... Foreword ... 17
... Acknowledgments ... 19 ... Introduction ... 21
1 ... Performance Management of an SAP Solution ... 33 1.1 ... SAP Solution Architecture ... 34
1.1.1 ... SAP Solutions and SAP Components ... 34 1.1.2 ... Client/Server Architecture ... 38
1.2 ... Monitoring and Optimization Plan for an SAP Solution ... 45 1.2.1 ... Requirements of a Monitoring and Optimization Plan ... 45 1.2.2 ... Service Level Management ... 49
1.2.3 ... Plan for Continuous Performance Optimization ... 56
1.2.4 ... Tools and Methods for the Monitoring and Optimization Plan ... 60 1.2.5 ... SAP Solution Manager ... 63
1.3 ... Summary ... 69
2 ... Monitoring Hardware, Databases, and SAP Basis ... 73 2.1 ... Basic Terms ... 74
2.2 ... Hardware Monitoring ... 75
2.2.1 ... Analyzing a Hardware Bottleneck (CPU and Main Memory) ... 77 2.2.2 ... Identifying Read/Write (I/O) Problems ... 84
2.2.3 ... Other Checks with the Operating System Monitor ... 85 2.2.4 ... Summary ... 85
2.3 ... Database Monitoring ... 87
2.3.1 ... Analyzing the Database Buffer ... 90
2.3.2 ... Identifying and Analyzing Expensive SQL Statements ... 94 2.3.3 ... Identifying Read/Write (I/O) Problems ... 100
2.3.4 ... Other Database Checks ... 101 2.3.5 ... Summary ... 108
2.4 ... Analyzing SAP Memory Configuration ... 109 2.4.1 ... Analyzing SAP Buffers ... 110
2.4.2 ... Analyzing SAP Extended Memory, SAP Heap Memory, and SAP Roll Memory ... 112 2.4.3 ... Displaying Allocated Memory ... 114
2.4.4 ... Other Monitors in the Memory Configuration Monitor ... 116 2.4.5 ... Summary ... 117
2.5 ... Analyzing SAP Work Processes ... 118 2.5.1 ... Work Process Overview Fields ... 119 2.5.2 ... Analyzing Work Processes ... 121
2.5.3 ... System-Wide Work Process Overview ... 125 2.5.4 ... Monitoring the Dispatcher Queue ... 127 2.5.5 ... Summary ... 127
2.6 ... Analyzing Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Memory Management and Work Processes ... 129 2.6.1 ... Analyzing Garbage Collection ... 129
2.6.2 ... Analyzing Work Processes ... 133 2.6.3 ... Summary ... 137
2.7 ... Analysis of the Internet Communication Manager (ICM) ... 138 2.8 ... Continuous Monitoring Using CCMS ... 139
2.8.1 ... Working with the Alert Monitor ... 140 2.8.2 ... Arranging Monitoring Trees ... 144
2.8.3 ... Arranging Automatic Alert Messaging ... 147
2.8.4 ... Graphical User Interface in SAP Solution Manager ... 147 2.8.5 ... Summary ... 148
2.9 ... Summary ... 148
3 ... Workload Analysis ... 151
3.1 ... Basics of Workload Analysis and Runtime Analysis ... 152 3.1.1 ... ABAP Server Statistics ... 153
3.1.2 ... SAP J2EE Engine Statistics ... 155
3.1.3 ... SAP Strategy for an End-to-End-Workload and Runtime Analysis ... 156 3.2 ... Workload Monitor ... 157
3.2.1 ... Functions and Availability ... 157
3.2.2 ... Working with the Workload Monitor ... 158
3.2.3 ... Technical Settings for the Workload Monitor ... 161 3.3 ... Workload Analysis ... 161
3.3.1 ... Transaction Step Cycle ... 162 3.3.2 ... Interpreting Response Times ... 165 3.3.3 ... Activity, Throughput, and Load ... 168 3.4 ... Performing Workload Analyses ... 169
3.4.1 ... Analyzing General Performance Problems ... 170 3.4.2 ... Analyzing Specific Performance Problems ... 177 3.5 ... Application Monitor ... 181
3.5.1 ... User Profile ... 181
3.5.2 ... Load per SAP Application Module ... 182 3.5.3 ... SAP Buffer ... 183
3.6 ... Central Workload Monitor ... 184
3.7 ... The Java Workload Monitor in SAP Solution Manager and the Introscope Monitor ... 189 3.7.1 ... Working with the Java Workload Monitor in SAP Solution Manager ... 190
3.7.2 ... Working with WebView and the Wily Introscope Workstation ... 192 3.8 ... Performing Workload Analysis for the SAP J2EE Engine ... 194
3.9 ... Summary ... 197
4 ... Identifying Performance Problems in ABAP and Java Programs ... 201 4.1 ... Single-Record Statistics ... 201
4.2 ... Central Single-Record Statistics ... 206 4.3 ... Performance Trace ... 208
4.3.1 ... Activating a Performance Trace ... 209 4.3.2 ... Evaluating an SQL Trace ... 211 4.3.3 ... Other Tools in the SQL Trace ... 215 4.3.4 ... Evaluating a Buffer Trace ... 217 4.3.5 ... Evaluating an RFC Trace ... 218 4.3.6 ... Evaluating an HTTP Trace ... 219 4.3.7 ... Evaluating an Enqueue Trace ... 220
4.4 ... Performance Analysis with ABAP Trace (Runtime Analysis) ... 221 4.4.1 ... Activating an ABAP Trace ... 222
4.4.2 ... Evaluating an ABAP Trace ... 223 4.4.3 ... Using Function Variations ... 224
4.4.4 ... Activating the Runtime Analysis for BSP and Web Dynpro ABAP Applications ... 226 4.4.5 ... Outlook: Single Transaction Analysis ... 227
4.4.6 ... Using Single-Transaction Analysis ... 228
4.5 ... Analyzing Memory Usage with ABAP Debugger and in the Memory Inspector ... 230 4.6 ... Code Inspector ... 234
4.7 ... Introscope Trace ... 236
4.8 ... End-to-End Runtime Analysis in SAP Solution Manager ... 238 4.8.1 ... Activating the Runtime Analysis ... 238
4.8.2 ... Displaying an End-to-End Runtime Analysis in SAP Solution Manager ... 241 4.9 ... Summary ... 242
5 ... Hardware Sizing and System Distribution ... 247 5.1 ... Initial Hardware Sizing ... 248
5.1.1 ... Overview of the Project for Initial Sizing ... 249 5.1.2 ... Implementing a Sizing Project in Detail ... 255 5.1.3 ... SAP Standard Application Benchmarks ... 258
5.2 ... Sizing to Deal with Increased Workload, Change of Release, or Migration ... 263
5.2.1 ... Overview of a Sizing Project in the Environment of an Installation that is Already Used ... 263
5.2.2 ... Implementing Sizing in the Environment of Installations Used in Production ... 265 5.3 ... Planning the System Landscape ... 272
5.3.1 ... Distribution of SAP Application Instances ... 273 5.3.2 ... Hardware Consolidation ... 274
5.3.3 ... System and Database Consolidation ... 276 5.4 ... Summary ... 278
6 ... Workload Distribution and Interfaces ... 281
6.1 ... Services of the SAP NetWeaver Application Server ... 282 6.2 ... Load Distribution Within the ABAP Application Instances ... 288
6.2.1 ... Distributing Message, Enqueue, and ATP Services ... 290
6.2.2 ... Distributing Dialog, Background, and Spool Work Processes ... 290 6.2.3 ... Distributing Users and Work Processes over CPU Resources ... 291 6.2.4 ... Dynamic User Distribution: Configuring Logon Groups ... 294 6.2.5 ... Limiting Resources per User ... 297
6.2.6 ... Planning Operation Modes ... 298 6.2.7 ... Update ... 298
6.3 ... Remote Function Calls (RFCs) ... 306 6.3.1 ... Concepts ... 306
6.3.2 ... RFC Cycle ... 308
6.3.3 ... Configuring and Testing RFC Destinations ... 311 6.3.4 ... Monitoring Inbound and Outbound Loads ... 315
6.3.5 ... Configuring Parallel Processes with Asynchronous RFCs ... 320 6.3.6 ... Monitoring Data Transfer with Transactional RFCs ... 320 6.4 ... SAP Virtual Machine Container ... 322
6.5 ... Summary ... 324
7 ... SAP GUI and Internet Connection ... 329 7.1 ... SAP GUI ... 329
7.1.1 ... Interaction Model and Measuring Performance ... 330
7.1.2 ... Analyzing and Optimizing the Performance of GUI Communication ... 333 7.2 ... SAP NetWeaver Application Server ... 338
7.2.1 ... Planning the Use of Web UI and the SAP GUI ... 340 7.2.2 ... HTTP Trace in the Internet Communication Manager ... 341 7.3 ... Analyses on the Presentation Server ... 342
7.3.1 ... Presentation Server Trace for Web Applications ... 343 7.3.2 ... Operating System Performance Tools ... 346
7.3.3 ... Continuously Monitoring Web Applications ... 347 7.4 ... Internet Transaction Server ... 348
7.4.1 ... ITS Fundamentals ... 348 7.4.2 ... Configuring ITS ... 352
7.4.3 ... ITS Administration Tools ... 356
7.4.4 ... Performing a Bottleneck Analysis for the ITS ... 356
7.5 ... Business Server Pages (BSPs), Web Dynpro for ABAP, and Integrated ITS ... 357 7.5.1 ... Fundamentals of Business Server Pages and Web Dynpro for ABAP ... 357 7.5.2 ... Fundamentals of the Integrated ITS ... 361
7.5.4 ... Implementing the Performance Analysis of ABAP Web Services (BSPs, Web Dynpro for ABAP, and ITS Applications) ... 363
7.5.5 ... Monitoring Web Service Calls ... 366
7.6 ... JavaServer Pages and Web Dynpro for Java ... 367
7.6.1 ... Fundamentals of the SAP J2EE Engine, Portal, and Web Dynpro for Java ... 367 7.6.2 ... Analyzing Java Applications ... 370
7.7 ... Summary ... 370
8 ... Memory Management ... 375
8.1 ... Memory Management Fundamentals ... 375 8.1.1 ... Basic Terms ... 376
8.1.2 ... SAP Roll Memory, SAP Extended Memory, and SAP Heap Memory ... 378 8.1.3 ... SAP EG Memory and SAP Paging Memory ... 387
8.2 ... Configuring and Monitoring SAP Memory Areas ... 389 8.2.1 ... Monitoring Swap Space ... 391
8.2.2 ... Address Space Restrictions (32-Bit and 64-Bit Architecture) ... 393 8.2.3 ... Configuring and Monitoring SAP Memory Areas ... 399
8.2.4 ... Assistance with Troubleshooting ... 403 8.3 ... Summary ... 409
9 ... SAP Buffering ... 413
9.1 ... Preliminary Remarks Concerning Chapters 9, 10, and 11 ... 415 9.2 ... Table Buffering Fundamentals ... 416
9.2.1 ... Buffering Types ... 416 9.2.2 ... Buffer Accessing ... 419 9.2.3 ... Buffer Synchronization ... 420 9.2.4 ... Activating Buffering ... 424
9.2.5 ... Which Tables Should Be Buffered? ... 425 9.3 ... Monitoring Table Buffering on the ABAP Server ... 428
9.3.1 ... Table Access Statistics ... 429 9.3.2 ... Analyzing Buffered Tables ... 432
9.3.3 ... Analyzing Tables that Are Currently Not Buffered ... 437 9.3.4 ... Detailed Table Analysis ... 439
9.3.5 ... Monitoring Buffer Synchronization (DDLOG Entries) ... 442 9.3.6 ... SQL Statistics and SQL Trace ... 443
9.4 ... Monitoring the Table Buffering on the SAP J2EE Engine ... 444 9.5 ... Monitoring Object-Oriented Application Buffers ... 447
9.6 ... Summary ... 452 10 ... Locks ... 455
10.1 ... Database Locks and SAP Enqueues ... 455 10.1.1 ... Exclusive Lock Waits ... 456
10.1.2 ... SAP Enqueues ... 457 10.2 ... Monitoring Locks ... 459
10.2.1 ... Exclusive Lock Waits ... 459 10.2.2 ... SAP Enqueues ... 463 10.3 ... Number Range Buffering ... 465
10.3.1 ... Fundamentals of Number Range Buffering ... 465 10.3.2 ... Activating Number Range Buffering ... 469 10.3.3 ... Monitoring Number Range Buffering ... 470 10.4 ... ATP Server ... 471
10.4.1 ... ATP Server Fundamentals ... 472 10.4.2 ... Configuring the ATP Server ... 474 10.4.3 ... Monitoring the ATP Server ... 476 10.5 ... Summary ... 477
11 ... Optimizing SQL Statements ... 479
11.1 ... Identifying and Analyzing Expensive SQL Statements ... 480 11.1.1 ... Preliminary Analysis ... 480
11.1.2 ... Detailed Analysis ... 483
11.2 ... Optimizing SQL Statements Through Secondary Indexes ... 487 11.2.1 ... Database Organization Fundamentals ... 487
11.2.2 ... Administration for Indexes and Table Access Statistics ... 498 11.2.3 ... Reorganizing Tables and Indexes ... 503
11.2.4 ... Rules for Creating or Changing Secondary Indexes ... 505 11.3 ... Optimizing SQL Statements in the ABAP Program ... 514
11.3.1 ... Rules for Efficient SQL Programming ... 514
11.3.2 ... Example of Optimizing an SQL Statement in an ABAP Program ... 519 11.3.3 ... Presetting Field Values in Report Transactions ... 529
11.4 ... Expensive SQL Statements Due to Incorrect Buffer Settings and Administration Tools ... 534 11.5 ... Summary ... 536
12 ... Optimizing Queries to SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse ... 541 12.1 ... Fundamentals of SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse ... 542
12.1.1 ... Overview of the Most Important Concepts in SAP NetWeaver BW ... 542 12.1.2 ... InfoCube and Extended Star Schema ... 546
12.1.3 ... Overview of the Options for Performance Optimization ... 555 12.1.4 ... Overview of the SAP NetWeaver BW Administration Tools ... 558 12.2 ... Analysis of Expensive BW Queries ... 560
12.3 ... Technical Optimization Options in Detail ... 566 12.3.1 ... Managing Indexing ... 568
12.3.2 ... Settings on Data Selection ... 574 12.3.3 ... Compressing the Fact Table ... 575 12.3.4 ... Monitoring the OLAP Cache ... 576 12.3.5 ... Precalculation of Reports ... 580 12.3.6 ... Aggregates ... 582
12.4 ... Summary ... 592
13 ... Optimizing Search Queries Using TREX ... 595
13.1 ... Fundamentals and Architecture of TREX Considering Performance Aspects ... 596 13.1.1 ... Data Compression in TREX ... 597
13.1.2 ... Search Techniques ... 599 13.1.3 ... Architecture of TREX ... 601
13.1.4 ... Specific Characteristics of SAP NetWeaver BW Accelerator ... 605 13.1.5 ... Overview of TREX Administration Tools ... 607
13.2 ... Implementing the Performance Analysis on TREX ... 609 13.2.1 ... Monitoring the Utilization of the TREX Servers ... 610 13.2.2 ... Creating and Evaluating the Python Trace ... 615 13.3 ... Technical Optimization Options in Detail ... 616
13.3.1 ... Dividing Indexes ... 617 13.3.2 ... Reorganizing TREX ... 618 13.3.3 ... Using Delta Indexes ... 619
13.3.4 ... Using Master and Slave Index Servers ... 621 13.3.5 ... Configuring Queue Servers ... 624
13.3.6 ... Distributing the Preprocessing (Configuring the Preprocessor) ... 627 13.4 ... Indexing InfoCubes in SAP NetWeaver BW Accelerator ... 629
13.5 ... Summary ... 634 ... Appendices ... 639
A.2 ... Overview of the Times in Statistics Records and Workload Monitor ... 648 A.3 ... Checklists ... 650
B ... Database Monitors, Buffers, and SQL Execution Plans ... 663 B.1 ... IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows ... 665
B.2 ... IBM DB2 for IBM i ... 670 B.3 ... IBM DB2 for z/OS ... 674
B.4 ... IBM Informix Dynamic Server ... 676 B.5 ... SAP MaxDB ... 680
B.6 ... Oracle ... 686
B.7 ... Microsoft SQL Server ... 686
B.8 ... Execution Plans for SQL Statements ... 689
B.9 ... Local Database Monitors and SQL Trace in the SAP J2EE Engine ... 711 C ... Performance-Relevant Configuration Parameters and Key Figures ... 715
C.1 ... ABAP Server ... 715
C.2 ... Internet Communication Manager ... 728
C.3 ... Java Virtual Machine and SAP J2EE Engine ... 730 C.4 ... Java Virtual Machine Container (VMC) ... 731
C.5 ... Internet Transaction Server (Integrated Version) ... 732 C.6 ... Internet Transaction Server (Independent Installation) ... 732 C.7 ... Operating System ... 734
C.8 ... Database ... 735
D ... Selected Transaction Codes ... 737 E ... Review Questions and Answers ... 741
E.1 ... Chapter 2 ... 741 E.2 ... Chapter 3 ... 743 E.3 ... Chapter 4 ... 745 E.4 ... Chapter 5 ... 746 E.5 ... Chapter 6 ... 747 E.6 ... Chapter 7 ... 748 E.7 ... Chapter 8 ... 749 E.8 ... Chapter 9 ... 750 E.9 ... Chapter 10 ... 751 E.10 ... Chapter 11 ... 752 E.11 ... Chapter 12 ... 754 E.12 ... Chapter 13 ... 756 F ... Glossary ... 757 G ... Information Sources ... 767 ... Index ... 781
