BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

BOSTON

PUBLIC

LIBRARY

Digitized

by

the

Internet

Archive

in

2012

with

funding

from

Central

Boston

BOSTCU

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LIBRARY

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APR

2 6 2000

Open

Space

Plan 2000

Renewing

the

Legacy

... Fulfilling the Vision

City

of

Boston

Parks

&

Recreation

Department

Thomas

M.

Menino

Mayor

Justine

M.

Liff

Commissioner

of

Parks

&

Recreation

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

The

Setting

History

Included withinthe

BRA-designated

Central Boston neighborhooddiscussed

here are the

downtown

financialdistrict,

Government

Center, the BullfinchTriangle and the discrete residentialareas ofthe

North

End,

West

End, the Waterfront

and

Chinatown.

Originally

known

as the

Shawmut

peninsula, thecity's civic,

commercial

and

financial core hasbeen locatedatthesite of

the

modern-day

downtown

Boston since thecity's founding.

The

Old

StateHouse,

atthejunction ofStateand

Washington

Streets,

had

servedas thecenterofpublic

lifesince the 1

7

th

century.

The

original

Faneuil Hall

was

built in 142;today with

the renovationof

Quincy Market

asa

pedestrianizedpublicspaceofrestaurants

andretail shops,theareaisamajortourist

draw. Christopher

Columbus

Park, located

between

themarket

and

the waterfront,

provides passiverecreation fortourists

and

North

End

residents alike.

Throughout

the 1

8

th

century,

increasing

development

resulted indense

street patterns encircling FortHill

and

eventuallyreachingthe

Boston

Common.

Fort Hill,however,

was

leveled in 1872,

the

same

year afire destroyed

much

of

downtown

Boston.

Now

most

ofthe

financial district'soffice towers arelocated

inthe area.

The

recentlycompletedPost

Office Squareprovides critical

open

space

inthisotherwise extremely congestedarea.

The

parkitselfistheproductofa public-privatepartnershipandexemplifies the

advantages ofcorporateabutters

participating inthe

management

ofpublic

spaces inthe

downtown

core.

A

majorinfluenceinthe

growth

of

downtown

Boston has beenthe

development

ofits harbor.

At

the

beginning ofthe 18th century, Boston's

position asa prominent maritime

community

was

secured with the

additionof

Long Wharf

and the

buildingofnearly

40

wharves,

more

than a

dozen

shipyardsand six

ropewalks.

With

thedeclineofthe

shipping industryin the early 1900s,

Boston's

wharves began

to be

abandoned, with

many

buildings

remaining vacantuntil the 1950s

when

the Central Artery

was

constructed.

Today,

wharf

renovationand urban

renewal have created Boston's newest

mixed

use district. Harborwalk, a

continuouspedestrianpathalong the

water's edge

from

the South Station

areato the

North

End, links all the

publicly accessible

open

spaces along

the waterfront, including thoseat

Rowes

Wharf.

During urban renewalthe

dilapidated ScollySquare area

was

leveledto

make

space fora

new

Government

Center, consistingof

buildingsto

accommodate

expanding

city, state

and

federal offices.

Ann

1

1-acrebrick-pavedplaza in frontofthe

new

City Hall

was

builtasthe centerof

thiscomplex.

The

plazais regularly

used for concerts,political rallies

and

a

farmer's market.

The

Bulfinch

Triangle isthe interface

between

Government

Centerand the

Boston

Garden/NorthStationcomplex.

So

calledbecause ofCharles Bulfinch'

s

streetplanfora triangulararea created

by

the 19th centuryfilling-inofthe

marshy North

Cove, itconsists of

warehouse

structures

now

rapidlybeing

converted for office uses.

Originally ahilly pasture,the

North

End, one of Boston'soldest

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

thousands ofimmigrants. Inthe early

1800s

came

the Irish

who

built

mansions

and cottages abuttingthe narrow streets

and alleys

which

to this daydistinguish the

North

End

from the restofthe city.

Italians

came

in large

numbers

in 1890s

and since thenthe areahasbeen largely

Italian. In the 1950s, withthe building

of

the Central Artery, the North

End became

isolated

from

the

downtown

area.

The

neighborhoodcontains several sites

which

are

on

the

Freedom

Trailand local

residentshave accepted the resulting influx

oftourists. In fact,the

number

of

restaurantsand retail shops have gradually

increasedoverthe years.

The

coming two

decadeswill

transformthecharacterof

downtown

Boston

again.

Major

factors in that

transformation includethecompletion

of

wharf

restoration,theon-going linkageof

the

Harborwalk

system,andthe depression

ofthe CentralArtery.

The

Central Artery

depression willcreate both alinearpark

and

a

new

surfaceboulevard-style

thoroughfare.

Chinatown

Chinatown/South

Cove

is located

on

landfill built

on

tidal flatsto provide

additionalhousing inthe early 1800sfor

Boston's expanding middle-class

population. Inthe 1840s,thisarea's

original residents

began

to

move

outofthe

city.

Newcomers

were

mainly Chinese,

Irish,Italian,Jewish,and Syrian

immigrants

who

convertedthe

homes

to

multi-unittenements.

Non-residential usesdeveloped

on

theedgesof

Chinatown

suchas South

Station, the railroad linesservingit,

and

the

elevatedline along

Washington

Street,

constructedin 1899.

Many

tenements

were

razedforexpansion ofthegarment

industry. After

World

War

II, Chinese

restaurants and specialty shops

began

to

occupy

ground floors ofresidential

buildings and a touristindustry began

to evolve.

Subsequently,

many

more

housing units

were

lostdue to urban

renewal programs. Creationofthe

Southeast

Expressway

and the

MassachusettsTurnpike, and an

increase in traffic along Essex Street,

isolated the Chinese residents inthe

South

End

from

those in South Cove.

Old rowhouses were

replaced with

institutional-scalebuildings and

high-rise housingtowers.

Community

isolationincreased furtherfollowing

the 1974 creationofthe

"Combat

Zone"

adultentertainmentdistrict.

Thisperceptually cutoff

Chinatown

from

the Central Business District as

well as

from Boston

Common

andthe

Public Garden.

Today,

Chinatown

exists

on

approximatelyone-halftheland

mass

it

once had,with a populationthat tripled

between

1950

and

1987.

The

1990s

will becrucial yearsfor the

neighborhoodinterms ofpressures

from

without

and

within.

The

Combat

Zone

is

now

a fading

memory.

The

major

development

known

as the

Milleniumproject isa

mixed

use

residential/hotel/commercial and

entertainment project thatisexpectedto

increase the

downtown

business

and

residentialpopulation tothewest

and

northof Chinatown. Gains

and

losses

to

open

land

on

the east andsouth of

Chinatown

are possiblewith

transportation projectsstill inthe

design orplanning stage:

The

Central

Artery/Third

Harbor

Tunnel project, the

South StationTransportationCenter

andthe

development

ofairrights over

Central

Boston

The Neighborhoods

Meanwhile,

the

community

struggles to provide housing for

new

immigrants, growing familyand elderly

populations and non-Asians attractedby

the proximityto

downtown

Boston.

Environment

Geology,

Soils,

and

Topography

Along

with the

Back

Bay

and

Fenway/Kenmore

neighborhoods, Central

Boston

is

among

the

most

geologically

altered places

on

Earth.

The

original

Shawmut

Peninsulaoccupied less than half

the area covered today. Underlain

by

a

deeply buried formation of

Cambridge

Argillite, the natural landscape

was

comprised of several prominent hills and

rolling valleys connected to the mainland

by

a

narrow

spit.

These

hills

-

Fort Hill,

Copps

Hill,

Beacon

Hill,

Pemberton

Hill,

and

Mount

Vernon

-

were

made

primarily

of

unstratified glacial till

and

molded

into

the characteristic streamlined

drumlin-shape

by

the Wisconsin glacier about

18,000 years ago.

Of

these, only a

shortened

Beacon

Hill remains as a

recognizable landform. All the rest

were

leveled to fill the

Back Bay

and large

expanses ofthe

Harbor

shoreline.

The

valleys contained sand

and

gravel

deposited

and

sorted

by

glacial meltwater

and

overland drainage. Low-lying areas

adjacent to the

Harbor

and

the Charles

River Estuary contain both marine and

freshwatersilt,deposited in stratifiedlayers

coincident with changing sea levels over

thepast 10,000years.

Environmental

and

Scenic

Resources

Central Boston's

major

natural resource

asset is its proximityto

Boston

Harbor

and

the Charles River Basin.

Boston Harbor

is

the city's

most

diverse habitat for fish.

This is _{probably one of}the

few

habitats

of any kind in the city that supports a

generally native wildlife population.

This is also a major recreational

resource for sport fishing, along with

otherwater-dependant activities.

The

commercial

aspect of fishing,

though integrally tied to the historic

economic

development

of Boston, is

almost completely limited to charter

boats and other activity supporting

sport fishermen.

The most

significant

fin fisheries in Boston

Harbor

are striped bass, winter flounder, cod.

mackerel, bluefish, and monkfish.

Otherimportant species are pout, hake,

dogfish,

menhaden,

and killifish.

The

recent clean-up of

Boston

Harbor has

greatly

improved

the habitat for all

marine wildlife, though populations of

several fish species are still imperiled

by

over-fishing

and

degradedhabitats.

The

Charles River Basin provides

additional water-related recreational

opportunities

and

aquatic habitat. Fish

ladders atthe Charles River

Dam

allow

some

anadromous

species to reach

freshwaterbreedingareas,

most

notably

Atlantic herring.

The

Basin is also an

important feeding

and

resting area for

wintering waterfowl.

Demographics/Housing

Like

much

oftherestof Boston, this

areaexperienced a rapid declinein its

residential populationafterthe

Second

World

War.

Itfinally stabilized in the

1980s

due

to anincreasing in-migration

of

young

professionals looking for

'walk-to-work' residential

accommodation.

For example,

by

the

1920s,withthe lasttenements

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

End

alone.

The

1980 census

showed

a

populationtotal of about9,000.

The

1990

populationtotal inthe North

End

sub-neighborhood

showed

an increaseto atotal

of10,935.

Of

course, thedaytimepopulation

ofthe neighborhood swells, asclose to

200,000 persons

come

to

work

at

downtown

offices. In addition,thousands

oftouristsand businessvisitors

swarm

the

downtown

area.

The

median

age(per the 1

990

census) ishigh(36.1)

compared

tothe

city-wide

figure (30.4),with very

few

persons

under 25 yearsof age

(19.9%

in Central

Boston

vs.

36.3%

inthecity asawhole).

This neighborhoodhas alarge elderly

population

(17.5%

forCentral

Boston

versus 11

.5%

forthe city asawhole),

including

many

ofItalian ancestry.

Multi-familyhousingdominatesthe

residential sectionsofCentral Boston.

High-riseresidentialtowers

now

make

up

theformer

West

End

inadditionto the

Harbor

Towers

and

Rowes

Wharf

complexes

on

the waterfront.

The

North

End

and

theWaterfront districts

now

have

many

newly

converted

condominiums; and

buildingtypically have

mixed

useswith

shops

on

theground floor.

Chinatown

While

city-wide,

33%

of

Boston'sresidents

are immigrants,inChinatown,

66%

were

bornabroad.

The

populationof 5,000 is

91%

Chinese

—

from

themainland,

Hong

Kong

and

Taiwan. Vietnamese,

Cambodians and

otherAsians accountfor

another

2%.

Sixof everytenhouseholds

are families.

Of

all families,

48%

have

childrenliving with

them

and

21%

ofthe

childrenareage fiveoryounger. Also,

41%

ofthefamiliesincludeatleastone

elder, and 1

8%

have

two

ormore.

Compared

tothecity asawhole,

Chinatown

has

more

families, children andelderly residents. According to

available data (1987),

42%

of

Chinatown

household

incomes

earned

below

$10,000 per year, whileonly

seven percent reported

income above

$20,000. This

compares

to acity-wide

median income

(1985) of $2 1,031

:

That is,

50%

_{of Boston's households}

earned

more

than $21,031.

The

many

3- to 5-story brick,

19thcenturyresidential buildingsare

characterized

by

shops and restaurants

on

theground floor. Laterand larger

loft buildingsframethedistrict

on

Beach

Street,

Hudson

Street,

Kneeland

Street

and

Harrison

Avenue.

In 1980,

the area's

median

housing value

was

87%

greaterthanthe citymedian.

Over

95%

ofChinatown'sresidential units

arerental. Chinatown,

by most

measures of housing

and

population

density, ranksthe highestfor

overcrowding

among

Boston's

neighborhoods. In 1985, households in

Chinatown

averaged 3.6persons

compared

to 2.5persons city-wide.

Unitsharing

by

familiesand adults is

common

with

25%

ofunitscontaining

fiveor

more

people;

94%

ofthese

same

unitshave only one

bedroom.

When

thepopulationtripled

from

1950 to

1987, theproductionof housing units

during thisperiodonly increasedthe

existing stock

by

half.

The

Open

Space

System

Today

Equity

and

Investment

Incomparison withtherestofthecity,

theCentral

Boston

areais _underserved

interms

of open

spaceavailable to

local residents.

With

atotalofslightly

lessthan

56

acresofpublicly accessible

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

this

open

space

must

catertothe outdoor

needs

of

the local population (21,700 in

Central Boston per 1

990

Census)as well as

those ofoffice-goersandtourists. For

Central Boston, there are 2.6 acresof

public

open

space forevery thousand

persons, substantially

below

both the ratio

for

most

otherresidential areas in

Boston

and the overallratio forthe cityof5.5

acres perthousand residents. Yetin

accordance withtheSouth

End

Open

Space

Study

by

the

Boston Urban

Gardeners

(198?), aratio of2.5 acres perthousand

population isappropriate forinnercore

urban neighborhoods likeCentral Boston.

The

Boston

Parks

and

Recreation

Department

has

made

capital

improvements

to all its majorfacilities in the

North

End, including Langone,

Puopolo, Polcari

and

Cutillo playgrounds,

expending almost

two

milliondollars in a

five-year periodstarting

from

1987(see

table).

The

Paul Revere Mall, a

Freedom

Trail

Landmark,

was

substantially

improved. In additiontothe

above

expenditures,

many

other

improvements

were

made

topublic placesthroughout the

Central

Boston

area,

by

publicsector

entitiesas well asthroughpublic-private

partnerships likethe

one

which

builtthe

ParkatPost Office Square.

Assessment

The

pedestrian environmentinCentral

Boston

benefits

from

its context; theareais

at

once

thecivic, historic

and

economic

core

of

thecity. Accordingly, its

open

spacesprovide arich diversity

of

experiences.

While

existing squares,

pedestrianmalls, passiveseatingareas

and

plazas arewell distributed,theyneed tobe

linkedina comprehensible

manner

—

for

example,thewaterfrontshould beeasily

accessible

from

Post Office Square

and

City Hall Plaza.

Comprehensive programs

to ensure theperpetual maintenance

of

all existing and proposed public spaces have notyet been instituted. There

continuesto be alack ofindoor public

gardens foryear-round use and for the

useofday-care centers.

On

the other hand, the

residential population located along the

waterfrontand inthe

North

End

urgentlyrequires

new

_playgroundsto

accommodate

current

demands.

Also

limited are the neighborhood's indoor

recreation areas, critical spaces inthese

dense areas, especially during the

wintermonths.

Finally, theelevated Central

Artery

now

severely limitsaccess to the

waterfront, both

from

the financial

districtand

Government

Center.

The

proposed depressionofthe artery will

eliminatethe

problem

inthe

coming

decade.

Inaddition to

Gateway

Park,

Chinatown

possesses several other

open

spaces.

Oak

Street has asmall

community

garden.

On

Tai

Tung

Street, a small passive area

was

recently transferred

from

the

BRA

to

theParks

Department

afterbenches

were

removed

to discourage vagrancy.

Oxford

Streethasapocketpark.

Both

Tai

Tung

Village

and

Mass

Pike

Towers

have courtyards.

Acorn

Day

Care Center has atotlot. StatlerPark,

Lincoln Square andEliot

Norton

Park

accountfor

an

additional 1.3 acres,but

theyare sharedwiththegreater

downtown

community.

Pagoda

Park, across

Kneeland

Street tothe south, addsanother 1.47

acres withthreecourtsand a

modest

amount

of greenspace.

Due

to

Pagoda

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

teenagers.

Owned

bythe Massachusetts

TurnpikeAuthority,

Pagoda

Park's

contribution toChinatown's recreational

opportunities willbe disrupted

by

its use

during theConstructionofthe South

Station TransportationCenter busramps.

Squeezed

within the

downtown

area,

Chinatown

is a

community

with

extremely challenging land use

demands,

very little greenspace and

few

public

recreational facilities. There are

compelling needsfor additionalpassive

and

active recreationalareas forextended

family groups, including

young

children,

adolescents andthe elderly.

In

Chinatown

there is

no

public park

which

contains achildren'splay area

except for

Gateway

Park. Similarly, there

isvirtually

no

publicplace forthe elderly

to congregate

which

is safe, secure and

easily accessible.

When

vagrantsdominate

Gateway

Park,

most

community

users stay

away. Forsecurityreasons,

management

authorities

must

controltheuse offacilities

inthehousing complexes.

Pagoda

Parkserves teens almost

exclusively becauseithastheonlypublic

ballcourtsin thearea

and

becauseit is

locatednexttoa

highway

ramp

and across

a

major

thoroughfare

from Chinatown

proper. Pendingtransportation projects will limit

Pagoda

Park'saccessibility. Yet

the potential exists for

new

recreationand

open

space facilities arising

from

these

same

transportation projects.

Other

open

space near

Chinatown

is

sharewithothercommunities.

These

includeStatlerParks

and

Lincoln Square,

which

aregreenbutquite small,andEliot

Norton

Park,

which

isnot usablein its

presentcondition. Therearethe75 acres

of

Boston

Common

andthePublic

Gardens, separated

from

Chinatown by

the

Combat Zone

and serving virtually all

of Boston's residents and

many

ofits

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

The

Next

Five Years

While

characterized

by

matureand well-integrated public spaces, Boston's

historical inner core has only 56acres

of

open

space, a quarter

of

which

are

hard-scapedplazas, malls, and squares.

However,

future generationsofNorth End,

Bay

Village, and

Chinatown

residents,

tourists,

and

downtown

office workers

stand to benefit

from

aradically

transformedpublic realmonce boththe

new

Central Arteryandthe Massachusetts

Turnpike AirRightsare realized.

A

diversityof

open

space types should be

created inthesecorridors withdiscrete

connectionstothe neighborhoodsandthe

waterfront(inthe spiritofthe

"walk-to-the-sea" concept)and in

tandem

with

supportiveland uses.

However,

sucha

visionshould be informed

by

astudy ofthe

feasibility

of

maintaining andoperatingthe

parkland.

Goals

&

Opportunities

North

End

•

Use

adjacent Central Arteryair-rights

parcels foraneighborhoodpark, indoor

courtfacilities,

and

supportingpocket

parks inaccordancewiththe

recommendations

ofthe

BRA's

report

Boston 2000:

a Plan

for the Central

Artery.

•

Seek

from

all proposeddevelopments

on

Sargent'sand

Lewis

Wharves

a

commitment

toprotectthewaterinthe

vicinity

of

theirprojects

from

pollution,

and

to providepublic access as

determined

by

abutters andthe local

community.

•

Complete

the

Harborwalk

alongthe

North

End

piers

and examine

the

possibilityof dockingsmall craftfor

community

use along

Puopolo

or

Langone

Parks.

Develop

a

permanent

location for the

Haymarket

by utilizing the

reorganizationofstreets and parcels

proposed through theCentral

Artery improvements.

Downtown

Develop

the

new

Artery corridoras

a

new

boulevard and linear

parklandwith a

minimum

of

75%

open

space. Support the

recommendations

inthe

BRA

reportBoston 2000:

A

Plan forthe

CentralArtery.

Enhance

the 'Walk-to-the-Sea'

concept (from the State

House

to

Long

Wharf

along State Street)

withthe creation

of

adestination

use

on

the relevant

new

Central

Arteryparcel.

Selectparcels

from

the

new

artery

corridorand

from

the

Midtown

Cultural District todevelop a

system of"wintergardens"

-

indoor

open

spaces

-

foryear-round public

activity.

Develop

underutilizedpocketsof land in

Dewey

Square for

open

spaces inthe financialdistrict

similarto the FiveCents Plaza and

Angell Memorial/Post Office

SquareParks.

Create alink

from

the

Rowes

Wharf

plazato the FortHill

financial district

by

developing a

formal garden

between

the

InternationalPlace

and

Rowes

The Neighborhoods

Central

Boston

Preserve currently unrealized

open

land

in the

Midtown

District for the creation

ofpublicspaces

which complement

cultural activities,and

which

ensure

livelyuse day andnight.

Develop open

space maintenance

mechanisms

based

on

theParkat Post

Office Square

model

fortheperpetual

stewardship of

downtown

parks.

Adopt

sliver

open

spaces, suchas

medians, through maintenance and

management

agreementswith

tenants inadjacent building.

Protect the "public rights-of-way"

atthe

Aquarium

and the

Harbor

Towers

during utility relocation to

be

done by

MHD

as part ofthe

Central Arteryproject.

Community

Priorities

North

End

•

Use

targeted capital

improvement

funds

forDeFilippo Playground withthe

new

designto be determined through a

community

process.

Implement

atree planting

program

in

downtown

area withcorporate

fundingand support.

• Provide Paul RevereMall (Prado)with

better

management

andinstall signs to

enforce the

dog

ordinance. Install

additional facilities forthe elderly

and

explorereopeningofthecomfort

station.

•

Improve

security for

North

End

parks

throughlighting,

programmed

year-longuses,signage, and, atPolcari, the

construction

of

bollardstoeliminate

motorcycleaccess.

• Determinethe future

of

theFoster

StreetPlayground

which

iscurrently

usedas a parkinglot.

• SupporttheMassachusetts Turnpike

ReclamationProjectplans to

improve

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