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1 Exploring Earth s Interior

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

1 Exploring Earth’ s Interior  Cross Section From Sur face to Center Crust-to-Mantle 

Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

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2 Evidence for Continental Drift

SCIENCE EXPLORERFocus on Earth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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3 Magnetic Stripes Along the Mid-Ocean Ridge

SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Mid-ocean ridge Molten material Mantle

Oceanic crust Rock formed when Earth's magnetic field was r eversed

Rock formed when Earth's magnetic field was normal

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4 Sea-Floor Spreading and Subduction Mid-ocean ridge

ench Tr

Mantle Old oceanic crust melts Magma

Continental crust Oceanic crust

Newly formed oceanic crust Old oceanic crust Sea-floor spr eading

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

5 Earth’ s Lithospheric Plates

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

6 Exploring Plate T ectonics Diverging oceanic plates Converging oceanic plates Converging oceanic and continental plates

Oceanic crust

Continental crust

T rench T rench Mid-ocean ridge Lithospher e Magma Magma Lithospher e

bd Su uctio n z one

Oceanic crust

Converging continental plates Rift valley

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7 Continental Drift Since Pangaea

SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

180–200 million years ago

225 million years ago

135 million years ago

Earth today

65 million years ago

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

8 Shearing, T e nsion, and Compression Befor e str ess Compr ession Tension

Shearing

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

9 Strike-Slip, Normal, and Reverse Faults Strike-slip fault Reverse fault Normal fault

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

10 Earthquakes and Seismic W aves

W a ve dir ection

W a ve dir ection

P W ave S W ave

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science

11 Exploring an Earthquake-Safe House

©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

B. Metal brackets

F. Metal connectors A. L-shaped

brackets

E.

Plywood panels

H. Frame bolted to foundation

G. Water heater strapped to wall

D. Heavy items removed from

walls C. Plywood nailed to

ceiling joists

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

12 Earth’ s Active V o lcanoes

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

1 3 V olcanoes at Converging Boundaries

Sub ductin g

pla te Subducting plate

V olcano

Mid-ocean ridge V olcano

Island ar c

Asthenospher

e

Oceanic crust Continental crust

Tre nch

Tr en ch

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©Prentice-Hall, Inc.SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science

14 Exploring a Volcano

Vent

Side vent

Lava

Magma chamber Crater

Magma

Pipe

Lava flow

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©Prentice-Hall, Inc.SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science

15 Exploring Volcanic Mountains

 Sunset Crater

 Mauna Loa

 Mt. Hood Cinder Cone Volcano

Composite Volcano

Shield Volcano

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

16 Properties and Uses of Minerals

NameMagnetiteQuartzRutile SulfurAzuriteMicrocline Feldspar Hardness676 ⴚ62 3ⴚ46 ColorBlackTransparent or Black or Lemon yellow BlueGreen, red- in a range of reddish brownto yellowish brownbrown, pink, colorsor white StreakBlackColorlessLight brownWhitePale blueColorless Crystal System CubicHexagonalTetragonalOrthorhombicMonoclinicTriclinic LusterMetallicGlassyMetallic or gemlikeGreasyGlassy to dull Glassy or earthy Special PropertiesMagneticNoNoNoReacts to acidNo Density(g/cm3)5.22.64.2–4.32.0–2.13.82.6 UsesA source of iron Used in making Contains titanium,Used in fungicidesA source of Used in pottery used to make steelglass and used in aircraftand industrial copper metalglaze and electronicand carschemicalsscouring powder equipment

1 21 2

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

17 Formation of Mineral Deposits on Ocean Floor Ocean floor

Mineral deposits

Chimney Cold seawater Hot mineral solution Cracks in oceanic crust Magma (heat sour ce)

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

1. Ore mixture added.

2. Ore mixture placed in blast furnace.

3. Chemical changes produce iron and carbon dioxide gas.

4. Iron and slag sink to bottom.

5. Molten iron and slag are poured off.

Coke Heated

air

Slag ladle

Molten iron

Slag Coke-

lime- stone- iron ore mixture

Hot metal car Blast

furnace

Iron ore

and limestone Skip hoist

18 Exploring Smelting Iron Ore

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SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

19 Formation of Sedimentar y Rocks

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20 Exploring the Rock Cycle

SCIENCE EXPLOREREarth Science©Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Metamorphic Rock Magma

Sedimentary Rock

Igneous Rock

References

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