retention. improves marginal adaptation. increases the thickness of gold.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In permanent teeth, two pulp canals are most commonly found in the A. B. C. D.. distobuccal root of maxillary molars. distal root of mandibular first molars. palatal root of maxillary first premolars. mesial root of mandibular first molars.. Firm contact between approximating teeth is important because it A. B. C. D.. locates the marginal ridges of each tooth. keeps the teeth from having any movement during function. insures proper cusp form and increases masticatory efficiency. stabilizes the dental arches and gives protection to the gingival papillae.. In determining the ideal proximal outline form for a Class II amalgam cavity preparation in a molar the 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. axial wall should be 1.5mm deep. gingival cavosurface margin must clear contact with the adjacent tooth. proximal walls diverge occlusally. facial and lingual proximal cavosurface margins must just clear contact with the adjacent tooth. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A rubber dam should be used in A. B. C. D. E.. pulp capping procedures. amalgam placement. composite placement. removing carious dentin from deep lesions. all of the above..

(4) The air-water spray used as a coolant in high speed cutting of a cavity will. A positive and prolonged reaction to a heat stimulus indicates that the pulp is. 1. 2. 3. 4.. decrease pulp damage. reduce frictional heat. keep the operating site clean. reduce clogging of cutting instruments.. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which of the following is/are associated with the presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream?. necrotic. in an early hyperemic state. normal. irreversibly damaged.. Which of the following may affect the results of electric pulp testing?. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. Which of the following is/are true regarding a tooth filled with a formaldehyde-containing paste?. Emotional factors. Pain threshold. Analgesics. Recent trauma. All of the above.. A. Which of the following statements is/are true?. B.. 1.. C.. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. Radiographs cannot differentiate between infected and non-infected periapical lesions. A definitive diagnosis of an apical lesion cannot be made on radiography alone. Periapical radiolucencies are not always indicative of loss of pulp vitality. A periapical radiograph can be used to locate the buccal bone level. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. D.. E.. Anachoresis. Cavernous sinus thrombosis. Bacteremia. All of the above.. Formaldehyde-containing pastes remain non-approved. The drug manufacturer may be liable, along with the dentist. Formaldehyde-containing pastes have a high antigenic potential. There are cases on record of parasthesia following overextrusion of such a paste in the vicinity of the mandibular nerve. All of the above.. The desired termination point of apical root canal preparation when performing endodontic treatment on a vital tooth is A. B. C. D.. 0.5 to 1mm short of the radiographic apex. 3mm short of the radiographic apex. slightly through the apical foramen. to the point where the patient feels sensation..

(5) Which one of the following is the initial treatment for internal resorption?. In root resection (apicoectomy) it is considered good technique to. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D.. Pulpectomy. Pulpotomy. Pulp capping. Apicoectomy.. remove as little of the root as possible. curet the soft tissue lesion in its entirety. be certain the apex is sealed. All of the above.. The proposed mechanism by which a calcium hydroxide preparation initiates secondary dentin formation in direct pulp cappings is by. A retrograde filling is indicated. A. B.. B.. C. D.. releasing calcium ions. stimulating differentiated ameloblasts to lay down dentin. stimulating fibroblasts to elaborate nuclei of the first order. stimulating undifferentiated cells of the tissue to differentiate into odontoblasts.. A.. C. D.. when the apical foramen cannot be sealed by conventional endodontics. when a root perforation needs to be sealed. when conventional endodontics is impractical. All of the above.. Which of the following has the POOREST prognosis? Having just completed endodontic treatment on a maxillary central incisor, you are preparing the canal for a post when you inadvertently perforate the labial surface of the root. You would A. B. C. D.. extract the tooth. cement the post using zinc-oxyphosphate cement. cement the post, then raise a flap and seal the defect surgically with amalgam. re-prepare the canal so the post is now totally within the canal and cement the post.. A. B. C. D.. For composite resin preparations, cavosurface enamel margins are bevelled because 1. 2. 3.. Apicoectomy is CONTRAINDICATED when 4. A. B. C. D. E.. periodontal disease causes inadequate bony support. there is a granuloma at the apex of the tooth. more than one tooth is involved. the cortical plate is more than 4mm thick. the patient is diabetic.. Horizontal fracture in the apical one-third of the root. Horizontal fracture in the mid-root. Horizontal fracture 1-2mm subgingivally. Vertical root fracture.. A. B. C. D. E.. a bevelled margin produces a more favorable surface for etching. a bevelled margin improves the edge strength of the composite resin. after etching, the bonding agent reduces microleakage. the procedure eliminates the need to polish the restoration. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(6) Retention of a gold inlay is improved by 1. 2. 3. 4.. addition of an occlusal dovetail. increasing the parallelism of walls. lengthening the axial walls. placing a gingival bevel.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In restoring occlusal anatomy, the protrusive condylar path inclination has its primary influence on the morphology of A. B. C. D.. cusp height. anterior teeth only. mesial inclines of maxillary cusps and distal inclines of mandibular cusps. mesial inclines of mandibular cusps and distal inclines of maxillary cusps.. Which of the following statements are true concerning the adult mandible? When using ultra high speed cutting instruments for cavity preparation, the heat generated is directly related to the 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. duration of cutting. size, speed and sharpness of the bur. use of air and water spray. existing pulp pathology. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. A. B. C. D.. The mandibular foramen lies in the centre of the mandibular ramus both in the vertical and horizontal planes. The angle formed by the junction of the ramus and the body of the mandible is an acute one. The genial tubercles are attachments for the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. The temporalis muscle attaches to the lateral surface of the coronoid process. (1) and (2) (1) and (4) (1) and (3) (1) (3) (4). Which of the following instruments can be used for placing gingival bevels on inlay preparations? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. Margin trimmers. Enamel hatchets. Carbide finishing burs. Small diamond disks. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A lingual approach for a conservative Class III preparation for a composite resin requires A. B. C. D.. a retentive internal form. parallelism of the incisal and gingival walls. maintenance of the incisal contact area. All of the above..

(7) Sterilization of carious dentin without pulp injury is assured by the application of. Which of the following microorganisms are most frequently found in infected root canals?. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. phenol. 70% ethyl alcohol. chlorhexidine. absolute alcohol. None of the above.. The cell of the dental pulp most capable of transforming into other cells is the A. B. C. D.. fibroblast. undifferentiated mesenchymal cell. odontoblast. histiocyte.. Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacilli. Enterococci. Staphylococcus albus.. The mechanical objectives of preparing the root canal system for obturation with guttapercha should include A. B. C. D.. development of a continuously tapering cone in the root canal. removal of irregularities. maintenance of an intact foramen. All of the above.. Severe throbbing tooth pain which increases when the patient lies down is a symptom of A. B. C. D. E.. a pulp polyp (chronic hyperplastic pulpitis). late stage of acute pulpitis (acute suppurative pulpitis). chronic pulpitis (chronic ulcerative pulpitis). chronic apical abscess. pulp hyperemia.. What clinical evidence would support a diagnosis of acute dento-alveolar abscess? 1.. 3. 4.. A negative reaction to the electric vitality tester. A positive reaction of short duration to cold. A positive reaction to percussion. Presence of a draining fistula.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 2.. Metallic salts are included in root canal sealers to make the sealers A. B. C. D.. set more firmly. be radiopaque. set more rapidly. be tolerated by periapical tissues.. Which of the following conditions would NOT require antibiotic premedication before endodontic therapy? A. B. C. D. E.. Valvular heart disease. Cardiac prosthesis. Persistent odontogenic fistula. Immuno-suppressive therapy. Organ transplant..

(8) Root canal therapy may be safely and successfully undertaken for 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. hemophiliacs. patients with a history of rheumatic fever. patients with rheumatoid arthritis. cerebral palsy patients. adolescent diabetics. (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (5) (1) (2) (3) (5) All of the above. None of the above.. Which of the following is the most probable postoperative complication of intracoronal bleaching a tooth that has not been adequately obturated?. In the mandibular first premolar, the occlusal dovetail of an ideal disto-occlusal amalgam preparation is usually not extended into the mesial fossa because of the A. B. C. D.. When removal of carious dentin results in an exposure of non-vital pulp, the treatment of choice is to A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. Fracture. Discolouration. Retrograde pulpitis. Acute apical periodontitis. External cervical root resorption.. Which of the following are true statements about incision and drainage of an acute apical abscess? 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. A rubber dam drain may be placed and sutured to assist drainage. The procedure is only indicated with a localized, fluctuant swelling. Profound anesthesia of the surgical site is not always possible. Relief of the pressure and pain is immediate after treatment. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. small lingual lobe. large buccal cusp. large buccal pulp horn. prominent transverse ridge.. institute endodontic treatment. cap the exposed pulp horn with calcium hydroxide. occlude the cavity with a light packing of cotton moistened with eugenol. place a temporary restoration and observe.. In the restoration of a tooth, cavity varnish reduces A. B. C. D.. ion migration from amalgam to tooth. transfer of thermal changes. amalgam corrosion. galvanic stimulation of the pulp.. The initial treatment of choice for a 16 year old patient, who presents with multiple extensive carious lesions, is to place the patient on a preventive regime and to A. B. C. D.. place amalgam restorations over the next few months. excavate caries and place temporary restorations within the next few weeks. delay any treatment until the hygiene improves. restore all teeth with composite resin over the next few months..

(9) During cavity preparation under rubber dam, a small mechanical exposure occurs. The correct procedure is to A. B. C. D.. swab the exposure with eugenol. place calcium hydroxide over the exposure. perform a pulpotomy. perform a pulpectomy.. In an 80-year old patient you would expect A. B. C. D.. a reduced size of the pulp chamber. increased incidence of pulp stones. increased tendency to pulpal fibrosis. All of the above.. In teeth with complete pulp necrosis, the periapical area is involved if A protective mechanism of the dental pulp to external irritation or caries is the formation of A. B. C. D.. pulp stones. secondary dentin. secondary cementum. primary dentin.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. there is pain to thermal stimuli. there is pain on percussion. the tooth throbs when the patient is lying down. the radiograph shows an apical radiolucency.. The joining together of two teeth in the root portion through cemental union is known as. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D.. The prognosis for an avulsed tooth is principally affected by. gemination. fusion. twinning. concrescense.. A. Fractured incisal angles in the permanent teeth of adolescent patients are best restored using A. B. C. D.. stainless steel crowns. gold castings. full coverage restorations. acid etch composite resin techniques.. When odontoblasts are destroyed or undergo degeneration, they are replaced by. B. C. D.. ameloblasts. undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. multinucleated giant cells. osteoblasts.. length of time the tooth was out of the mouth. condition of the socket when the tooth was replanted. removal of necrotic cementum. pulp extirpation.. Radiographs of the mandibular incisor teeth of a 45 year old healthy black female patient reveal periapical radiolucencies. The teeth are vital and asymptomatic. You would A.. A. B. C. D.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. B. C. D.. perform a biopsy of the radiolucent lesion. perform endodontic therapy on the four incisors. place a drain in the affected area. observe periodically..

(10) Which of the following could be immediate postoperative complications of periapical surgery?. What are the purposes of using occlusal splints? 1.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D.. Haemorrhage. Edema. Paresthesia. Pain. Mucocele. (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (3) (5) All of the above.. The muscle primarily responsible for moving the mandible to a lateral position is the A. B. C. D. E.. masseter. lateral (external) pterygoid. medial (internal) pterygoid. buccinator. temporalis.. Which of the following muscles comprise the retromolar pad?. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D.. To change the pattern and degree of tactile afferent neural impulses. To immobilize teeth. To produce a permanent change in the occlusion. To prevent teeth from disturbing occlusal sensory input. (1) and (2) (3) only (1) (2) (4) All of the above.. Which of the following are characteristic symptoms of acute suppurative pulpitis? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Spontaneous throbbing pain. Prolonged pain initiated by heat. Increased pain while lying down. Increased pain by cold.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. Lateral (external) pterygoid. Buccinator. Palatoglossus. Superior constrictor.. Histologically, a pulp polyp consists of. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. Profile features of extreme overjet, recessive chin and deep labial mento-labial sulcus in the chin are referred to as A. B. C. D.. prognathic relationship. mesognathic relationship. retrognathic relationship. crossbite relationship.. A. B. C. D. E.. a mass of collagenous fibres. Russell bodies. proliferating capillaries. fibroblasts. polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (3) (4) (1) (3) (4) (5) (2) and (5) All of the above..

(11) Which of the following conditions is most likely to be associated with a draining fistula? A. B. C. D.. Chronic periapical periodontitis. Reversible pulpitis. Hypercementosis. Traumatic bone cyst.. The difference(s) between deciduous and permanent teeth isçare best described by the following statement(s): A. B. C. D. E.. The deciduous root trunk is shorter. The deciduous enamel is thinner and appears whiter. The deciduous molar roots flare more. (A) and (C) All of the above.. The most important principle dictating location and size of access to the root canal system is A. B. C. D.. preservation of tooth structure. removal of all caries. straight line access to the canal. removal of all pulp horns.. A child has a carious exposure of the pulp in the first molar. The cavity is filled with pink tissue which bleeds when punctured by the explorer. The tissue is slightly sensitive to touch. This is indicative of A. B. C. D.. acute ulcerative pulpitis. chronic serous pulpitis. chronic hyperplastic pulpitis. periapical osteofibrosis.. Special attention is given to matrix adaptation for the insertion of amalgam in a MO cavity in a maxillary first premolar because of the A. B. C. D. E.. concavity in the cervical third of the mesial surface of the crown. restoration being in the esthetic zone. unusual position of the contact area. buccolingual width of the tooth's mesial marginal ridge. size of the interproximal gingival embrasure.. Treatment of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis should include 1. 2. 3. 4.. palliative treatment. steroid therapy. control of secondary infection. application of dilute hydrogen peroxide.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Tooth mobility may be due to 1. 2. 3. 4.. excessive occlusal force. decreased osseous support. periodontal abscess. gingival inflammation.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(12) Fractures of the maxilla can best be diagnosed by. Extraction of a tooth is CONTRAINDICATED in the dental office for a patient who. 1. 2. 3. 4.. lateral jaw radiographs. clinical examination. evidence of periorbital edema. anteroposterior radiograph of the skull.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. had a myocardial infarct two months ago. is hypothyroid. has a Factor VIII deficiency. is 4 months pregnant.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A loss of sensation in the lower lip may be produced by 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. Bell's palsy. metastatic malignancy to the body of the mandible. trigeminal neuralgia. fracture in the mandibular first molar region. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which of the following should be considered when assessing the difficulty of removal of an impacted mandibular third molar? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. angulation. root width. depth in the alveolus. periodontal ligament space. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Lichen planus occurs most frequently on the Which of the following nerves should be anesthetized for extraction of a maxillary lateral incisor? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Nasociliary. Nasopalatine. Sphenopalatine. Anterior superior alveolar.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A. B. C. D.. buccal mucosa. tongue. floor of the mouth. gingiva.. Hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, dysplasia, increased mitosis, intact basal cell layer and chronic inflammatory cells are histologic features that may be found in A. B. C. D.. squamous cell carcinoma. carcinoma in situ. papillofibroma. endothelioma..

(13) Osteomyelitis of the mandible may follow 1. 2. 3. 4.. radiotherapy. dentoalveolar abscess. fracture. Vincent’s angina.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Histological sections of a lesion removed from the apex of a carious tooth show immature fibrous tissue and chronic inflammatory cells. The most likely diagnosis is a/an A. B. C. D. E.. acute periapical abscess. odontogenic fibroma. radicular cyst. periapical granuloma. central fibroma.. Radiographs of Garre's osteomyelitis show Which of the following is/are associated with an unerupted tooth? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Odontogenic adenomatoid tumor. Periapical cemental dysplasia. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Cementoblastoma.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A. B. C. D. E.. Increasing the kilovoltage setting in the dental x-ray machine results in A. B. C. D.. A small, well-circumscribed, periapical radiolucency on a mandibular incisor which is clinically asymptomatic and responds normally to vitality tests is most likely A. B. C. D.. a periapical granuloma. sclerosing osteitis. a radicular cyst. periapical cemental dysplasia.. radiopaque islands of bone that represent formation of sequestra. a worm-eaten pattern of bone destruction. thickening of the cortex. A. and B. All of the above.. more gamma radiation. greater collimation. more penetration. greater secondary radiation at the level of the skin.. Which of the following radiographic views is best to diagnose caries and early alveolar bone loss? A. B. C. D. E.. Periapical. Occlusal. Bitewing. Lateral jaw. Panoramic..

(14) An excisional biopsy of a nodule 5mm in diameter on the lateral border of the tongue was diagnosed as a fibroma. This patient should have A. B. C. D. E.. hemisection of the tongue. radiotherapy to site of biopsy. no additional therapy. re-excision with wider margins. radium implantation around biopsy site.. During the extraction of an isolated maxillary second molar, the bony floor of the sinus is removed with the tooth. Your immediate treatment would be to A. B. C. D.. place a large strip of iodoform gauze, filling the tooth socket. irrigate the sinus repeatedly and place a dressing in the tooth socket. approximate the soft tissue as accurately as possible without irrigating. prescribe an antibiotic and recall after 24hrs.. The greatest single factor in reducing radiation exposure in dentistry is A. B. C. D.. higher kVp. proper filtration. high speed film. collimation of the X-ray beam.. Hypercementosis (cemental hyperplasia) A. B. C. D. E.. is most often confined to the apical half of the root. most frequently affects molars. affects non vital teeth in the majority of cases. (A) and (C) (B) and (C). The electric pulp tester might be of some value in determining whether 1. 2. 3. 4.. the pulp is hyperemic or hyperplastic. there is a partial necrosis of the pulp. there is a partial or total pulpitis. the pulp is vital or nonvital.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. The radiographic image of the incisive foramen is located between the roots of the maxillary A. B. C. D.. incisors above their apices. central and lateral incisors below their apices. central incisors below their apices. central and lateral incisors above their apices.. Oral lesions may be an early manifestation of Oral lesions failing to heal may be related to 1. 2. 3. 4.. leukemia. pernicious anemia. infectious mononucleosis. obstructive jaundice.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. tuberculosis. syphilis. neoplasia. diabetes. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(15) A decrease of which of the following is indicative of hypoparathyroidism?. The term applied to a low white blood cell count is. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D.. Serum phosphorus. Serum calcium. Thyroid activity. Serum alkaline phosphatase.. leukocytosis. leukopenia. thrombocythemia. thrombocytopenia.. An odour of acetone on the breath may indicate. A patient who uses nitroglycerine has. 1. 2. 3. 4.. bronchiectasis. rhinitis. salicylate poisoning. diabetes mellitus.. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Erythroblastosis fetalis may be a cause of A. B. C. D. E.. supernumerary incisors. pigmented teeth. peg lateral incisors. Fordyce's granules. blue sclerae.. rheumatic heart disease. asthma. coronary artery disease. high blood pressure. cardiac arrhythmia.. When a patient experiences continuous pain in the maxillary premolar and molar areas and there is no evidence of dental infection, the most likely diagnosis is A. B. C. D. E.. trigeminal neuralgia. acute maxillary sinusitis. impacted maxillary canine. impacted maxillary third molar. glossopharyngeal neuralgia.. Upper face infections can communicate with the cavernous sinus through An anemia in which the red blood cells are smaller and less intense in color than normal is called a. A. B.. A. B. C. D. E.. microcytic hypochromic anemia. microcytic hyperchromic anemia. macrocytic hypochromic anemia. macrocytic hyperchromic anemia. None of the above.. C. D.. the angular vein to the superior ophthalmic vein. the pterygoid plexus to the inferior ophthalmic vein. A. and B. None of the above.. Contact stomatitis may be caused by Coronary artery occlusion can lead to A. B. C. D.. thrombosis. embolism. infarction. fatty degeneration.. A. B. C. D. E.. dentifrice. lipstick. acrylic. antibiotics. All of the above..

(16) Acellular cementum on a root is A. B. C. D.. the result of chronic inflammation. a defective cementoid substance. caused by premature degeneration of Hertwig's root sheath. a normal anatomical structure.. Fordyce's granules are A. B. C. D.. ectopic sebaceous glands. ectopic sweat glands. small calcified nodules. aberrant mucous glands.. The apical region of a non-vital tooth with a deep carious lesion may radiographically show 1. 2. 3. 4.. widening of the periodontal space. loss of lamina dura. a circumscribed radiolucency. calcification of the periodontal membrane.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In infectious mononucleosis you are most likely to find Which one of the following teeth is most frequently impacted? A. B. C. D.. Maxillary cuspid. Mandibular second molar. Mandibular cuspid. Maxillary first premolar.. A large encapsulated tumor is removed from the hard palate. It is filled with fluid. The best method of determining the nature of this lesion is to. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. a positive Paul Bunnel test. lymphadenopathy. palatine petechiae. leukopenia. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Acute maxillary sinusitis is associated with A. B. C. D. E.. examine the fluid under a microscope. culture the fluid and examine for bacterial growth. submit the tissue for histological examination submit the tissue for exfoliative cytological study. aspirate the fluid for electrophoresis study.. The benign neoplasm that originates from squamous epithelium is called a/an A. B. C. D. E.. adenoma. choriocarcinoma. chondroma. lipoma. papilloma.. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. pain in the posterior maxillary teeth. nasal discharge. tenderness of posterior maxillary teeth to percussion. increase of pain when bending over. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(17) The radiographic change most suggestive of multiple myeloma is. The quantity of radiation output in a dental Xray apparatus is a function of. A. B. C. D. E.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. no bone alteration. punched out radiolucent lesions. multiple radiopaque lesions. diffuse ground glass appearance. generalized hypercementosis.. time. kVp. ma. filtration.. The discontinuity of the lamina dura on a radiograph may be a consequence of. A. B. C. D. E.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. Which of the following radiographic findings are attributable to trauma from occlusion?. A. B. C. D. E.. pulpitis. metastatic carcinoma. parathyroid hyperplasia. eburnated bone. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Proper collimation of the useful beam for the film size and target-film distance will reduce 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. intensity of central beam. secondary radiation. radiographic contrast. image definition. radiation received by patient. (1) (2) (3) (5) (1) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (5) (2) and (5) All of the above.. A lead diaphragm in X-ray units serves to A. B. C. D. E.. produce a more homogeneous X-ray beam. prevent secondary radiation. collimate the useful beam of rays. All of the above. None of the above.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. (3) and (4) (1) and (3) (2) and (3) (1) (2) (3) All of the above.. Widening of the periodontal ligament space. Vertical destruction of the interdental septum. Widening of the lamina dura. Narrowing in width of the periodontal ligament space. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Surgery of irradiated bone is complicated by the fact that the A. B. C. D. E.. original neoplasm may invade the area of surgery. bone becomes brittle. blood vessels become sclerosed compromising normal healing. All of the above. None of the above..

(18) An end result of ionizing radiation used to treat oral malignancies is A. B. C. D. E.. deformity of the jaws. reduced vascularity of the jaws. increased vascularity of the jaws. increased brittleness of the jaws. none of the above.. The fixing solution serves the purpose of 1. 2. 3. A. B. C. D. E.. carrying on development. hardening the emulsion. removing unexposed silver salts. (1) and (2) (1) and (3) (2) and (3) All of the above. None of the above.. Selection of the appropriate kilovoltage for dental films is influenced by A. B. C. D. E.. line voltage fluctuation. diameter of the primary beam of radiation. type of timer. tissue density. filter thickness.. A radiolucent area in a radiograph occurs as a result of 1. 2. 3. 4.. Papillary hyperplasia under a denture is usually due to (an) A. B. C. D.. moniliasis. ill fitting denture. allergy to denture cleanser. avitaminosis.. A. B. C. D. E.. decreased density of tissue. increased density of tissue. more radiation affecting the silver halide crystals. increased exposure time. (4) only (2) and (3) (1) and (3) (1) only None of the above.. In dental radiography, an increase in the kilovoltage is accompanied by An osteoma is A. B. C. D.. radiopaque. radiolucent. either radiopaque or radiolucent. radiolucent surrounded by a radiopaque line.. A. B. C. D.. an increase in the quantity of radiation. greater penetrability. the ability to decrease exposure time. All of the above.. The radiographs of dentinal dysplasia Type I show A. B. C. D. E.. obliteration of pulp chambers and root canals. small underdeveloped roots. involvement of primary as well as permanent teeth. (A) and (B) All of the above..

(19) A patient complains of acute pain 24 hours after the insertion of a restoration in a tooth with no pre-existing periapical pathology. The tooth is vital and tender to percussion. The radiograph will show A. B. C. D. E.. an apical radiolucency. acute osteitis. root resorption. condensing osteitis. none of the above.. Radiographically, a benign bone neoplasm can be differentiated from a malignant one because in the benign lesion 1. 2. 3. 4.. the margins are irregular and fade into the surrounding bone. the cortex remains intact. the margins are defined and demarcated. there can be perforation of the periosteum.. A circumscribed radiolucent area at the apex of a vital mandibular incisor is indicative of a A. B. C. D. E.. periradicular abscess. periapical cemental dysplasia. periradicular granuloma. periradicular cyst. follicular cyst.. In the mandibular third molar region, a circumscribed radiolucent area 3cm in diameter contains the crown of the developing third molar. The radiolucent area suggests a A. B. C. D.. primordial cyst. dentigerous cyst. Stafne's idiopathic bone cavity. eruption cyst.. A periapical radiolucency can represent a A. B. C. D.. (1) and (2) (1) (2) (4) (2) and (3) (2) (3) (4). Radiographically, the opening of the incisive canal may be misdiagnosed as a 1. 2. 3. 4.. branchial cyst. nasopalatine cyst. nasolabial cyst. radicular cyst.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. periapical granuloma. radicular cyst. metastatic carcinoma. mental foramen.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Ankylosis is commonly A. B. C. D. E.. associated with a non-vital pulp. the result of a root fracture. associated with a root penetrating cavity. resulting in a submerged tooth, out of occlusion. found in permanent teeth..

(20) In the early stage, a periapical abscess can be differentiated from a lateral periodontal abscess by A. B. C. D. E.. pain. type of exudate. tenderness to percussion. response of pulp to electrical stimulation. radiographic examination.. Sickle cell anemia is A. B. C. D. E.. a genetic disease. caused by exposure to radiation. a viral infection. a drug reaction. an auto-immune disease.. An ameloblastoma is most frequently found in A periapical radiolucency associated with a vital maxillary central incisor can represent a. A. B.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. nasopalatine cyst. dentigerous cyst. foramen of the incisive canal. periapical granuloma. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In the presence of an acute bacterial infection, laboratory tests will show an increase in A. B. C. D. E.. polymorphonuclear leukocytes. plasma cells. lymphocytes. monocytes. eosinophils.. A patient presents with apparent paralysis of one side of the face which appeared the day before. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. B. C. D.. Glossodynia. Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis. Trigeminal neuralgia.. the anterior region of the maxilla. the mandible, near the junction of the body and the ramus. the posterior region of the maxilla. in the anterior region of the mandible near the midline.. Squamous cell carcinomas of the lip occur most frequently on the A. B. C. D. E.. commissures. lower lip near the midline. inner surface of upper lip. inner surface of lower lip. upper lip near the midline.. The clinical appearance and texture of an early carcinoma of the floor of the mouth could be A. B. C. D. E.. red and soft. white and rough. ulcerated and indurated. All of the above. None of the above..

(21) Signs and symptoms of diabetic patients include. Which one of the following is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?. 1. 2. 3. 4.. polyuria. polydipsia. glycosuria. dysphagia.. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which of the following landmarks are recognizable in periapical radiographs of the mandible?. Multiple giant cell lesions of the bone are associated with A. B. C. D.. hyperthyroidism. hypothyroidism. hyperparathyroidism. hypoparathyroidism.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. Adenocystic carcinoma. Adenoma. Pleomorphic adenoma. Muco-epidermoid carcinoma.. External oblique ridge. Coronoid process. Mylohyoid ridge. Mental foramen. Incisive canal. (1) (2) (3) (1) (3) (4) (1) (4) (5) (2) (4) (5) (3) (4) (5). A common clinical sign of occlusal traumatism is Mucoceles are most commonly found in the A. B. C. D. E.. tooth mobility. pocket formation. gingival recession. temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. pulp calcifications.. A. B. C. D. E.. upper lip. lower lip. tongue. buccal mucosa. soft palate.. Which gingival manifestation(s) would be expected in a patient with a blood dyscrasia?. The most likely diagnosis of a proliferative lesion found at a denture periphery is a/an. 1. 2. 3. 4.. Enlargement. Bleeding. Ulceration. Atrophy.. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. epulis granulomatosum. epulis fissuratum. giant cell granuloma. squamous cell carcinoma..

(22) "Dens in dente" (dens invaginatus) is associated with. A draining fistula of short duration related to a tooth undergoing endodontic therapy requires. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D.. supernumerary teeth. dentinogenesis imperfecta. osteogenesis imperfecta. anterior teeth. amelogenesis imperfecta.. Geographic tongue is characterized by A. B. C. D.. congenital deformity of tissue. atrophic filiform papillae. association with scrotal tongue. predominance in elderly patients.. In fibrous dysplasia A. B. C. D.. foci of cartilage are a common histological finding. an inflammatory infiltrate is characteristically present. there are characteristic changes in the blood chemistry. a ground-glass appearance is present on radiographs.. The most frequent location of a dentigerous cyst is the A. B. C. D. E.. third molar area. symphysis of the mandible. midline of the hard palate. apical area of a devitalized tooth. premolar area.. Multiple supernumerary teeth are most commonly found in A. B. C. D. E.. cherubism. cretinism. hypothyroidism. cleidocranial dysplasia. Down's syndrome.. irrigation of canals. antibiotics. surgical excision. no special treatment.. Among the following, which may be associated with root resorption? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. Excessive orthodontic forces. Periapical granuloma. Cementoma. Hypercementosis. Traumatic injury. (1) (2) (4) (1) (2) (4) (5) (1) (2) (5) (1) (2) (3) (5) All of the above.. The radicular or root-end cyst occurs as a result of A. B. C. D.. trauma. pulpal necrosis. hyperparathyroidism. poorly calcified bone.. Which of the following is/are associated with xerostomia? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Atropine administration. Acute anxiety state. Mikulicz's disease. Sjögren's syndrome.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(23) The prolonged use of antibacterial lozenges or mouthwashes contributes to the development of A. B. C. D. E.. oral candidiasis. geographic tongue. cancrum oris. Koplik's spots. aphthous ulcers.. Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome? A. B. C. D. E.. Pain. Muscle tenderness. Limitation of jaw motion. "Clicking" or "popping" noise in the joints. Radiographic changes of the joint.. A 12 year old boy has a history of severe sore throat followed by migratory arthralgia and swollen joints of the extremities. This history is suggestive of A. B. C. D. E.. The most logical explanation for causing swelling beneath the eye caused by an abscessed maxillary canine is that the A. B. C. D.. Ludwig's angina may cause A. B. C. D.. respiratory obstruction. cavernous sinus thrombosis. suppurative encephalitis. subdural empyema.. In radiography, a parallel technique or right angle technique as opposed to a bisecting angle technique will result in 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. less gonadal radiation. greater entrance dosage. less dimensional distortion. a more heterogenous beam of X-rays. (1) (2) (4) (2) and (3) (2) and (4) (1) and (3) All of the above.. gout. osteoarthritis. Still's disease. rheumatic fever. rheumatoid arthritis.. lymphatics drain superiorly in this region. bone is less porous superior to the root apex. infection has passed into the angular vein which has no valves. the root apex lies superior to the attachment of the caninus and levator labii superioris muscles.. The finding of “acid-fast” microorganisms in sputum suggests the presence of A. B. C. D.. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diplococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pyogenes. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.. Excessive formation of scar tissue beyond the wound margin is called A. B. C. D.. a fibroma. a keloid. a fibro-epithelial polyp. epithelial hyperplasia..

(24) A well circumscribed 3mm radiolucent lesion is present in the apical region of the mandibular second premolar. The lesion may be 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. a periapical granuloma. a periapical cyst. a chronic periapical abscess. the mental foramen. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. The earliest radiographic sign of occlusal trauma is A. B. C. D. E.. hypercementosis. root resorption. alteration of the lamina dura. widening of the periodontal ligament space. ankylosis.. Which lesion(s) may appear radiographically as multilocular radiolucencies? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Ameloblastoma. Odontogenic myxoma. Primordial cyst. Keratocyst.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. An acute periapical abscess must be associated with 1. 2. 3. 4.. pain. sensitivity to percussion. non-vital tooth. periapical radiolucency.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In radiography, minimum magnification and maximum definition are achieved by A. B. C. D.. minimum OFD (object-film distance) and minimum FFD (focal-film distance). minimum OFD (object-film distance) and maximum FFD (focal-film distance). maximum OFD (object -film distance) and maximum FFD (focal-film distance). maximum OFD (object-film distance) and minimum FFD (focal-film distance).. Which of the following conditions are associated with AIDS? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D.. Acute marginal periodontitis. Hairy leukoplakia. Candidiasis. Geographic tongue. (1) and (2) (1) (2) (3) (1) and (4) All of the above..

(25) Which of the following lesions has a tendency to bleed easily?. Pyogenic granuloma is most frequently found on the. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. Pyogenic granuloma. Osteoma. Fibroma. Papilloma. Lipoma.. White lesions of the oral mucosa may be produced by 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. thickening of the epithelium. increase of the keratinized layers. coagulation by heat or chemicals. mycotic infection. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Aphthous stomatitis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. is considered to be an autoimmune condition. is more frequent in men than in women. may be related to the menstrual cycle. is rarely seen clinically with vesicle formation. is of three to four days duration. (1) (2) (3) (1) (3) (4) (1) (3) (5) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (5). The most common site of intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma is the A. B. C. D.. palate. floor of the mouth. gingiva. buccal mucosa.. tongue. gingiva. buccal mucosa. tonsillar pillars. lips.. A biopsy specimen should 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D.. not be distorted by instruments. be fixed within 30 minutes after removal. be representative of the lesion. be obtained using electrosurgery. (1) only (1) and (4) (1) (2) (3) All of the above.. Intermittent painful swelling in the submandibular region that increases at mealtime is indicative of A. B. C. D. E.. a ranula. a blockage of Wharton's duct. Ludwig's angina. a blockage of Stensen's duct. an epidemic parotitis.. An 80 year old man develops multiple painful skin vesicles along the distribution of the right infraorbital nerve. This is suggestive of A. B. C. D.. psoriasis. herpes zoster. pemphigus vulgaris. candidiasis (candidosis)..

(26) Which of the following anatomic spaces is most likely to be involved as a result of an apical infection of a mandibular third molar? A. B. C. D.. Sublingual. Submandibular. Submental. Submasseteric.. Which of the following is NOT a true cyst? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) and (3) (1) and (4) (1) and (5) (2) and (5) (3) and (5) Dentigerous cyst. Odontogenic keratocyst. Traumatic bone cyst. Radicular cyst. Lateral periodontal cyst.. Multinucleated giant cells are associated with 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. plasmocytoma. odontogenic myxoma. hyperparathyroidism. tuberculosis. osteoclastoma. (1) (3) (4) (2) and (3) (2) and (4) (3) (4) (5) (2) (4) (5). Which of the following is NEVER associated with an impacted tooth? A. B. C. D. E.. Adeno-ameloblastoma. Odontogenic myxoma. Pindborg's tumor. Primordial cyst. Ameloblastoma.. Chronically inflamed submandibular lymph nodes are. Which of the following is/are NOT usually affected by hereditary ectodermal dysplasia?. A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D. E.. soft. not palpable. firm. fixed.. Salivary glands. Teeth. Sweat glands. Hair. Fingernails.. Signs and symptoms of occlusal traumatism are 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. pain. tooth mobility. radiographic evidence of increased periodontal space. loss of pulp vitality. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which of the following is NOT associated with infectious mononucleosis? A. B. C. D. E.. Pharyngitis. Lymphadenopathy. Petechiae of the palate. Gingival enlargement. Fatigue..

(27) The term "carcinoma in situ" implies that the lesion shows A. B. C. D.. metaplasia. early invasion of malignant cells through the basement membrane. dysplasia of cells confined within the epithelium. distant metastasis of a malignant tumour.. The redness of an inflammatory lesion of oral mucosa is due to A. B. C. D. E.. increased number of capillaries. increased size of capillaries. decreased thickness of epithelium. decreased connective tissue elements. All of the above.. An occluded submandibular duct can be diagnosed by A. B. C. D. E.. history. palpation. sialography. occlusal radiographs. All of the above.. A 2cm, discrete, white lesion of the buccal mucosa has not resolved after elimination of all local irritants. The most appropriate management would be to A. B. C. D. E.. cauterize it. apply toluidine blue staining. perform an incisional biopsy. re-examine at 6 month intervals. refer patient to family physician.. Exfoliative cytology is of value in the diagnosis of A. B. C. D. E.. lichen planus. aphthous ulceration. herpes simplex. benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. erythema multiforme.. The most common clinical finding in the diagnosis of an acute periapical abscess is A. B. C. D. E.. mobility of the tooth. pain on percussion. discoloration of the crown. presence of a cellulitis. lymph node enlargement.. A patient presents with a 3.0 cm ulcerated lesion on the lateral border of the tongue. You would. Palpation gives information as to. A. B. C.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. D. E.. excise the entire lesion. do nothing until the ulcer heals. observe for 14 days to see if the ulcer heals. make a smear for cytologic examination. perform an incisional biopsy.. A. B. C. D. E.. induration. tenderness. size. fixation. mobility. (1) (3) (4) (2) and (5) (2) (4) (5) (1) (2) (4) (5) All of the above..

(28) Which one of the following would be of greatest value in determining the etiology of an oral ulceration? A. B. C. D.. History of the oral lesion. Cytological smear. Systemic evaluation. Laboratory tests.. A healthy 38 year old has a 4mm in diameter, well defined radiolucency at the apex of tooth 4.1. The tooth has a normal response to vitality tests. The most appropriate management is A. B. C. D. E.. incision and drainage. extraction. observation. apicoectomy. open the tooth for drainage.. Typical history of a mucocele is A. B. C. D. E.. a slowly growing tumor mass. a pain immediately before eating. a trauma, swelling, rupture, disappearance, recurrence. an ulcerated area on buccal mucosa. frequent bleeding.. Which of the following can be characterized by a narrowing of pulp chambers and root canals? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Aging. Chronic trauma. Dentinal dysplasia. Taurodontism.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Percussion of a tooth is used to evaluate 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. ankylosis. mobility. pain. vitality. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A patient with congestive heart failure may have 1. 2. 3. 4.. epistaxis. shortness of breath. exophthalmos. pitting edema of the ankles.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. An end result of ionizing radiation used to treat oral malignancies of the jaws is A. B. C. D.. deformity. reduced vascularity. increased vascularity. increased brittleness.. Median palatine cysts are classified as A. B. C. D.. developmental. residual. idiopathic. odontogenic..

(29) Resin bonding of composites to acid-etched enamel results in. Which of the following are characteristic symptoms of acute pulpitis?. A.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. Spontaneous throbbing pain. Prolonged pain initiated by heat. Pain on percussion. Increased pain by cold.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. B. C. D.. decreased polymerization shrinkage of the resin. decreased crack formation in the enamel. reduced microleakage. improved wear resistance of the composite.. Lidocaine (Xylocaine) is an example of a local anesthetic which is chemically classified as an A. B. C. D. E.. amide. ester. aldehyde. ethamine. aminide.. A pontic replacing a mandibular first molar should be designed so that it(s) 1. 2. 3.. Management of a patient with an acute periapical abscess should include 1. 2. 3. 4.. elimination of the cause. drainage. supportive therapy. external hot compresses.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In Canada, it is ethical for a dentist to refuse to treat a patient on the basis of the A. B. C. D.. patient’s religious beliefs. patient’s physical handicap. patient’s infectious disease status. complexity of the required treatment.. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. gingival surface is concave and adapts closely to the ridge. has open gingival embrasures. conceals the porcelain to metal junction on its gingival surface. gingival surface is convex in all directions. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which of the following cements can chemically bond to enamel? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Zinc phosphate cement. Polycarboxylate cement. Reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement. Glass ionomer cement.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(30) A patient suddenly becomes pale and sweaty after an injection of 4ml of lidocaine 2% with epinephrine l:l00,000. The radial pulse is slow and steady. The respiration is slow. The blood pressure is 80/60. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. B. C. D. E.. A toxic reaction to lidocaine. A toxic reaction to epinephrine. An allergic reaction to the local anesthetic. Incipient syncope. An impending adrenal insufficiency.. Early signs and symptoms of localized alveolar osteitis (dry socket) include 1. 2. 3. 4.. bleeding. bad odour. pus formation. pain.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Immediately after the extraction of a tooth, which of the following would be CONTRAINDICATED? A. B. C. D. E.. Analgesics. Application of cold. Soft diet. Frequent rinsing of the socket. Rest.. The principles of closed fracture management are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. incision at fracture site. reduction of fracture. debridement of fracture site. immobilization of fracture. restoration of occlusion. (1) (2) (5) (2) (3) (4) (1) (3) (4) (2) (4) (5) (2) (3) (5). A patient dislocates his mandible for the first time. After reduction, you should A. B. C. D.. inject the joint with hydrocortisone. inject the joint with a sclerosing solution. have the patient exercise the mandible to avoid trismus. immobilize for ten days.. Which of the following will impede healing following the surgical closure of an oro-antral fistula? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Poor flap design. Excessive tissue tension. Blowing the nose. Sinus infection.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(31) A periapical infection of a mandibular third molar may spread by direct extension to the. Displacement of fractures is influenced by. 1. 2. 3. 4.. parapharyngeal space. submandibular space. pterygomandibular space. submental space.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A. B. C. D. E.. Which of the following is NOT an indication for the removal of impacted mandibular third molars? A. B. C. D.. Recurrent pericoronitis. Crowding of incisors. Pain. Resorption of the distal aspect of the second molar.. The most likely complication associated with the extraction of an isolated maxillary second molar is A. B. C. D.. a dry socket. nerve damage. fracture of the malar ridge. fracture of the tuberosity.. The surgical risk for a patient with organic heart disease depends upon A. B. C. D. E.. cardiac reserve. blood pressure. respiration. pulse rate. cardiac output.. age. hemorrhage. direction of the blow. muscle attachments. direction of fracture line. (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (4) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) (5). Which of the following may be associated with a fracture of the mandible? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. Diplopia. Malocclusion. Swelling of the orbit. Pain. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A Le Fort I or Guerin fracture is a A. B. C. D. E.. fracture of the zygomatic arch. horizontal fracture of the maxilla. fracture of the malar complex involving the floor of the orbit. pyramidal fracture of the maxilla. cranio-facial dysjunction.. A patient presenting with diplopia, exophthalmos, nasal bleeding and swelling, may suffer from a fracture of the A. B. C. D.. neck of the condyle. body of the mandible. zygomatic bone. maxillary tuberosity..

(32) Bacterial infection may be confirmed by 1. 2. 3. 4.. white blood cell count. hemoglobin level. erythrocyte sedimentation rate. platelet count.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Preoperative evaluation of a healthy patient requiring elective oral surgery in hospital should include 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. a complete history. a physical examination. an oral examination. appropriate radiographic examination. appropriate laboratory tests. (1) (3) (4) (1) (2) (4) (1) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) All of the above.. A physical sign of impending syncope is A. B. C. D.. pallor. elevation of blood pressure. fast pulse. All of the above.. In an acute upper airway obstruction, the entry to the airway on an emergency basis should be made at the A. B. C. D. E.. cricoid cartilage. thyroid notch. thyroid membrane. cricothyroid membrane. first tracheal ring.. For an acute bacterial infection, the most valuable laboratory test(s) is/are the 1. 2. 3. 4.. hemoglobin level. white blood cell count. red blood cell count. culture and sensitivity test.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. In a patient with liver disease, a possible complication is Fractures of the maxilla can best be diagnosed by 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. occlusal radiographs. clinical examination. lateral jaw radiographs. evidence of periorbital edema. anteroposterior radiograph of the skull.. A. B. C. D.. syncope or shock. postoperative infection. prolonged bleeding. allergic reaction to the anesthetic solution.. Ludwig's angina may cause death by A. B. C. D. E.. (1) and (4) (2) and (5) (2) and (3) (2) and (4) All of the above.. A. B. C. D. E.. heart failure. asphyxia. convulsions. paralysis of muscles of respiration. pyemia..

(33) A periapical granuloma is 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D.. radiolucent. painless. neoplastic. inflammatory. (1) and (3) (1) (2) (4) (3) and (4) All of the above.. Extraction of a tooth is CONTRAINDICATED in the dental office for a patient who 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D.. is 4 months pregnant. has a Factor~VIII deficiency. has a cavernous hemangioma adjacent to the tooth. is hypothyroid. had a myocardial infarct two months ago. (1) (2) (4) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (5) (1) (3) (5). It is difficult to obtain satisfactory anesthesia in the presence of infection near the injection site because A. B. C. D.. the swelling causes increased pressure on the nerves. increased blood supply carries the anesthetic solution away too fast. acidity of the infected tissue inhibits action of the anesthetic agent. alkalinity of the infected tissue inhibits action of the anesthetic agent.. Which of the following is best removed by curettage? A. B. C. D. E.. Ameloblastoma. Pleomorphic adenoma. Central giant cell granuloma. Squamous cell carcinoma. Cylindroma.. An accidental injection of diazepam into an artery instead of a vein may cause A. B. C. D. E.. pain on vessel puncture. bright red blood on aspiration. severe pain in the limb extremities. gangrene of the limb. All of the above.. Loss of sensation over the distribution of the inferior dental nerve is a possible complication from 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. removal of an impacted mandibular third molar tooth. removal of a torus mandibularis. an acute osteomyelitis of the mandible. an uncomplicated removal of a mandibular second molar. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(34) Which of the following is directly involved in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin? A. B. C. D. E.. Sodium. Calcium. Fluoride. Potassium. Bicarbonate.. The major stimulator of respiration is A. B. C. D.. low blood pressure. high percentage of blood oxygen. low percentage of blood carbon dioxide. high percentage of blood carbon dioxide.. The majority of nitrous oxide is eliminated from a patient's circulatory system through the In a safe general anesthetic mixture, the MINIMALLY acceptable percentage of oxygen is A. B. C. D. E.. 5 percent. 10 percent. 20 percent. 50 percent. 80 percent.. A. B. C. D. E.. lungs. kidneys. liver enzymes. plasma enzymes. intestinal gas.. Patient nausea during nitrous oxide administration is an indication that the patient A patient is premedicated prior to general anaesthesia in order to 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. lessen metabolic activity. depress reflex irritability. control excess salivation. avoid haemorrhage. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Cardiac arrhythmias are most commonly seen during administration of A. B. C. D.. thiopental. halothane. ethyl ether. nitrous oxide.. A. B. C. D.. is nervous. has not eaten for some time. is allergic to nitrous oxide. has received the nitrous oxide too quickly.. Which of the following nerves are anesthetized by an infraorbital nerve block? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. Zygomatico-temporal. Palpebral. Zygomatico-facial. Lateral nasal. Labial. (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (2) (4) (5). Needle deflection increases as A. B. C. D.. depth of injection increases. needle length increases. needle gauge increases. All of the above..

(35) Increased bleeding is associated with a prolonged administration of 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. Warfarin (Coumadin). codeine. acetylsalicylic acid. acetaminophen. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. The most common complication of a venipuncture is A. B. C. D.. syncope. hematoma. thrombophlebitis. embolus.. Adrenal corticosteroids 1. 2. 3. 4.. cause diabetes. cause retention of sodium and fluid. heighten the immune response. decrease the immune response.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. All of the following drugs are useful in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias EXCEPT A. B. C. D.. digitalis. lidocaine. procainamide. aminophylline.. Tetracyclines Antihistamines act by A. B. C. D.. increasing the action of histaminase. altering the formation of histamine. blocking the actions of histamine by competitive inhibition. interfering with the degradation of histamine.. Which of the following is used in the management of a patient with grand mal seizures? A. B. C. D.. Amobarbital. Secobarbital. Pentobarbital. Phenobarbital.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. have no side effects. may increase susceptibility to superinfections. are safe to use during pregnancy. have a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(36) Which of the following drugs has/have antisialagogue properties? 1. 2. 3. 4.. Codeine. Atropine. Acetylsalicylic acid. Methantheline.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Trismus is most frequently caused by A. B. C. D.. Which of the following statements are correct? 1. 2. 3.. A patient with congestive heart failure may have 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. epistaxis. shortness of breath. rhinophyma. pitting edema of the ankles. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Which valve is most commonly affected by rheumatic heart disease? A. B. C. D.. Aortic. Pulmonary. Tricuspid. Mitral.. tetanus. muscular dystrophy. infection. mandibular fracture.. 4.. A. B. C. D.. Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics are equipotent. Non-narcotic analgesics do not alter consciousness. Non-narcotic analgesics are safer and less toxic. Non-narcotic analgesics produce less side effects. (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (4) (3) and (4) All of the above.. Acetaminophen in therapeutic doses 1. 2. 3. 4.. retards platelet function. has strong anti-inflammatory properties. produces CNS stimulation. has antipyretic properties.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. A therapeutic advantage of penicillin V over penicillin G is. Short-acting barbiturates are metabolized mainly in the. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. greater resistance to penicillinase. broader antibacterial spectrum. greater absorption when given orally. slower renal excretion. None of the above.. liver. kidneys. small intestine. pancreas. spleen..

(37) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) may be characterized by. A major clinical problem of penicillin therapy is its. 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. candidiasis. rapid weight loss and night sweats. extreme malaise, fever or chills. a smooth and red tongue. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. The local anesthetic lidocaine is an A. B. C. D.. amide. ester. aldehyde. acid.. high toxicity. allergenicity. rapid development of tolerance. narrow spectrum of activity. induction of nephritis.. Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of induction during inhalation anesthesia? A. B. C. D. E.. Pulmonary ventilation. Blood supply to the lungs. Hemoglobin content of the blood. Concentration of the anesthetic in the inspired mixture. Solubility of the anesthetic in blood.. Most anaphylactic reactions to penicillin occur During drug-receptor interaction, local anesthetics interfere with the transport of which of the following ions?. 1. 2.. A. B. C. D. E.. Sodium. Calcium. Chloride. Potassium. Magnesium.. All of the following are possible effects of acetylsalicylic acid except A. B. C. D.. reduction of fever. shortening of bleeding time. suppression of inflammatory response. bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.. 3. 4. 5.. A. B. C. D. E.. when the drug is administered parenterally. in patients who have already experienced an allergic reaction to the drug. within minutes after drug administration. when the drug is administered orally. in patients with a negative skin test to penicillin allergy. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

(38) Which of the following statements isçare true regarding acetylcholine?. Tetracycline will cause crown discolouration when prescribed at the age of. 1.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 6 months in utero. 2 years. 7 years. 14 years.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. It is the neurotransmitter at both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. It is rapidly hydrolysed in the body by cholinesterase. It can produce both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. It is the drug of choice as an antidote in atropine poisoning. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Corticosteroids may be used for the management of A. B. C. D. E.. allergy. arthritis. asthma. Addison's disease. All of the above.. Which of the following complications might occur after administration of a local anesthetic agent? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. Convulsions. Nausea. Respiratory depression. Cardiovascular collapse. (1) and (3) (1) (3) (4) (2) and (3) (3) and (4) All of the above.. When used ALONE, which of the following agents will not produce satisfactory anesthesia? Unconsciousness in syncope results from A. B. C. D.. Chloroform. Cyclopropane. Nitrous oxide. Fluothane.. Which of the following would you prescribe for an anxious dental patient with a peptic ulcer? A. B. C. D. E.. Reserpine. Scopolamine. Silica gel. Diazepam. Calcium carbonate.. A. B. C. D.. electrolyte imbalance. neurogenic shock. cerebral hyperemia. cerebral hypoxia.. The most effective drug for relief of angina pectoris is A. B. C. D. E.. morphine. digitalis. quinidine. nitroglycerine. pentobarbital sodium..

(39) The appearance of a rash, itching, bronchoconstriction and fever after the administration of a drug are the result of A. B. C. D.. allergy. tolerance. idiosyncrasy. teratogenicity.. Diazepam (valium) 1. 2. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. is a benzodiazepine. is contraindicated in a patient with glaucoma. is anxiolytic. produces muscle relaxation when given orally. (1) (3) (4) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. Prolonged use of nitrous oxide has been shown to produce 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. 1. 2.. 4.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. that the patient be supine. that the patient have no food or drink for four hours previously. that the patient possess an electrocardiogram. that emergency drugs are available. that oxygen is available. (1) (2) (5) (1) (2) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (4) (5) All of the above.. (1) (2) (3) (1) (4) (5) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (5) None of the above.. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding diazepam?. 3.. For either nitrous oxide analgesia or intravenous sedation using diazepam (Valium) in a healthy adult patient, you would require. abortions in females. cancer in occupationally exposed females. liver disease in occupationally exposed males. birth defects in exposed females. suppression of white blood cells.. A. B. C. D. E.. Its long duration of action is partly due to active metabolites. It does not produce antianxiety effects after intramuscular administration. Intravenous administration is more reliable than oral. Its sedative effect can be reversed by naloxone. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above.. For a patient with cardiovascular disease, local anesthesia A. B. C. D.. affects blood pressure more than general anesthesia. affects blood pressure less than general anesthesia. is responsible for bacteremia. None of the above..

(40) The inorganic ion that is implicated in primary hypertension is A. B. C. D.. sodium. fluoride. potassium. magnesium.. In a standard dental cartridge (carpule) containing 1.8ml 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1/100,000, the amount of vasoconstrictor is A. B. C. D. E.. 18.0 mg. 0.018 mg. 1.8 mg. 0.18 mg. 180.0 mg.. Which of the following can be mistaken on a radiograph for a chronic alveolar abscess? A. B. C. D.. Mental foramen. Cementoma in its early stages. Posterior palatine foramen. All of the above.. The mode of action of the sulfonamides upon susceptible bacteria is by A. B.. Displacement of mandibular fractures is dependent upon. C. D.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E.. direction of fracture line. proprioceptor nerve action. muscle pull. tooth in line of fracture. direction of blow. (1) and (3) (1) (3) (5) (1) (3) (4) (2) (3) (5) All of the above.. Which of the following is the most important factor in the preoperative evaluation of a patient? A. B. C. D.. Medical history. Laboratory data. Electrocardiogram. Pulse and blood pressure.. inhibiting the biosynthesis of paminobenzoic acid. competing for nutrients in the tissue environment of the microorganisms. interfering with the synthesis of cell wall protein. interfering with the synthesis of folic acid.. Which of the following drugs is most addictive? A. B. C. D. E.. Meperidine. Hydromorphone HCl. Morphine sulfate. Oxycodone. Codeine.. Vestibuloplasty is a preprosthetic surgical procedure used to A. B. C. D.. facilitate reliable impression making. provide adequate posterior inter-arch space. allow placement of teeth over the residual ridge. increase the supporting surface area.

(41) An immediate toxic reaction to a local anesthetic administration is A. B. C. D.. deterioration of the anesthetic agent. hypersensitivity to the vasoconstrictor. hypersensitivity to the anesthetic agent. excessive blood level of the anesthetic agent.. The use of aspirating syringes for the administration of local anesthetics is recommended because 1. 2. 3.. 4.. A. B. C. D.. the effectiveness of local anesthesia is increased. aspiration of blood is proof that the needle is in an intravascular location. their use removes the hazard of rapid injection and provides a distinct saving of time. their use reduces the frequency of accidental intravenous injection. (1) and (2) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) All of the above.. Lidocaine (Xylocaine) 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. is a local anesthetic agent. has topical anesthetic properties. is an antiarrhythmic agent. has anticonvulsant properties. (1) and (2) (1) (2) (3) (1) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) All of the above.. Which of the following nerves should be anesthetized for extraction of a maxillary lateral incisor? 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. D. E.. Nasociliary. Nasopalatine. Sphenopalatine. Anterior superior alveolar. (1) and (2) (1) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) (2) and (4) (3) and (4). In a standard inferior alveolar nerve block, which muscle is penetrated by the needle?. Which of the following is the strongest stimulus to respiration?. A. B. C. D. E.. A. B. C. D. E.. Buccinator. Mylohyoid. Superior constrictor. Masseter. Medial (internal) pterygoid.. Decrease in arterial pH. Increase in arterial oxygen. Decrease in arterial oxygen. Increase in arterial carbon dioxide. Decrease in arterial carbon dioxide.. A 57 year old man received 10mg of diazepam intravenously. He becomes unresponsive to verbal stimuli, and his respirations are depressed to 10 per minute. Appropriate treatment is to A. B. C. D.. administer ephedrine. observe the patient. force the patient to drink coffee. support respiration with oxygen..

(42) An infected root is accidentally displaced into the maxillary sinus. Examination of the socket reveals perforation of the sinus lining with an oro-antral communication. Therapy should consist of. Early anoxia is characterized by. 1. 2.. A. B. C. D.. 3. 4.. A. B. C. D. E.. antrostomy for retrieval of root. closure of oro-antral communication and antibiotic coverage. antibiotic coverage and observation. acrylic template to cover socket opening and saline rinses. (1) only (3) only (4) only (1) and (2) (1) and (3). 1. 2. 3.. cyanosis. bradycardia. tachycardia (1) only (1) and (2) (1) and (3) All of the above.. In the treatment of an acute anaphylactic reaction, the first drug that should be administered is A. B. C. D.. hydroxyzine. epinephrine. hydrocortisone. diphenhydramine.. With respect to local anaesthetics, which of the following statements isçare correct? A. B. C. D. E.. Certain nerve fibers are more susceptible. In mixed nerves, sensory fibers are more susceptible. Anaesthetics are marketed as watersoluble acid salts. They are capable of blocking every type of nerve tissue. All of the above.. The chief mechanism by which the body metabolizes short-acting barbiturates is A. B. C. D.. oxidation. reduction. hydroxylation and oxidation. sequestration in the body fats.. When performing a frenoplasty, a minimal amount of anesthetic solution is used to prevent A. B. C. D.. distortion of the tissues. sloughing. rebound bleeding. irritation.. In achieving hemostasis, external cold application produces A. B. C. D.. positive chemotaxis. a transient vasoconstriction. increased vascular permeability. accelerated healing.. Bilateral dislocated fractures of the mandibular condyles result in 1. 2. 3. 4.. anterior open bite. anesthesia of the mental nerves. inability to protrude the mandible. inability to bring the molars into contact.. A. B. C. D. E.. (1) (2) (3) (1) and (3) (2) and (4) (4) only All of the above..

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