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Development of certified reference 

material of thin film for thermal 

diffusivity

Takashi Yagi,  Thermophysical properties section, NMIJ/AIST Joshua Martin MML, National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Status of ISO standardization

• ISO/TC206(fine ceramics) “TCNP1402 ‐ Determination of thermal diffusivity of fine ceramic  films by pulsed light heating thermoreflectance method” • At the last plenary meeting of ISO/TC206, it has bee approved  to be treated in WG10(coatings). TC206 meeting at Praha, Czech, 3, Oct. 2014

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 Standardization of ISO for thermal diffusivity of thin films.  Development of a reference thin film.  Development of an accurate analysis technique.

Scope of the project 

Reliable and quantitative themophysical data

Benefit for instrument users

Thermoelectric element  Future goal, ZT = 2~4   Reliable k data are needed. I look forward to new an  ongoing collaborations,  especially in the area of  thermoelectrics and other  energy conversion  technologies (Dr. Joshua Martin, NIST)

 Electricity from heat “Especially for the case of thin film thermoelectric materials, there are  currently no methods to accurately  and reproducibly measure the  material properties.” MML, NIST website ZT = S2σT/κ ZT = S2σT/κ Thermal  conductivity

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Thermal diffusivity standard (RM and 

CRM) distributed by NMIJ

• NMIJ/AIST distributes RMs and CRMs for thermal diffusivity. • Metal film (Molybdenum, 400 nm) is newly developed.

(Thermal diffusivity, )

Flash method Pulsed light heating thermoreflectance method Thickness, d 1 μm Heat diffusion time, τ 10 s    5 2 1 2 , s m 10 1  d   

Bulk Plate Film

• CRM-5804a • RM 1401-a (Isotropic graphite) • CRM5807a (Al2O3-TiC) 1 mm 10 mm 0.1 mm 10 μm 100 nm 10 nm 0.1 s 1 ms 10 μs 100 ns 1 ns 10 ps RM1301-a (TiN 700 nm) Foil 1 μm CRM5808-a (Mo 400 nm)

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CRM 5808‐a

• Mo 400 nm (Nominal) was deposited on a quartz glass wafer. • Thermal diffusivity (normal to plane) has been calibrated. • 50 films were made and 8 films were sampled for the calibration. Calibrated direction of  thermal diffusivity

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Thickness of the CRM 5808‐a

• Thickness is necessary to determine the thermal diffusivity. • Step of the etched line pattern located at the center of the  film was measured using a calibrated stylus profiler.  Nanostep 2, Taylor‐Hobson   2 um stylus  UKAS standard(0.41 um) was  used for calibration. Etched line pattern (100 um x 3 mm) Heat diffusion time across the film Thickness Thermal diffusivity

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• The average thickness and standard deviation of the sampled  8 films were 421.3 nm and 0.53 nm. 

Thickness of the CRM 5808‐a

Wafer No. d (nm) 1‐2 420.5 1‐6 420.6 1‐8 421.5 1‐15 421.4 2‐3 421.5 2‐7 421.0 2‐14 421.5 3‐6 422.1 Average 421.3 Std 0.53 Cross‐sectional TEM at the etched  pattern of the film. Profiles of the wafer 2‐3. Measurement result for  sampled 8 wafers.

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Time, t/s

0 2e-9 4e-9 6e-9

P hase / d e g re e 0 2 4 6 1-2 1-6 1-8 1-15 2-3 2-7 2-14 3-6

Heat diffusion across the film

(Pulsed light heating thermoreflectance)

Heating  laser pulse 0.5 ps, 50 um of spot Probe laser pulse (T measurement) 0.5 ps, 25 um of spot Heat diffusion  across the film  (RF) Heat diffusion  across the film  (RF) Mo film Quartz  substrate T e mperature response, a.u. ΔT ∝ ΔR  Photodiode Transient temperature response at the film  surface after the pulse heating for the  sampled 8 films.

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Pulsed light heating thermoreflecatance

Measurement of heat diffusion time across  the film. • Two mode‐locked Er‐doped fiber lasers (0.5  ps) were used for heating and temperature   change measurement.  • 1 ps of delay time control with maximum 50  ns of length. • Available thickness: 100 nm  to 1000 nm  (metal film) Electrical delay measurement PBS 1/2λ W.P. Differential photo  detector Film Collimator   Collimator  Probe laser 775 nm, 0.5ps Probe laser EDFA SHG Pump laser EDFA Modulator Pump laser(RF) 1550 nm, 0.5 ps Lock‐in amp. Optical  fiber Optical fiber 1x2 fiber  coupler Standard signal  generator 140.3 kHz Sine, 19.9957 MHz ΔT ∝ ΔR  Heating

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Sensitivity of analysis

• Difference of 0.3% of thermal diffusivity can be detected.

Time, t/s

0 2e-9 4e-9 6e-9

Pha s e /d eg re e -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Measurement Calculation Residuals Result  = 3.27e-5 m2s-1  = 5.4073e-9 s Input data d = 4.205e-7 m af = 4.46E6 m-1 CMo = 2.51E6 J m-3 K-1 R = 2.0e-9 m2 K W-1 Sample:1-2 Inputted thermal diffusivity value to the  calculation curve, m2s‐1 R esidua ls  betw een  ex p er im en ta l cur ve  and   calculation

3.20e-5 3.22e-5 3.24e-5 3.26e-5 3.28e-5 3.30e-5 3.32e-5 3.34e-5 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.050 0.052 0.054 At the smallest residuals:  3.27×10‐5m2s‐1 T e mperature response, a.u. ~ 0.3 %

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Error budget for CRM5808‐a

Factor Value Sensitivity Uncertainty, m2s‐1 Relative  uncertainty

Analysis,  ucalc 1.0×10‐7 m2s‐1 1/ 3 0.0058×10‐5 0.18 %

Thermophysical values

used for analysis, uv

3.0×10‐7 m2s‐1 1/2 3 0.0087×10‐5 0.26 % Time, u0 2.0×10‐12 s 76376.26 ms‐2 0.015×10‐5 0.47 % Thickness, ud 6.3×10‐9 m 155.5291 m s‐1 0.098×10‐5 3.00 % Reproducibility of  measurement, ur 1.0×10‐7 m2s‐1 1 0.010×10‐5 0.32 % Inhomogeneity, σB 1.8×10‐7 m2s‐1 1 0.018×10‐5 0.53 % Combined uncertainty (k = 1) 0.10×10‐5 3.1 % Expanded uncertainty(k = 2) 0.20×10‐5 6.2 % Material:  Molybdenum Average thickness:  421 nm Thermal diffusivity:  3.28×10‐5 m2s‐1 Expanded Uncertainty (k=2):  6.2 % We will distribute the CRM5808 as soon as possible. We aim to add the CRM to the ongoing ISO, e.g. informative annex. For example, NMJ Laser flash method (bulk materials) : 3.1 % (k=2)

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Summary

• We developed the measurement technique for thermal  diffusivity of thin films and the CRM. Those  results will be  involved in the ongoing ISO proposal. • The above results can be utilized for the scope of the MML,  NIST, especially thermoelectric materials. 

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Analysis technique

Experimental data includes following effects, • temperature response of pulse heating, • Conversion from T to TR signal, • Lock‐in detection (= Fourier transform) for photo diode signal. 1. Heat conduction  model  TR signal  Lock‐in  detection Reproducing  measurement data  Thermophysical properties of film,  substrate and interface.  Apparatus constants (pulse width,  spot diameters, etc.) 2. Conversion *Front heating data is also available based on the analysis manner.  T e

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Thermoreflectance

‐for temperature change probe‐

• Reflectivity change can be useful probe to detect a  temperature change of materials. • If we use a pulsed laser beam as a probe, nano‐ ~ pico‐ second time resolution can be achieved. Reflectivity of metals Spectral reflectivity change of Aluminum Ishii et al, Proc. Jpn. Symp.  Thermophys.Prop., (2007), Y333 1% / 100 K

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Traceability for thermal diffusivity

• Thermal diffusivity value is traceable to Length and Frequency. Pulsed light heating  thermoreflectance system Nanostep 2 Step Height Standard (UKAS) SI Units Function Generator (Calibrated) Frequency Length Reference material (Sample) 熱拡散率 膜厚 熱拡散時間 Thickness, d[m] Heat diffusion time, τ[s]

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Phase, degree 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Measurement R=0 2×10-9m2KW-1 4×10-9m2KW-1 6×10-9m2KW-1 8×10-9m2KW-1 10×10-9m2KW-1 Time, ns 0 2 4 6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

Effect of interfacial thermal resistance 

between film and substrate

R:0~10×10‐9 m2K/W Time, ns 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 Phase /degree 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Measurement 0 2×10-9 4×10-9 6×10-9 8×10-9 10×10-9 残差

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0.4 Phase, degree 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time, ns 0 2 4 6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 Measurement 100%CMo (2.53×106Jm-3K-1) 99% 98% 97% 96% 95%

Example of analysis: 

effect of heat capacity of the film

Moの熱容量の減少は位相値の増 加にはたらく。 Rと効果は似ているが、より長時間 まで影響は続く。 Time, ns 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Phase /degree 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 Measurement 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 95%

References

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