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i
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th
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np
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a s a n e xp
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T
ab l
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o nt
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sA C K N O
W
L E D G E M E N T S
vi
L IS T O F T A B L E S
vi i
L IS T
O
F F IG U R E S
vll i
1
.IN T R O D U C T IO N
1
2
.L IT E R A T U R E R E V IE
W
4
2
.1 O
v e r vi
ew
of N
etw
o rk M
od
el
s4
2
.2
S t
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-st
at
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r a ul i
cm
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s of d i
strib
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stem
sN
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s7
2
.3
D y
n am i
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s8
2
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.1 C
o n stit
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r a n sp
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9
2
.3
.2
.N
um
e ri
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eth
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nD S
n etw
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s1 1
2
.4 T i m
e -a v e r -ag i
ng E P S m
od
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s14
2
.5 S h
o rt
c om i
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si
nN
etw
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od
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o rp
r ed i
ct i
o n of w
at
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1 5
2
.6 C
al ib
r at i
o n of N
et w
o rk M
od
el
s1 6
2
.6
.1 L
e v el
of A
c c u r a cy
1 7
2
.6
.2
M
et h
od U
s ed t
oC
al i b
r at
et h
eM
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el
18
2
.6
.3
S
o u r c e s of
e r r o r2 1
2
.7 S i m
ul
at i
o n of
W
at
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e u si
ng E p
a n et
2 4
2
.8
U
s e of C h
em i
c al T
r a c e r sf
o rW
at
e rQ
u alit y A
s s e s sm
e nt
2 5
3
.C A S
ES T U D Y
:R A L E IG H
,N O R T H C A R O L IN A
2 9
3
.1 D
e s c rip t i
o n of t h
eR
al
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2 9
3
.2
E
xi
st i
ng N
etw
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od
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3 4
3
.3 C
o n v e r si
o n of
E
xi
st i
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etw
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od
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oE p
a n et
3 7
3
.4 A
v ai l
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3
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F l
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a n et S im
ul
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4
.C A L IB R A T IO N
O
F T H E R A L E IG H N E T
W
O R K M O D E L
4 3
4
.1 2 4
-H
o u rC
al i b
r at i
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eR
al
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N
et w
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(
S
ep t
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,1 9 9 8
)
4 3
4
.2 A d
j
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si
nt h
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am
et
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eB
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4 9
4
.3 A d
j
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th
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4
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D
at
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v ai l
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a nd D
at
a5 8
4
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D
et
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v a ri
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nd
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a nd
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p
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9
4
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n ut
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4
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E
st i m
at i
o n of T
ot
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em
a nd
at 3 0
-m i
n ut
ei
nt
e r v al
s6 1
4
.8
.3
E
st i m
at i
o n of
W
S D
a nd S R D
at 3 0 m i
n ut
e si
nt
e r v al
s6 3
4
.9
L im it
at i
o n s of t h
e c al ib
r at i
o np
r o c ed
u r e of t h
eR
al
ei g h
n etw
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7 2
5
.E P A N E T S IM U L A T IO N S O F R E S P O N S E T O A
T R A C E R A N D D E T E R M IN A T IO N O F M C R T
8 1
5 .1 S i
m
u lati
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j
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5
.2
R
e s ul
ts of S i m
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ati
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o rF l
u o rid
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r a c e rR
e sp
o n s e9 0
5
.3
C
om p
a ri
s o n of p
r ed i
cted
W
a te rA g
e a nd p
r ed i
cted M C R T
9 7
5
.4
C
om p
a ri
s o n of P
r ed i
ct
ed
a nd F i
el d
-m
e a s u r ed M C R T
1 0 4
6
.S U M M A R Y
,C O N C L U S IO N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S
1 1 1
6
.1 S
um m
a ry
1 1 1
6
.2 C
o n cl
u si
o n s1 1 2
6
.3
R
e c om m
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ut
u r eW
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1 1 4
R E F E R E N C E S
1 1
6
A P P E N D IX 1
1 1 8
A P P E N D IX I I
12 8
A P P E N D IX I II
1 4 1
A
ck
n ow
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th
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a n of
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L i
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D
at
a s et of p
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5
3
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H i
st
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1 9 6 0
-1 9 9 8
)
3 0
3
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nf
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4
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ct
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ol
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4
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nf
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4
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R
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6 0
4
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D i
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6 2
4
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ta nk
sp
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nw
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6 3
4
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em
a nd
6 4
4
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S m
all
r et
ail b
a s ed
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strib
uti
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4
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at i
st i
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ot
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7 9
5
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5
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st i
c sf
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a nk T
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9 0
5
.3
P
r ed i
ct
ed M C R T f
o r a ct
u al
a nd
n eg
at i
v e st
ep
sti m
ul
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5
.4
C
om p
a ri
s o n of p
r ed i
ct
ed
W
ate rA g
e a nd M C R T
(
f
o r a ctu al
sti m
ul
u s)
1 0 3
L i
st
of F i g
u r e s2
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W
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ei
n ap ip
e s eg m
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1 2
3
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st
at i
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st
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nt h
eR
al
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3 1
3
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R
al
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od
e!
3 5
3 3
F l
u o ri d
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np
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att h
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of t h
eE
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oh
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3 9
3
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ap
of t h
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4 0
3 5
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3
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F l
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tat i
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4
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4
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T
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4 8
4 3
T
a nk w
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s a nd p
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4 8
4
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T
a nk w
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4
9
4
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T
a nk w
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4 9
4
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S p
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r om 9 / 2 1 / 9 8 t
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4
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r om 9 / 2 1 / 9 8 t
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r om 9 / 2 1 / 9 8 t
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4
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N
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4
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4
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5 7
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st i m
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6 7
I X
4
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om p
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a n et p
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ct i
o n s(
s ol id l i
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a nd f i
eld
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d
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n e)
f
o rH ig h w
ay 5 4 w it h
a s s um p t i
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W
S D
c o n st
a nt
6 9
4
.1 9 C
om p
a ri
s o n of E p
a n etp
r ed i
ct i
o n s(
s oli d l i
n e)
a nd f i
eld
ob
s e r v at i
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d
ott
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n e)
f
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ai
rg
r o u nd w it h
a s s um p t i
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W
S D
c o n st
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4
.2 0 C
om p
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pa n etp
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cti
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s oli d l i
n e)
a nd f i
eld
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d
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f
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W
S D
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7 0
4
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om p
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ct i
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f
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op
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th
a s s um p t i
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W
S D
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7 0
4
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a n et p
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W
S D
v a ry i
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4
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D
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7 2
4
.2 4
C
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4
.2 5 C
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4
.2 6
C
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5
1A
ctu al
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e8 2
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C
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5
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5
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8 7
5
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a nd
a ctu al
st im
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al
n ut
S
t
at i
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5
.1 3 P
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a ct
u al
st i m
ul
u s -S
o ut h g
at
eS t
at i
o n9 1
X I 5.1 4 Pre