Research Onion

(1)

Research Research Philosophy Philosophy Research Research Approach Approach Research Research Strategies Strategies Time Time Horizons Horizons Data Data Collection Collection

Research Onion

(2)

Research Philosophy

•

• Your research philosophy depends on the way that

Your research philosophy depends on the way that

you think about knowledge is developed or created,

how we gain understanding of things

(

“ “

epistemology

” ”

).

•

• Your way of thinking will affect the way you go

Your way of thinking will affect the way you go

about doing research.

•

• Generally, there are two key research philosophies,

Generally, there are two key research philosophies,

the positivism and phenomenology.

(3)

Research Philosophy

•

• Your research philosophy depends on the way that

Your research philosophy depends on the way that

you think about knowledge is developed or created,

how we gain understanding of things

(

“ “

epistemology

” ”

).

•

• Your way of thinking will affect the way you go

Your way of thinking will affect the way you go

about doing research.

•

• Generally, there are two key research philosophies,

Generally, there are two key research philosophies,

the positivism and phenomenology.

(4)

Research Research Philosophy Philosophy Research Research Approach Approach Research Research Strategies Strategies Time Time Horizons Horizons Data Data Collection Collection Phenomenology Phenomenology Positivism Positivism

(5)

• You are working with an observable reality.

Research can produce laws. Results can be

generalised, similar to those produced by

natural scientists.

• You are working objectively, with little or no

personal interpretation of the data.

• You need a structured methodology to gain

quantitative data which is replicable and can be

analysed using stats.

(6)

• You are researching human behaviour. This may

be too complex to follow a definite law in the

same way as the natural sciences.

• Generalisability is not of crucial importance,

since we are focussing on a particular problem

or situation

• Phenomenology highlights the details of the

situation to understand a reality working behind

them.

(7)

Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategies Time Horizons Data Collection Phenomenology Positivism

(8)

Theory

Hypotheses

Data

Confirmatio

n

Theory

Patterns Data

Tentative

Hypotheses

Data

Deductive

Inductive

The Research Approach

Deductive approach:

testing theory

Inductive approach:

building theory

(9)

Deductive Approach Inductive Approach

 Scientific principles

 Moving from theory to data  The need to explain causal

relationships between variables

 The collection of quantitative

data

 The application of controls to

ensure data validity

 A highly structured approach  Researcher independence of

what is being researched

 The necessity to select samples

of sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions

 Gaining an understanding of the

meaning humans attach to events

 A close understanding of the

research context

 The collection of qualitative data  A more flexible structure to

permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses

 A realisation that the researcher

is part of the research process

 Less concern with the need to

generalise

(10)

Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategies Time Horizons Data Collection Phenomenology Positivism Deductive Inductive

(11)

R

e

s

e

a

r

c

_h

S

t

_r

a

t

e

g

i

e

s

(12)

• The survey method is usually associated with the

deductive approach – surveys are “experiments”.

• It allows the collection of a large amount of data from a

sizeable population in a highly economical way.

• It is often conducted on questionnaire to answer those

„What‟ and „How‟ questions. Its data are standardised

and so allow easy comparison.

• It gives you more control over the research process,

however, it takes time to design and pilot a good

questionnaire.

(13)

The Experimental Method is a classical form of research

that comes from the natural science. The process usually

involves:

1.The definition of a theoretical hypothesis.

2.Select a sample of a population.

3.Allocate samples to different experimental conditions.

4.Introduce planned change on one variable (the

“

independent

”

variable).

5.Measure the change of an associated

“

dependent

”

variable.

6.Control of other variables.

(14)

Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategies Time Horizons Data Collection Phenomenology Deductive Inductive Experimen t Survey Case Study Focus Group Ethnography Grounded Research Positivism

(15)

Time Horizons

• Consider the amount of time you have, do you want

your research to be a „snapshot‟ or a „diary ‟?

• The snapshot reflects the cross-sectional studies.

• The diary reflects the longitudinal studies

(16)

Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategies Time Horizons Data Collection Positivism Phenomenology Deductive Inductive Longitudinal Cross Sectional Experimen t Survey Case Study Focus Group Ethnography Grounded Research

(17)

Types of Data

• Quantitative

(18)

Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategies Time Horizons Data Collection Positivism Phenomenology Deductive Inductive Longitudinal Cross Sectional Quantitative Qualitative Experimen t Survey Case Study Focus Group Ethnography Grounded Research

(19)

Wish to do Research Research Topic, Questions Literature Review Design Research Approaches Data Collection Negotiate Access Data Analysis Report Writing Report Submitting

Stages in a Research

(20)

Research Proposal

(21)

Title

• Give a clear and succinct title, indicating the

problem area around which the research will be

undertaken.

Word guide

• Title………10-20

• Abstract---words guide 50-100

• Key words ...15-20

Please note following instructions. The proposal should include a list

of references and a timeframe. The word count excluding

(22)

Background

• Include a description of the background to your topic.

Explain

▫ Why you have chosen the topic

▫

Why you selected this particular industry for research

▫

Research Gap, mention at least 3 references who

suggested this kind of work to be done in future.

• Research Questions Here you should write your

research questions as they emerge from the background

and critical literature review.

• Research Objectives Here you outline your main

objectives of your research? Develop these into 3-5

specific research objectives that begin with “To…” and

use higher level verbs

(23)

Preliminary Review of the Literature

• Give a brief critical review of the literature that

you have read in writing the proposal. This

should include current sources. Don’t forget to

give a list of sources used (a minimum of 20 for

proposal and 100 for thesis) - use the APA style,

you are encouraged to use endnote for

referencing. Justify the need for the research.

(24)

Research Plan / Methodology

• This is the most important section

• Data Collection Methods

• Have you a conceptual framework?

• If so, include. Propositions What is the access and

sampling strategy (including sample numbers)?

• Population, sample, element………….use NQuery

Advisor

• How will the data be analyzed and presented?

• What are the delimitations of your research

-comment briefly on validity, reliability and

generalizability

(25)

Ethical Considerations

• Plagiarism is acceptable up to only 15 percent

excluding referencing. Before review and

presentation

• Proposal will be tested for plagiarism

• Time frame Include a Gantt chart. Time line

for each important task Alert us to any

particular problems you are likely to face.

(26)

• Referencing

▫

5 books and 20 research articles Using endnote

software and in APA style

• Annexure

▫

Questionnaire, web information or any other

report.

(27)

Quantitative

Categorical

Numerical

Numeric

Non-numeric

R I O N O N

(28)

Nominal………category ……… No Order or Rank, just name Eg ; country name ,company name etc.

Ordinal ……..Ranked categories but we don‟t know the difference

Eg ; good , bad , excellent

SA A Avg D SD

3 4 3 2 1

Interval ………. We ranked them with fixed distance between each data category ranked/order/zero is scale

if comes in data ..does not nothing exist.

Ratio ……….numeric zero mean nothing exists,Ranked

F Allow to do

ratio

0 10

(29)

(30)

CHI SQUARE

CHI SQUARE Values must be mutually exclusive Sample drawn from population Minimum expecting of five currencies in each category

(31)

Do you work ? Y/N

Students: Lot of us work – students are saying (Alternate Hypothesis) Professor : Equal people work (Null Hypothesis)

(32)

Observed No Expected No Residual Y 16 10 6 N 14 10 -6 T 20 20 0

Descriptive Statics

(33)

Chi square

x

2 _7.2

Df 0.1

Significance 0.007

(34)

We sampled 20 students and evaluated

whether those of the students who worked

was equal to the students who don‟t work.

Data was analyzed choosing Chi Square

of fitness test.

NULL hypothesis was rejected

X

2

_{(1)=7.2,P ≤ 0.05}

(35)

T-Test

It detects the defenses between the means of two dependent variables.

Requirements

1. Sample from population.

2. Two scale measurement per participant.

3. Distribution of differences scores is quality normal.

1. People spend more time on watching movies (AH) 2. People spend more time reading books.(NH)

One laid test Test Anova