VII.—TYPES AND TYPE COLLECTIONS.
retaining duplicates in the country, until sufficient named m aterial had accumulated to
form a basis for future work.
Type specimens of fungi collected in the 18th and 19th centuries are scattered in many
herbaria, and are not always easy to trace. Dr. Wiltshire (1944 : 5) states th a t “ since the
last International Botanical Congress, the Committee on Nomenclature of the Botanical
Society of America undertook to gather data on the location of type specimens. A
preliminary list in mimeographed form of the herbaria of notable mycologists and the places
where they are preserved, was circulated some years ago, but is far from complete.”
This
list is not available in South Africa, and information about the location of type specimens
of South African fungi and lichens is meagre and very far from complete. In the succeeding
pages an effort has been made to indicate where at least the more im portant of these collection s
are to be found. I t is hoped th a t 4a t some future date a South African mycologist will
find it possible to catalogue South African types in European and American h erb aria;
such a compilation would be of great service.
Most of Thunberg’s specimens are in the Thunberg Herbarium in the botanical museum,
U ppsala; there are also a number in other herbaria from sendings to his friends while on
his travels. Two of his collections,
Lycoperdon carcinoniatis
[= P o d a x is pistillaris
(Linn,
ex Pers.) Fr.] and
Lichen verrucosus
[ = Siphula tabularis
(Thumb.) Nyl.] are in the Linnean
Herbarium, London (Jackson 1912: 97, 99).
Collections made by Eaton. Harvey and Zeyher were sent to Berkeley for examination
and are in the Berkeley Herbarium at Kew. In 1847, Taylor published descriptions of a
number of lichens collected by Zeyher, which he found in the Hooker Herbarium. P art of
Zeyher’s collection of fungi was sent by G. Kunze to Elias Fries ; a few of these had not been
studied by Berkeley, others were common to both collections. These fungi, and also those
described by Fries from collections made by J. A. Wahlberg in N atal and parts of the Cape,
are in the Museum of the Acad. Sc., Stockholm. Most of Drege’s specimens are preserved
in the Herb. Delessert at Geneva (Pole Evans 1917 :101).
MacOwan’s early collections were sent to von Thuemen, who distributed many numbers
in his Mycotheca universalis. A number were identified by W inter and were distributed
with the Rabenhorst-W inter Fungi Europaei et Extra-europaei. MacOwan prepared
several sets of his Fungi austro-africani, of which one was sent to Cooke a t Kew, where it
was filed in the herbarium, and a second went to Kalchbrenner. A third set of MacOwan’s
plants, apparently including fungi, was sent to Theodor M. Fries, for in a letter dated 25th
October, 1887, Fries writes from Uppsala : “ The fine specimens of
Hydnora
and
Broomeia
are now true ornaments to our museum and the centuries th a t we have last received of
your splendid
Herbarium austro-africanum
must, as well as those we have received before,
be considered as the most precious additions th a t our herbarium have received of late. ”
A third set was left in Somerset East, when MacOwan went to Cape Town, and was later
transferred to Grahamstown ; this set was acquired by purchase for the Pretoria Herbarium
from Dr. S. Schonland when he retired from the curatorship of the Albany Museum. I t is
unfortunately not complete, nor is the set in the herbarium of the South African Museum,
Cape Town.
hand apparently th at of Stizenberger ; unfortunately these specimens have no distinguishing
numbers. In the report of the Government Botanist, 1897, MacOwan writes : “ From the
roll of correspondents with this herbarium, there has been recently removed by death, the
eminent lichenologist Dr. Ernest Stizenberger of Konstanz. After the death of Dr. Hugo
Lojka of Buda-Pesth, who had interested himself in Cape lichens, Dr. Stizenberger took up
the broken thread of investigation, and a t his suggestion, special attention was given to the
collection of the saxicole forms, which previously had been greatly neglected.
Considerable
numbers of each species were placed at his disposal, and after the publication of his Lichenaea
Africana, the surplus was distributed among lichenologists.”
Mr. S. Garside has ascertained
th a t most of MacOwan’s lichen types are to be found in the Herbarium der Botamsche
Museum der Universitat, Zurich. I t would appear th a t all, or most of Stizenberger’s lichen
collections went to Zurich, as there are numerous references to collections made by Wilms,
Rehmann and Breutel in Zurich, as well as those of MacOwan.
Medlev Wood’s fungi also went to Cooke and Kalchbrenner and there is a set of his
specimens at Kew. The lichens which he collected were probably sent to Lojka, as in a
letter dated 8.3.87, the latter states th a t he has written to Medley Wood, asking him to
collect corticolous and foliicolous lichens. A set of Medley Wood’s fungi was kept in the
N atal Herbarium, and was presented to the Government in 1913; this set is now in the
Crvptogamic Herbarium, Pretoria, but unfortunately, during the years it was kept in Durban,
insects wrought considerable havoc, especially in the larger specimens.
\ large number of South African and many tropical African type collections, which are
of almost equal importance in the study of South African species, were filed in the herbarium
of the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, where it is hoped they m ay have survived
the ordeal by fire in 1944. These include fungi described by P . Hennings, some of Schlechter’s
specimens, parts of lichen collections of Wilms, Breutel, Bachmann and many more, as well
as Baum’s fungus collections, made when he accompanied the Kunene-Sambesi Expedition.
Welwitsch’s Angola collections were divided between Lisbon and the British Museum,
and when there was only a single specimen, an illustration was filed in the British Museum.
Also in the latter institution are collections of lichens contributed by MacLea, Breutel and
others, some, a t least, of which are parts of type collections.
Besides Thunberg’s specimens, a more recent collection of South African lichens is to
be found at Uppsala . I. Ortendahl of the Botanical Gardens there, made a collection in
Namaqualand, which was sent to Magnusson for examination. This collection, in which
yellow species' of Acarospora predominate, is preserved in the Plant Biological Institution
a t Uppsala. The extensive collections of lichens and fungi taken back to Norway by 0 . A.
H^eg as a result of his journey through Africa, are in the Museum of the Royal Norwegian
Society of Science, Trondheim.
From 1905 onwards, Dr. Pole Evans sent numerous specimens to Lurope tor identifi
cation, some to P. Hennings and P. Magnus, but the m ajority to H. and P. Sydow, in
whose herbarium many types were assembled. After the first world war, H. Sydow disposed
of his herbarium, and it is now in the Nat. Hist. Museum, Stockholm. Later Sydow started
a new Herbarium and types of species described more recently were kept in B erlin ; this
second collection was unfortunately destroyed during the second world war. Portions of
all collections sent awav were retained in Pretoria, where are also to be found types of
species described in ‘ Bothalia ’ from 1921 onward. Many of the larger fungi were sent
to C. G. Lloyd in America, and after P. A. van der Byl became Professor of P lant Pathology
in the Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture, he continued this practice. A number
of types are therefore in the Lloyd Mycological Collections and parts of the type collections
either in the Pretoria Herbarium or in the van der Byl Herbarium at Stellenbosch. There
are also a few types in the herbarium of the Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture.
filed in the botanical section of the Naturhist. Museum in Vienna, of which he was the
Director. Other types in this herbarium are those of species described by Zahlbruckner from
material collected in Africa by Brunnthaler and in South West Africa by ‘ Apotheker Fincke ’
of Luderitzbucht. Parts of all van der Byl’s lichen collections were retained in his herbarium
now housed in the botanical department of the University of Stellenbosch.
According to Schinz (1905 :2 ) Menyharth’s collections of plants from the Zambesi
region are partly in the botanical museum of the University of Vienna and partly in the
Haynald-Observatorium in Kalocza, H ungary; duplicates of most of the numbers were
to be found in Vienna.
As Dr. Wiltshire has pointed out, the practice in general botany of taking the actual
specimen studied as the type does not hold in mycology, where the author of a new species
bases his description usually on a number of specimens or a collection. After elaborating
this point, he continues (1944 : 5 ): “ I suggest therefore, th a t Article 18 of the International
Rules, which states th a t ‘ The type of the name of a species or group of lower rank is usually
a specimen or preparation ’, should be extended to read ‘ except th a t the type of an epithet
among micro-fungi is almost universally a collection ’. I t follows th a t all the material of
a type collection has equal value wherever it may be deposited. . . . In South Africa it is
taken for granted th a t the part of a MacOwan or Medley Wood collection retailed
in th at country is as much type material as th at sent to Kew and .used by Cooke as the basis
for a new species, and I really do not see how anyone can object to this. The parts of the
fungus used by Cooke for his examination were not preserved. For purposes of comparison
the right species has to be taken from the original material and identified whether th at
material be preserved a t Pretoria or Kew.”
In the lists of species in succeeding pages, the word ‘ type ’ is used in the sense suggested
by Dr. Wiltshire, i.e. as indicating the type collection or a p art thereof.
VIII.— LIST OF SPECIES.
In the following list abbreviations are used for author’s names and publications, and
place names are indicated as briefly as possible. A note of interrogation before a record
indicates th a t there is some doubt about the identification, but th a t the fungus is probably
the species named.
South African Collections listed and Abbreviations used.
The largest collection of fungi of southern Africa is to be found in the Cryptogamic
section of the National Herbarium, Pretoria. The numbers in this collections are quoted
without any qualifying letters.
Other South African collections listed are the following, the abbreviations used in
quoting their numbers being shown in brackets :—
(Duthie) Dr. A. V. Duthie’s collections, mostly from Knysna and Stellenbosch.
The Fungi are scattered in several h erbaria; Mr. S. Garside kindly permitted
the author to list the Myxomycetes, which are under his care in the Bolus
Herbarium, Cape Town.
(MacOwan) Fungi MacOwaniana, of which the m ajority were collected by Dr. Peter
MacOwan in the neighbourhood of Somerset E ast, the Boschberg and Cape Town.
Sets of specimens in the National Herbarium, Pretoria and the South African
Museum, Cape Town are incomplete. There is also a set in the Kew Herbarium.
(Medley Wood) Dr. J. Medley Wood’s Natal fungi, originally housed in the Natal
Herbarium, Durban were later transferred, to th e National Herbarium, Pretoria.
(Pegler) Miss A. Pegler’s fungi of Kentani. There is an almost complete set in the
(Rh) Mycological Herbarium of the Departm ent of Agriculture, Southern Rhodesia.
Thanks are due to Dr. J. C. F. Hopkins for lists of unpublished records from this
herbarium.
(Rump) Mr. W. G. Rump's collections of the larger fungi of Natal, mostly from the
country around Pietermaritzburg. These are housed in the N atal Museum,
Pietermaritzburg and there is a fairly complete set in the National Herbarium,
Pretoria.
(S.A.M.) Fungi and lichens in the herbarium of the South African Museum, Cape
Town, were listed through the courtesy of the Director of the Museum.
(Stell.) The Mycological Herbarium of the Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agri
culture, originally Dr. L. Yerwoerd’s collections. I am greatly indebted to
Dr. B. J. Dippenaar for a list of the fungi in this herbarium.
(E. L. Stephens) Collections, mostly of the larger fungi of the south-eastern Cape,
assembled by Miss E. L. Stephens in the museum of the University of Cape Town.
Miss Stephens very kindly assisted in listing these collections.
(T.R.L.) The Mycological Herbarium of the Timber Research Laboratory, Johan
nesburg. Thanks are due to Miss D. Weintroub of th a t institution for a list
of the named fungi in the herbarium.
(v.d. Byl) The herbarium of Dr. P. A. van der Byl in the botanical departm ent
of the University of Stellenbosch. A record of the fungi in this collection has
'
been published by Dr. G. C. Nel (1942) and the trustees of the van der Byl
herbarium granted access to his collections so th at the lichens could be listed.
In the van der Byl herbarium, as in the National Herbarium, Pretoria there are
two series of numbers, one for fungi and the other for lichens.
I t is not considered necessary to explain abbreviations used in referring to European
herbaria and well-known exsiccata, which are readily recognisable.
Amongst the species listed there are a number which, in literature quoted, are recorded
as occurring in South Africa, but which are not represented in any South African herbarium.
Place of Collection.
In order to avoid repetition of names of districts and provinces, the place of collection
is indicated as briefly as possible. The district and province in which each place is located
can be found by reference to the locality index (p. 00). In this index there are a few omissions
—mainly places quoted by early collectors—which it has not been possible to locate. Maps
of provinces are supplied showing division into districts, and by comparison with the
vegetation map, a general idea can be gained of the type of country in which the fungus or
lichen was found.
Literature.
Citations are made as follows : Author, year of publication (in parenthesis) and page
The full citation may be found by reference to the bibliography, where titles are listed
under the names of authors, arranged in alphabetical order, and date of publication. When
more th an one paper by the same author in any year is quoted, these are distinguished by
letters added to the year of publication.
There are two exceptions to this method of citation. Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum and
Zahlbruckner’s Catalogus Lichenum universalis are quoted respectively as ‘ Sacc. Syll. Fung.’
and ‘ Zahlbruckner Cat. Lich.’, followed by the number of the volume in Roman figures and
the page.
List of Author’s Names and Abbreviations.
A bbott... E . V. A b b o tt... — Ach... E rik A ch ariu s... 1757-1819 Aderh... R ud o lp h A derhold... 1865-1907 A fz e l... A dam A fzelius... 1750-1837 Ains... G. C. A in sw o rth ... — Alb... J . B. A lb e rtin i... 1769-1831 Allesch... A. A llescher... 1828-1903 A im ... J . V. d ’A lm eida... 1855-1915 A nzi... M. A nzi... — A ppel... O tto A ppel... — A rn... E. A rn o ld ... — A rnaud... G. A rn a u d ... — A rth ... J . C. A rth u r... 1850-1942 A shbv... S. F . A shby... — A tk... G. F . A tk in so n ... 1854—1918 Auersw... B. A uersw ald... 1818-1870 B agl... F . B a g lie tto ... 1826-1916 B ailev... A. A. B ailey... .. — B aillon... H . B aillon... — B aillv ... A m our B ailly... — B a in ... S. M. B a in ... 1869-1919 B ainier... G. B a in ie r... -1920 B a k k e ... A. L. B ak k e... — B als... G. B alsam o-C rivelli. . . . — B a n c ro ft.... K . B a n c ro ft... — B an g ... H en rik B an g ... — B arcl... A. B arclay ... 1852-1891 B asgal... W ald em ar B asgal... — B a ts c h ... A. J . G. B a ts c h ... 1761-1802 B a tt... A. B a ta rra ... 1714-1789 B au sch ... W ilhelm B au sch ... — B each ... W . S. B each... — G. B e c k . . . . G. B eck von M an n ag etta 1856-1931 Bee k m ... J o h a n n B eck m an n ... 1739-1811 B eeli... M. B eeli... — B el... Ch. B elanger... — B ell... A. B ellynek... 1814-1877 B e ltr... F . B eltram ini d e C asati — B ereng ... G. A. de B erenger... 1815-1895 B erk ... M. J . B erkeley... 1803-1889 B e rk h o u t.. . C. M. B erk h o u t... — B erl... A. N. B erlese... 1864-1903 B e rth e t... J . A. B e rth e t... — B iourge... P h . B iourge... — B iroli... G iovanni B iroli... — B isb y ... G. R . B isby... — B ita n c ... A. A. B ita n c o u rt... — B iv .-B e rn ... A. d e B ivona-B ernardi.. 1774-1837 B jerk ... C. B je rk a n d e r... 1735-1795 B lu m e... C. L. B lum e... 1796-1862 B o d in ... E ugene an d J . Alm y
B odin
B o e d ijn ... K . B. B o ed ijn ... — B o ist... A. B oistel... — B olle... P ie rre tte C. B olle... — B olley... H . L. B o lley... .— B o lt... J a m e s B o lto n ... -1799 B om m ... E lisa E . B o m m er... 1832-1910 B on... H . F . B onorden... 1901-1884 B o rr... W . J . B o rrer... — B o rv... J e a n B ory d e S t. V incent — B ose... Louis A. G. B ose... 1759-1828 B o tto m le v .. A veril M. B o tto m le y ... — B o u d ... E m ile B o u d ier... 1828-1920 B. de L ead.. M. B ouly d e L e s d a in . . . —
H . B o u rd o t... 1861-1937 B r... C. E . B room e... 1812-1886 B ra n th ... J . S. B ra n th ... — B ra u n ... A. B ra u n ... 1805-1877 B reda de Ja c o b v a n B reda de
H a a n ... H a a n -1917
1839-1925 B res... G. B resad o la... 1847-1829 B ri... G. B rio si... 1846-1920 B rick ... C arl B ric k ... 1863-1924 B rizi... U go B rizi... — B ru m p t... E m ile B ru m p t... — P a u l B ru n a u d ... — ? B ru sh i... — F ra n z B u b a k ... 1865-1925 B u ch an an .... R . E . B u c h an a n ... — B u c h e n a u ... F . B u ch en au ... — B uism ... C hristine J . B u ism an .. 1900-1930 B u ll... P . B u llia rd ... 1752-1793
W . H. B u rk h o ld er... — B u rr... J . J . B u rrill... 1839-1916 B u r t... E d w ard A. B u r t... 1859-1939 W. B u s s e ... W a lte r B usse... 1865-1933 E d w in J . B u tle r... 1874^1943 Calm ... L . C. A. C alm ette... 1863-1933
M. de Souza d a C am ara — W . M. C am e... — C a rp e n te r... C. W . C arp en ter... —
J . X . R . C a sp a ry ... 1818-1887 C ast... L . C astagne... 1785-1858 C astellan i... Aldo C astellani... —
A. C a tta n eo ... — F . C a v ara... 1857-1929 Ces... V . d e C esati... 1806-1883 C halm ers. . . A lb ert J . C halm ers... —
G. A dolphe C h a tin ... 1813-1901 L. A. C h au b ard ... — C heney... L . S. C heney... 1858-1938 C hester... F . D . C h ester... 1861-1943 Chev... F . F . C hevallier... 1796-1840
Christopher-son
J . B. C hristo p h erso n . . . Charles D avid C h u p p ... ---C hurch... M. B. C hurch... ---R afaele C iferri... ---R . E . C lausen... ---F . E . C lem ents... ---G. P . C lin to n... 1867-1937 C. C lusius... — Coem ... E . C oem ans... — C ok^r... W . C. C oker... —
F . J . C ohn... 1828-1898 C olby... • A. S. C olby... — Cooke... M. C. Cooke... 1825-1914
A. C. J . C orda... 1809.1849 C ornu... M. M. C o rn u ... 1843-1901 Cost... J . C o sta n tin ... 1857-1936
A. D. C o tto n ... — C ouch... J . N . C ouch... — J a m e s M. C rom bie... — C rouan ... P . L . an d H . Crouan. . . —
P . L . C rouan ... 1798-1871 H . M. C ro u a n ... 1802-1871 Cub... G. C uboni... 1852-1920
C u rr... F . Currey... 1819-1881 C urrie... J . N . C urrie... — C u rt... M. A. C u rtis... 1801-1872 C u tle r... E llio tt C. C utler... — B a d e ... H . A. D ad e ... — D alla T orre. K . W . v. D alla T o rre ... — D a n ... E . Y . D aniels... — D a rlin g ... S. T. D arling... — D a s t... Je h a n g ir F . D a stu r... — D a v is ... J . J . D av is... 1852-1937 D e a rn ... J o h n D earness... - — DC... A ug. P y r. d e C andolle. . 1778-1841 d e B a r y . . . . A nton d e B a ry ... 1831-1888
Del... D . F . D elise... — D e lac r... E . G. D elacroix... 1858-1907 d e N o t ... G. de N o ta ris... 1805-1877 des A bb... H . des A bbayes... — d e Sejm ... J . de Seynes... 1833-1912 D esm ... J . B. H . J . Desm azieres 1786-1862 D e sp r... ? D esp reau x ... — D esv ... A. N. D esv o u x... 1784-1856 de T o n i... G. B. de T o n i... 1864^1924 D ickson o r Ja n ies D ickson... 1738-1822
D icks
D ie d ... H . D iedecke...
_
D ieh l... W . W . D ieh l... ---D ierck x ... F r. D ierckx... ---D ie t... P a u l D ietel... -W P P...
B. J . D ip p en aar... -D itm ... L. P . F r. D itm a r... -D odge... Carroll W illiam D odge -D oidge... E . M. D oidge... -D o ro g in .. . . Georg. N . D orogin... -D o rs... P . H . D o rs e tt... 1862-1943 D rech sl... C harles D rechsler...—
D u b y ... J . E . D uby... 1798-1885 D u co m ... V. D ucom et...—
D u f...D u g
...
B. M. D u g g a r...—
d u P less... S. J . d u Plessis...—
D u rr... M. Ch. D urieu d e Mai- 1796-1878 d u R ie tz ___sonneuve
G. E in a r d u R ie tz ... — E a rle ... F . S. E a rle ... 1856-1929 E a to n ... Amos E a to n ...
—
E d g e r t... C. W . E d g erto n ...—
E d s ... H . A. E d so n ...—
E d w a rd s__ E . T. E dw ards...—
E h rlic h ... J . E h rlich...—
E h re n b ... C. G. E h ren b erg ... 1795-1876 E h r h t... F ried r. E h r h a r t...—
E ll... J . B. E llis... 1829-1905 E rik s s... Ja k o b E riksson... 1848-1931 E schw ... F . G. Eschw eiler...—
E ssa ry ... S. H . E ssa ry ... 1870-1935 E v a n s... I. B. Pole E v a n s...—
E v e rh ... B. M. E v e rh a rt... 1818-1904 F a b r ... J . H . F a b re ... 1823-1915 F a rq u h ... C. 0 . F a rq u h a rso n ... 1888-1918 F a u tr ... F . F a u tre y ...—
F a w c ... H . S. F a w c e tt...—
F a y o d ... V. F a y o d ... 1860-1900 F e e ... A. L. A. F e e ...—
F e rra ris ... Teodoro F e rra ris..._
Alf. Fischer. Alfred F ischer... 1858-1914 E d . Fischer. E d u ard F isch er... 1861-1939Fisch. v. A. A. Fischer von W ald 1839-1920 W aldh.
F itz ...
heim
H . 11. F itz p a tric k . . . .
_
F lag ev ... —
F lo e rk e... H . G. F lo erk e... — F lo to w ... Ju liu s von F lotow ... — F r ... Elias M agnus F rie s ... 1790-1878 Th. F r ... Theodor Magnus F rie s .. — F ra g ... R . G. F rag o so ... 1862-1928 F r a n k ... A. B. F ra n k ... 1839-1900
F re g e ... —
J . B. G. W . F re s e n iu s .. 1808-1880 F r o n ... Georges F ro n ... — F ic k ... K . W . G. L. F u c k e l.. . . 1821-1876
N . F u n c k ... — G a ill... A lbert G aillard ... 1858-1903 G all... B . T. G allow ay... 1863-1938
G alz... 1853-1925
G a ro v ... S anto G arovaglio... 1805-1882 G. G asperini... — G a u d ic h .. . . Charles G audichaud- 1789-1854 G a u m an n ...
Beaupre
E . A. G Sum ann...
-W . R . G e ra rd ... 1841-1914 G ia rd ... Alfred G ia rd ... — G ib b s... Thom as G ibbs... 1865-1919 Gill, or G illet C. C. G ille t... 1806-1896 G illot... F . X . G illot... 1842-1910J . C. G ilm an... — J . F. G m elin... 1748-1804 G o d frey . . . . G. H . G odfrey... — S. F . G r a y .. S. F . G ray ... 1766-1836 G rev ... R . K . G reville... 1794-1866 G riff... E . G riffon... 1869-1912
J . G. G rossenbacher.. . . — G ro ten f... G osta G ro ten felt... — A. J . G ro u t... — W . B. G rove... 1848-1938 D avid G ru b y ... — E . F . G u b a... —• G u ill... G uillerm ond... —
V. G yelnik... — H a h n ... G. G. H a h n ...
—
H a ll... J . G. H a ll... —B. D. H a lste d ... 1852-1918 E . H a m p e ... — E . C. H ansen E m il C hristian H an sen — H . N .H ansen H . X. H a n se n ... —
_.
H a r ... P a u l A. H a rio t... 1854-1917 H a r a ... K anesuke H a r a ... —J . H a rm a n d ... — H a rriso n ---- F . C. H arriso n ... —
Carl O tto H a rz ... 1842-1906 F ried r. A. H azslinszky 1818-1896 H e a ld ... P . D. H e a ld ... — H ed g c o ck ... G. G. H edgcock... —
J . H ed w ig ... 1730-1799 R . A. H edw ig... 1772-1806 H e n n ... E rn st J . H en n in g ... 1857-1929 P . H e n n .. . . P a u l C. H ennings... 1841-1908 H e p p ... Phillip H e p p ... — H e ss e... R u d o lf H esse... 1844-1912 H illm ... Jo h an n es H illm an...
—
H. H o ffn .... H . C. H erm an n H off m an n
1819-1891 Hollos... Laszlo H ollos... 1859-1940 Holmsk T h. H olm (previously
H olm skjold)
1732-1794 Holw... E . W . D. H o lw a y ... 1853-1923 Hook... W illiam Ja c k so n H ooker 1785-1865 Hook f .. . . Jo sep h D alton H ooker — H opkins... . J C F H o p k in s... — H ori... Shoyaro H o ri... — H o m e m .. . . J . W . H ornem ann . . . . 1770-1841 Howe j r . . . . R eg. H . H ow e (jn r ) .. . — H udson.. . . W illiam H u d so n ... 1703-1793 H ue... A. H u e ... —■ I to... S eiya I t o ... —
Ivimey Cook W . R . Ivim ey C o o k . . . . ■—■ J a a p ... O tto J a a p ... 1864-1922 Ja c q ... N . J . J a c q u in ... 1727-1817 Jacz ... A. A. d e J a e z e w sk i.. .. 1863-1932 J a m e s ... J . F . J a m e s ... 1857-1897 Jam ieson. . . C lara 0 . J a m ie s o n ... — J a t ta ... A ntonio J a t t a ... — J e n k in s .. . . A n n a E . J e n k in s ... — Jensen . . . . J . L. J e n s e n ... 1836-1904 Johns or J . Ja m es J o h n s o n ... —
Johnson
J o h n s to n ... J . R . J o h n s to n ... — L R Jo n es L. R . J o n e s ... — . T A Jones T heobald A. J o n e s . . . . —
•J<2>rg... C. A. Jo rg e n se n ... — J $ r s t ... I v a r J<f>rstad... —
Ju ngh ... F. F. W. J u n g h u h n .. . . 1809-1864 K a lc h b r.. . . K aro lv K a lc h b re n n e r.. 1807-1886 K a rs t... P . A. K a rs te n ... 1834-1917 K auff... C. H . K au ffm an... 1869-1931 K ellem . . . . W. A. K e lle rm an ... 1850-1908 K e r n ... F . D. K e rn ... — K ev ... A. G. K e v o rk ian ... — K ick x ... J e a n K ic k x ... 1803-1864 K ille rm .. . . S. K illerm an n ... — K in g... C h arlo tte M. K in g ... 1864-1937
K leb ... H . K le b ah n ... 1859-1942 K lotzsch.. . J . F . K lo tzsch... 1805-1860 K n ig h t... C harles K n ig h t... — K oerb (see
K orb )
K o e r n ... F. K o e rn ic k e ... 1828-1908 K o o rd ... S. H . K o o rd ers... .. 1828-1908 K o rb ... G W K o rb e r... -1885 K ra s s ... J . M. K ra ss ilstsc h ik .. . .
K rem pelh.. A n to n von K rem pel- h u b er
— K ro m b h ... . J . V. von K ro m b h o lz .. 1782-1843 K ru g ... W ilhelm K ru g e r... — K u h n ... Ju liu s G. K u h n ... 1825-1910 K u l k ... G. S. K u lk a rn i ... — 0 . K u n tz e .. O tto K u n tz e ... 1843-1907 G. K u n z e ... G u stav K u n z e ... 1793-1851 L a B til... J . J . de la B illardiere. . 1755-1834
Lachner- V icenzo Lachner-S an- —
Sandoval doval
L aff... H . A. L affe rtv ... —
L ag erh ... G. von L ag erh eim ... 1860-1926
L a m ... • J . B. A. P . M. de 1774r-1829 L am b ...
L am arck
J . B. E rn e s t L am b o tte 1832-1905 L am b e rt. . . E . M L a m b e rt... —■ L am y ... E d o u ard L am y d e la —■
Chapelle
J . E . L ange Ja k o b E m an u el Lange — L an g e ro n .. . M aurice L an g ero n ... — L a n g l... A. B . L anglois... 1832-1900 L asch... W . G. L a s c h ... 1787-1863 L a u b ... K a rl R ich ard L a u b e r t.. — L aughton . . E lain e M L au g h to n . .. — L a u r... F . L a u r e r ... —-L e b ... H e rm an n L e b e rt... 1813-1878
S. G. L eh m an ... — L eig h t... W . A. L eig h to n ... —• L e n d n e r.. . . A. L en d n er ... — L e n z .. . . H . O. L e n z ... .*... 1799-1870 L eo n ... L eon H . L eonian ... — Le P rev o st. A uguste le P re v o st. . . . — L e tta u . . . . G. L e tta u ... — L eu s... Sim eona L eu s -P a lo .. . . — Lev ... J . H . L eveille... 1796-1870 Levss ... F . W . von L eysser... 1731-1815 L ib ... M arie A nne L ib e rt... 1782-1865 L ib o sch .. . . J . L ib o sch itz... -1824 L in d ... J e n s V. A. L in d ... 1874-1939 L in d a u ... G u stav L in d a u ... 1866-1923 L in d e r... D avid H . L in d e r... —-L in d s a v . . . . W . L au d e r L in d s a y .. . . —-L in g e lsh .. . . A. L ingelsheim ... 1874-1937
J . H . F . L in k ... 1767-1851 L i n n ... Carl von L inne (L in 1707-1778 L inn f . . . .
naeus)
C arl v o n L inne (L in 1741-1783 L indr. o rL iro
naeu s f )
J . I . L iro, form erly L ind- __ L is te r...
ro th
A rth u r L is te r... 1830-1908 G. L is te r ... G ulielm a L is te r... — L i t s c h ... V. L itsch au er ... 1870-1939 L lo y d ... C. G. L lo y d ... 1859-1926 Louw ... A. J . Louw ... — L ucand. . . . J . L . L u c a n d ... 1821-1896
A drien L u c e t... —• L u d w ... F ried rich L udw ig... 1851-1918
— M a c b r... T . H . M a c b rid e ... 1848-1934 M acC arthy. L ee M acC arth y ... — M acK innon. J . E . M acK innon... — M acOwan. . P e te r M acOwan ... 1830-1909 M a g n ... P a u l M agnus... 1844-1914 H M agnus- A. H . M agnusson... —
son
M aire ... R ene C. J . M aire...
—
M alm e... G u stav O. A. V. M alme —L. M angin... 1852-1937 M arch al. . . . E l. a n d E m . M archal . . —
E lie M archal... 1839-1923 E m ile J u liu s M archal 1871-M archion. .. J u a n B. M a rc h io n a tto . . — M arign... G. B. M arignoni... — M arloth . .. R u d o lf M arlo th ... 1855-1931 M artin... G. H . M artin ... — M artiu s... C arl F . P . v o n M artius.. 1794-1868 M ason... E . W . M ason... —
M assal... A. B. M assalongo... 1824-1860 C. H . P e c k ... M assey... L. M. M assey... —■ P eglion... V ittorio P eg lio n ... M atruch. or Louis M atru ch o t... 1863-1921 O tto Penzig...
M atr. Jo h n P e rc iv a l...
M a ts u m .. . . T akashi M a tsu m o to .. . . — C. H . P ersoon... M a ttir ... O reste M attiro lo ... — P e te h ... Thom as P e tc h ... M aubl... A ndre M aublanc... — P e t h y b r .. . . G. H. P e th y b rid g e ... Me A Ip... D. Me A lpine... 1849-1932 P e tr a k ... F ran z P e tr a k ... M cR ae... W . M cR ae... — ■ K ionello P e tr i... M egl... G. Megliola... — P h ill... W illiam P h ilU p s.. . . . M errill... G. K . M errill... __
M etsch... E lias M etschnikoff... --- N . B. P ie rce ... M ey... G. F . W . M eyer... 1782-1856 A drianus P i j p e r... M ich... P . A. Micheli... 1679-1737 C. B. P lo w rig h t...
M iehx... 1746-1802 '
M ilb rath ___ J o h n A. M ilb rath ... P o it... A. P o ite a u ... M iles... L. E >Miles... 1890-1941 P ole E v an s
M iUer... J u lia n H . M iller... — (see E vans) M iloehevitch S. M ilochevitch... — P o r ta ...
M inks... A rth u r M inks... — P o tte r ... M. C. P o tte r... M iq... F . A. W . M iquel... 1811-1871 C. G. T. P re u ss... M itra ... M anoranjan M itra... 1895-1942 P rie stle y ___ H en ry P rie s tly ...
M iyabe... P r i l l ...
M iyake... Tsutom e M iyake... — P ullinger__ B. D avidine P u llin g e r.. M o llia rd .. . . M. M olliard... — P u tte r ill.. . . V. A. P u tte rill... M o n t... J . C. F . M ontagne... 1784-1866
M org... A. P . M organ... 1836-1907 Q u el... L ucien Q uelet... M o ty k a... J o s e f M otyka... —
M oug... J . B. M ougeot... 1776-1858 R a b e n h ... G. L. R a b en h o rs t... M u d d ... W illiam A. M udd... — R a c ... M. Rac^borski... MuU... 0 . F . M uller... 1730-1784 R a m o n d .. . . Louis R am o n d... M u ll.-A rg .. . J . M uller (A rgau)... 1826-1896 R . D. R a n d s... M u n n ... M ancel T h o rn to n M unn — J . F. R a n g el... M u rrill... W . A. M urrill... — H . W . R av en el... L. E . R a v az... N a n n f...
N a n n iz z i.... A rturo N annizzi... __ R ea... C arleton R e a ... N a ttr a s s .. . . R . M. N a ttra s s ...
_
R e b e n t... J . F . R eb en tisch ... N eck... N oel Jo sep h de N ecker — R e d a e lli.. . . Piero RedaelU ... N ees... C. G. D. Nees von Esen- 1776-1858 R e d d ic k .. . . D onald R ed d ick... beck R e d in g e r... . K a rl R edinger... N e l... G. C. N el... — R eess... M ax R eess... N ie h a u s .. . . C. G. N ieh au s... —N iels... P . N ielsen... 1829-1897 J . R e in k e .. . Jo h an n es R einke... N iessl... G. von N iesel... 1839-1919 R ein k in g — O. A. R ein k in g ... N is h ... T oji N ish id a ... 1874-1927 R e lh ... R ich ard R elh an ... N isik ad o ___ Y osikazu N ish ik ad o .. . .
—
R e m a k ... R o b ert R e m a k ... N itsc h k e ___ Theodor N itsch k e... 1834-1883 R e q u ie n .. . . E . R equien... N o a c k ... F ritz N o ack ...—
A. J . R etziu s... N o rm ... J . M. N o rm an ...—
G. A. R e x ... N o w ak ... L. N ow akow ski...
—
R ic k...
Jo h a n n R ick...
N ow ell...
W illiam N ow ell...
—
N y l
...
W illiam N y la n d er...
1822-1899 E . E. R o a rk...
E . N y m .. . .
E. O. A. N y m an...
1866-1900 R o b e rts...
J . W . R o b e rts...
R o b in...
Charles R o b in...
O e d ....
G. C. O eder...
1728-1791 R o d w a y----
L. R odw ay...
O liv...
H . O livier...
—
R o h l...
J . C. R ohling...
O p iz...
P . M. Opiz...
1787-1858 RoU...
L. L . R oU and...
O sbeck...
P e h r O sbeck...
1723-1805 R o m ell...
L. G. RomeU...
O tth...
G. H . O tth...
1806-1874 J . T. R o stafin sk i...
O u d...
C. A. J . A. O udem ans.. 1825-1906 F . G. E. R o s tru p ... O verh... L. 0 . O verholts...—
A. W. R o th ... C. R oum eguere... P a m m ... L. H . P am m el... 1862-1931 M ariette H . R ousseau. . P ass, or P a s G. P asserini... 1816-1893ser. F r. K . I . R jid o lp h i.. . .
P a t ... N. P a to u illa rd ... 1854-1926 R . W . R y a n (Sister P a z s c h k e ... O tto P azschke... 1843-1922 M ary H ilaire)
1856-1929 1761-1837 1833-1917
1822-1905 1856-1916 1849-1910 1766-1854
1540-1615 -1 8 5 5 1829-1915
1832-1899 1806-1881 1863-1917
1814-1887 1863-1937
1772-1810
1845-1901 1829-1916 1829-1916 1753-1823 1788-1851 1742-1821
1894-1918
D. S acc... Dom enico S a c c a rd o .. . . — Sadeb... R . E . B. S adebeck ... 1839-1905 Salm ... E . S. S alm on... — S an d st... H einrich S a n d ste d e . . . . —. S a rd ... J . R . S a rd in a ... — S a rn th ... L udw ig von S am th eim . — S a rto ry ... A uguste S a rto ry ... — S avul... T ra ja n Savulescu... — S aw ada... K an ey o sh i S aw ad a... — Scalia... G iuseppe S calia... — Schaeff... J . C. Schaeffer... 1718-1790 S ch aer... L . E . S ch aerer... — S chilb... K . Schilberszky... 1863-1935 S e h leic h .. .. J . C. S chleicher... 1768-1834 S chm ... J . K . S ch m id t... 1793-1850 S c h ra d ... H . A. S ch rad er... 1767-1836 Schrank. . . . E . P . v o n S c h ra n k ... 1747-1835 Schreb... J . C. D . vo n S c h re b er. .
— .
S ch ro et... J . S ch ro eter... 1837-1894 Schuler... J . S chuler...—
S chultz... C. F . S ch u ltz ... 1765-1837 S chum ... H . C. F . S ch u m ach er.. . 1757-1830 Sehw ... L . D. von S chw einitz. . 1780-1834 Schw end___ Sim on Schw endener.. . .—
Scop... J . A. Scopoli... 1723-1788 S eav er... F . J . S eav er...—
S e c re ta n .. . . L. S e c retan ... 1758-1839 S eeber... G . R . S eeber...—
S h aw ... F . J . F . S haw ... 1885-1936 S h e a r... . . C. L. S hear...—
S h eld ... J . L . S heldon...—
S h e rb ... C. D. S h erb ak o ff...—
S h ira i... M itsu taro S h ira i...—
S h irley ... J . Shirley...—
Siem ... W incentv Siem aszko__—
Singer... R o lf Singer...—
Sm all... W . S m all...—
A. L. S m . . . A nnie L o rrain S m ith ...
1854-1937 C. 0 . S m ith C layton 0 . S m ith...
—
E . F . S m . . . E rw in F . S m ith....
1854-1927 E . H . S m ... E liz ab e th H . S m ith .. . . 1877-1933 J . E . S m ___ Ja m e s E d w ard S m ith ... 1759-1828 R . E . S m .. . R a lp h E . S m ith ..? ... — W . G. S m ... W o rth in g to n G. S m ith.. 1835-1917 S n y d e r... W . C. S n y d e r... — S olh... W . G. Solheim ... — S om m erf___ S oren C. S o m m e rfe lt.. 1794-1838 S o p p ... O lav Johan-O lsen Sopp — S orokin... N . V. S orokin... 1846-1909 S o u th ... Effie A. S o u th w o rth ....
—
S ow....
Ja m e s S ow erby....
1757-1822 S p a u ld..
P . S p au ld in g...
—
S p eare...
A. T. S p e a re...
—
S peg....
C. S pegazzini...
1858-1926 S p re n g..
K u r t P . J . Sprengel__
1766-1833 S ta rb...
K a rl S ta rb ac k...
—
S te in e r..
Ju liu s S te in e r...
—
S tein m ... A . S tein m an ...—
S te u d ... E rn s t G o ttlieb S teud el—
S te v ... F . L . S tev en s... 1871-1934 N . E . S t e v ..
N . E . S te v e n s ...—
S te w a rt... F . C. S te w a rt...—
S t i r t ... Ja m e s S tirto n ...—
S tizenb..
E . Stizenberger....
—
S to d d a rd...
J a m e s L. S to d d a rd ...—
S to ll... 0 . StoU...—
G. L . S to u t... — S tra u ss... F . C. J . von S tra u s s . . . . 1787-1855 S tu rg is... W . C. S tu rg is... 1862-1942 O lof P e te r S w artz ... 1760-1818 W . T. Sw ingle... — S y d ... ("Hans S y d o w ...
1879-\ P a u l Sydow ... 1851-1925 T alice... R udolfo V. T alice... —
T yozaburo T a n a k a ... — F lam in io T assi... — T au b en h __ J . J . T au b e n h au s... 1885-1937 T h a x t... R . T h a x te r... 1858-1932 T a y l... T hom as T ay lo r... — T eh... L . R . T eh o n ... — T heiss... F . T h eissen... 1877-1919
C harles T h o m ... — T h u em ... F . von T h u em en ... 1839-1892 T h u n b ... C arl P e h r T h u n b erg .. . . 1743-1828
Carlo T iraboschi... — T isd ... W . B. T isd ale... —
H . J . T o d e... 1733-1797 T ogn... F ilip p o T o g n in i... 1866-1896
F rancesco T o rn ab e n e... — T o rren d . . . . Camillo T o rre n d ... — T o u m ... J . P . d e T o u r n e f o r t.. . . —
S. M. T ra c v ... 1847-1920 J . W . H . T rail... 1851-1939 T ranzsch__ W . A. T ran zsch el... —
G. B. T raverso... — T rel... W . T release... — T revis... V itto re T revisan... 1818-1897 T rin ch ... G. T rin ch ieri... —
A lessandro T ro tte r... — T row ... A. H . T ro w ... 1863-1939 T u ck erm ___ E d w a rd T u ck e rm an .. . . 1817-1886 T u l... f L. R . T u lasn e... 1815-1885 \ C . T u la sn e ... 1816-1884 M. T u rco n i... 1879-1929 T u rn ... D aw son T u rn e r... — U n g er... F ra n z U n g er... 1800-1870 U p p a l... B . N . U p p a l... ---V ah l... M. H . V ah l... 1749-1804 V aill... S eb astian V a illa n t... 1669-1722
E . A. V ainio (see also W ainio)
— v a n B reda. . J . v a n B re d a d e H a a n .. — v . d. B y l___ P . A. v a n d e r B y l... 1888-1939 v . S c h re n k .. H . v o n S ch ren k ... — v a n Tiegh.... P . E . L . v a n T ieghem ... 1839-1914
E . P . V e n te n a t... — L en V erw oerd... — V i... P ie rre V iala... 1859-1936 V iand-G r.- A. V iand-G rand-M arais. —
M arais
W a d k ... R . F . W ad k in s... — W iltsh ... S. P . W iltshire... — W ah lb g ... G oran W ahlenberg... 1780-1831 W in g a te ___ H . W in g ate... — W a in ... E . A. W ainio (late r 1853-1929 G. W in te r... 1848-1887
(Vainio) W ith ... W illiam W ith erin g ... 1774r-1799 W ak e f... E lsie M. W akefield... — W o lf... F . A. W olff... — W allr... C. F . W . W a llro th ... 1792-1857 W ollenw ___ H . W. W ollen w eb er.. . . __ W e b ... G. H . W eber... — W oron ... M. S. W o ro n in ... 1838-1903 W ed d ... H . A. W eddell... — W o ro n ic h ... N . W oronichine... _ W eese... Jo s e f W eese... — A nton W roblew ski... _ W eh m ... L. E . W ehm eyer... — W u lf... F. X . von W ulfen... 1728-1805 W ein m ... J . A. W einm ann... 1782-1858
W eiss... F . A. W eiss... — W ataro Y am am o to ... — W elch... D. S. W elch... — Y o s h in o .. . . K iich i Y o sh in o ... — W elw ... F . W elw itsch... 1807-1872 Y u k a w a .. .. K . Y u k a w a ... — W e n t... F . A. F . C. W e n t... 1863-1935
W e rd ... E. W erd erm an n ... — F . Z ach... — W e rn h a m ... C. C. W ernham ... __ Z ah lb r... A lexander Z ahlbruckner 1860-1938 W e rn ic k e ... R o b ert W ern ick e... — Z a l... K . Z alesk i... — W est... G. D. W estendorp... 1813-1868 Sanford M. Z eller... — W estlin g ___ R . W estling... — J o n a th a n C arl Z e n k e r ..
-W esto n ... W . H . W eston... — Z i m m ... A. Z im m erm ann ... 1860-1931 W e tts te in ... R . von W e ttste in ... 1863-1931 Z oll... H . Zollinger... 1818-1859 W ig g e rs .. . . •F. H . W iggers... — F . W . Z opf... 1846-1909 W ilco x ... E . M. W ilcox... -1920 Z u n d e l... G. L. I. Z u n d el... — W illd ... C. L. W illdenow ... 1765-1812 Z w ack h ... W ilhelm von Zwackh-
-W illey... H en ry W illey... — H olzhausen
