S & T Inputs for Water Resources Management

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S&T INPUTS FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMEN'"r

edIted

by

B B

S SInghal and

0 P

Verma Pubhshed

by

the Indlan Geo]ogIca] Congl ess, Roorkee

on behalf

of

NRDMS

DIvIsIon,

I)ST, New DelhI, 2003, 232p Pnce

Rs

1500/-The volume IS the thud In the senes of the DST's speclaJ pubhcatlOn blought out by the Indtan GeologIcal Congress In the flCld of Earth SCIences, a co-opel ahve effort between the NRDMS and the IOC ThIs publtcatlon blought out to commemolate the Intel natIOnal Yeal of Flesh Watel - 2003 cancel ns Itself wIth cruclallssues lelated to the water leSOUlces management WIth the Increasmg demand

tOt

fresh water on thIS planet and only one percent of fresh water <lvmlable for development, there IS In fact great stre~~ on the avaIlable resources due to the increasIng demand of UI banIL:atlOn, lndustnalJzatlOn and growmg populatIon ThIS has blOught to the forefront the challenges to be conflOnted In meetmg such demands The Plannmg CommIssion has pamted a gnm plcture of the scenano for the country WIth neal Iy 50% of the populatlOn ltv10g 10 Ul ban centers by 2025 In the near future water IS hkely to playa maJol 10le In shapmg the relatIOnshIps between the St.ltes wlthm the country and lOtel natJOnally WIth our neIghbours, notably Bangladesh and PakIstan WIth these plOblems m View, It was thought to leVlew the SItuation and .;;uggest essentIal and COil ectlve measures WIth mcrea~cd

Inputs In the R&D efforts of the country In the wate] sectOt rhus, all these culmmated tn a natIonal meet on S&T held at lIT, Deihl dU1lng 8-10 APld, 1997

In the meet many problems and pel spectlves were discussed WIth presentations made by several authors m the fOt m of twenty four sClcntIflc papel s along wlth two noted speakel s They have been meluded In thIS volume The papers, dependmg upon the tOpIC and theIr relevance have been diVIded mto fIve sectIOns In sectIOn one tItled 'Issues and Imtlatlves In Water ResoUl ce Management' thel e at e eIght papers SectIOn two deals WIth the' Systems Approach to W.lter ResoUlces Management' and has three papers by leading authors In the fIeld, hlghhghtmg the Importance of systems app]oach and modelmg Undel SectIOn three, whIch lelates to 'Water QualLty and EnVIronmental Issues' there are thlee papers whIch dISCUSS the quahty detenoratlOn and management of potable watel supply In Section four there ale five papers which Iclate to 'Water Resources EvaluatIOn - Rclated PI oblems and Technology' whIch Stl ess the need for Implovement tn quahtattve and quantitative

JOUR GCOL soc INDIA VOL 64 JULY 2004

assessment of water I eSOlll ces The last sectIOn, that IS sectIon fIve, 1 elates to 'WdtCI RCSOLII ces Management In Vaned HydrogeomOt phologlcal EnVIronments' has fIve pape] s dISCUSSing the VailOUS aspects of management of watel resources m dIffel cnt geomorphologIcal setup and envlIons

In the papel contllbuted by M PnthvlI aJ and DebapllyJ Dutta ofNRDMS dlVI&IOn ofDST, New DelhI, they dlscu,>s about the R&D Inltlatlves of NRDMS dlVI&lOn m water resources management and hlghhght the latest trend& 111 the developed countnes 10 the field Our ndtlondl pnofltles dnd the national wdtel pohcy al c dlscus.;;ed fhe Imttatlves taken by the NRDMS In hydrology ot small wate! sheds, In glOundwater studles and the support extended to I e'icarch projects m COolS tal hydrology, groundwatel modelIng, GIS based declSlon SUppOl t systems, appltcdtJon at ISOtopcs In hydlOlogy, are also dlscussed They al1)o tn bl Jef present the upcoming R&D plIOfltleS In I n1 01 matlon technology devclopment, technology transfel and cdpaclty buIldIng actIvItIes

In hIS maugural add! ess, the then M1l11stel of State for Pldnmng and Programme ImplementoltIOn, SCIence and Technology, Govel nment at IndlJ, Sr I Y K Alagh hlghhghted the lmportdnce of water In the GOuntl y's development and cIties sevel al succcssful eXdmplc,.., hom the Southeast ASIa, the Amel1Cd~ 10 the water Icsoulce.;; managcment proJccts .lnd several agl cements eXI::.tmg to lesolve the dIsputes atTIlcdbly With hIS lnltl.ltlve d commiSSIOn was set up to pI epal e an mtegl Jted watel resoUl ces developmcnt plan to ~ol ve the countl y'& dnnklllg, 11 ngatlOn and mdustltul walel necds, sugge~t flood conti 01 measut es to be adoptcd, to suggest moddlttles fot tl ansfci of ,..,urplus waLcl to watet defiCit ba~tn5 by mtcllmkmg of fivers and to IdentIfy the technological Jnd mtel dlsclplmalY lese31ch plan

fOl

the water resou] ces seclor A master plan has been prepared for 11IIgdtIOn tal each agro chm.lttc region To leahLe the goals f:.et In the watet le50UtCe5 sec tOt , he Stl essed that thel e should bc conscIous 111 vol vement of voluntaty dgencles and NGO~ also

In hl'i keynote addless, Shll VmayshankclI, SCclct.lry, Dcpm tment of RUI ,11 Development, GOVCI nment of lndl.l,

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mentIOns the Impol tanee of groundwatel 111 meetmg the dnnk1l1g watcr nceds of the countl y especially of the I ural populatIOn dnd how the S&T 1I1puts Lan bnng changes m the secto! wIth cel tam fIeld examples and the success achIeved under the RaJlv GandhI NatIOnal Dnnk1l1g Water MIssIon (RGNDWM) by adopt1l1g sClenttf IC methods such as GIS and Remote Sens1I1g In soutee fmdlng whIch has Incleased the SULCe\S late He 5t1essed the need for applIcatlOn of these modern tools to solve some of the problems lIke high sahmty, at semc, hIgh tluollde atiected aJeas and to locdte SItes f01 lechalgmg ot groundwatet and dIsposal of wastes etc and S&T mputs In these fIelds wlll go along way 111 solvmg these plOblems

Commg to the papers pi esented by several authO! s glouped undel the fIve sectlOns, It may be apt to bnefly revIew these papel s sectIOn wIse and mentIon some of the author's vIews expressed by them In theIr papel~

In SectlOn one there ate eIght papels whIch hIghlight the Issues 10 the watel le~ources management dlscussmg the natlondl, I eglOnal dnd state level problems 1 he papel by C D Tatte dIscusses In detaIl the hydlOlogical cycle, thc avaLlablltty of both SUt fdce and SUb5UI fdce wJ.tel s dnd su gge\t~ an Illtegl ated dppt odch fOI sU5talna ble development Sevel al models ltke PSI R , RIVM have been discussed Other problems of ovelexplottatlOn of groundwatel, the need to! artlflclcllicchargeof gloundwatcr, mtel baSin h ansfer, and development of deeper aqUlfcl s are also d!~cussed 1 he paper by B R Sharma and 1 N Chaudhary presents the S&l Issues fm water resoUl ccs

management at farm level 1 he fal m level In Igalton management has eel tam !nhc! ent ll1adequacles such as assumed and actual rates 01 I escI VOI1 sJltatIOn, water allocatIon systems, the ll11gatlOl1al potentIal CI eelted and utIlIzed, watel loggmg etc They have pI esented all the~e facts WIth statl~tles and suggest remedial measUl es hke conJunctl ve use, change of clOpping pattcrn, I atlOnallzat[on of watel I ates, and formatIon of watc] uset 's a\SOCtatlOns

1 he paper by N KIttU, fot merly ofCGWB dlslu~ses In detaIl the pI esenl groundwatcl development, the management Stl ategy for sustamable glOundwMcrt CSOUI ccs, con5el vatlOn and augmentation of gloundwater by harvestmg I)urplus monsoon runoff which has becn estllnatcd at 86 mllhon ha m 10 20 lIver basms of the country out of whIch nedlly 23

mllhon ha m can be StOled undclglOund The paper also discusses othel aspects such a~ conjunCtIve use, artlflclal rechat ge of g! au nd water, gl ound w dter legl slat! on protection of groundwater fl0m pollutIOn, creatlOn of a natlOnal tnfOrmatIOn sy~tem or NatIOnal Data Bank, partlclpatOl y 1fIlgatlOn management, co operatl ve approach In 1111gatIonal

pI actlccs dnd fmally creatIon of dwareness among the public by 'dwatene~s campaIgn'

1 he papel by B S Tanwar plc~cnt" the plOblem rclattng to the management of groundwater rcsources of J-LlIyana State whc! ethel e IS I1l1gatlOll by cancll water~ as well as by the tube wells 1 he state whIch ha~ bl <lckIsh glOundwclter pockets and canal watel ~ uc;;ed In 66% of the dl ca with hIgh Il1tenslty of 11 ngatlOn ha~ defICIt watcr estl1TIatcd at

735 cumecs He discusses In deutl the ~tl alegte~ for uti hzatlon of watcr resource~ to mect the dem . .ll1d consldcl 1I1g

the quahty of gloundwatel both In ~hallow (md dcepel aqUltcr& Undcl S&T lI1pUb, a list of hydlO\ogKal ,md geohydlOloglcai1l1stl umcnlli .11 e hstcd by hIm for achlevmg the objectIves

The papel

by H S

Lohan tItled 'Need fOJ lechmcal Input 111 Protecting Natural Rcsources for Susta1l1dblc Development' dlso hlghltghts the pi oblems of thc HdrYJ.na State whIch was a defICIt state when It WdS fOI med but became a surplus stdte 111 food production by bUIlding up Infrastructure 111 the forms of c<lI1al5 and tube wcll~, but has

brought 111 problems ltke wdlCI )ogg1l1g dnd OVCICXp)oltdtlon of groundwatcr, and Hoods III the foot hIll lone of thc

Slwaltks an thesc can be dddres&ed by way of R&D etfOJ ts [he papcI by S P MIHal tltlcd 'People~ Pdl tlLlpatiOn I n Water Resoul ces Development and M andgement Expellcnce of the SlwJ.hk FoothIll RcgIon, NOl th Indld' dS the tItle mdlL<ltes, hIghlIghts thc need 101 pcoplcs' pdl tH.,lp<\tlon 111 actlvltle<; like 1 am wdtcr hat vesting dnd utlllL,dtJon of such waters fOl 1I11gatlon The fLl~h flood watel s of the foot hIll zone can be h<lrvel)tcd dUll11g thc mon.s.oons and can be used dUl 1I1g the d. y pCflods fOI ClOp plOductlon J he authol ple~ent" ~omc 01 the lesult~

and the benefits flOm ~u(..h hat vestIng The papel by

K l\t1dl11Saml and A Mohammad All on 'Managemcnt of Watel RCSOUlces at Fat m Icvel' ple.)cnt~ the V<UlOUS a~pccts of water management at the

LlJ

m levcl conSldel tng the mputs unde. canal, tank and well 1I11gatlOn 111 pat til of Tamtl N.ldu 101 cel tJ1I1 ClOpS IIlghcI plOdulll vlty WdS obsel ved 111 the well lfIlgdtlon sy.'.lcm followcd by canal and tank IrrIgatIOn 1 hey Lonclude that It 15 pO&&lble to

1I1crea~e PlOduCtlVlly by efflclCnt watel u"'c pt dCtlCC~ and suggellt the fulUJ e COUI se of study should be 111 thc e~tll11dtlon of seepage and pel colatlOn losses undcI vanou\ ':1011 types The last papel m the sectIOn by Gaganpl as ad and And Kumar Stng entitled 'Some S&T Inputs for Il1lg,1I1011 and Flood Management 1Il B1har' h1ghlIghts the ImpOI tancc of flood cont101 111 11 ngdtlon and wJ.tcr managemcnt of the Blha1 State Blh<l1 1S endowed With neh watcl leSOUlLe~ 111

the for In of major flvers ltke the KO~I, the Gdndak and the Ganga whIch alc flood prolle The duthOl hst& 50me of the

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problems and defICIenCies whIch are due to several reasons m the management of water resources such as paucity of funds, problems of rehabilItatIOn, non utIlIzatIOn of groundwater resources etc and suggests pOSSIble solutions through S&T Inputs

In sectIOn two whIch deals WIth the systems approach to water resources management, there are three papers The paper by N S Raghuvanshl and Subhashchander hIghlIght the role of modelIng In water management and diSCUSS the water needs of the country, the Importance of modehng m solvIng the water management problems Advantages of the use of several models lIke optimIzatIOn models, lInear programmmg (LP) models, DynamIC Programmmg (DP) models, Network Flow ProgrammIng (NFP) models and SimulatIOn models have been discussed m detaIl They also suggest mtegratmg these models WIth the modern tools of management hkf" GIS, Remote Sensmg In the declslOn makmg process The paper by S M Seth, V C Goyal and B Som entitled 'NatlOnal Network for Hydrological InstrumentatlOn of Watersheds - A Concept' stresses the need for modermzatlOn of data collection through Improved IllstrumentatIOn lTl hydrologIcal studIes on watershed baSIS Authors CIte the benefIts from a Indo-German bIlateral project In watershed management WhICh IS In operatIOn m 32 selected watersheds of 14 project areas In 11 states of the country A mentIOn IS made of a World Bank funded 'Hydrology PlOJect' now In operatIOn m mne states of the country whIch IS also aimIng to buIld a Hydrological

InformatJOn System on nat1Ona1, reg10nal and local scale, flver baSin wise They also lIst the activIties that can be taken up InvolVing several Centra) and State AgenCIes, and lhe mstrumentatlon reqUIred for the purpose and suggest settmg up of a NatlOnal Modellmg Centre WIth mfrastructure faCIlItIes A modest tnvestment of Rs 100 mIllIon IS

envIsaged wlth a recurrIng expendIture of Rs 10 mllhon The paper by P S Acharya and Bhoopsmgh entItled 'Natural Data Management System Approach to Water Management at Local Level' dIscusses the Importance of GeographIcal Information System (GIS) III tntegratmg the several types of mformatlon and data collected at the dIstnct and local level to meet speCIfic reqUirements WIth examples from Mampur, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, the authors demonstrates the utlhty of the system whIch can be appbed elsewhere for thr development of a Water Resources InformatIOn System

There are three papers under sectIOn three whose theme

IS 'Water Quality and EnVIronmental Issues' The paper by

Dlltp Blswas of Central PollutIon Control Board, deals III

precise Issues and challenges In the water qualIty management and the agencIes Involved 10 the water quahty

JOUR GEOL SOC INDlA, VOL 64 JULY 2004

rnomtonng and the strategies for water pollutIOn control He dIscusses III detall the Ganga ActIOn Plan, the work done by CPCB and the lessons learnt from the achon plan He suggests an mtegrated approach for conservation of nvenne ecosystems and prevention of pollutIOn from all sources The paper by Dlpankar Chakrabortl on arseniC contammatlOn In the ground waters of West Bengal essentIally deals With the source of arsemc leaching In the groundwaters of seven dlstncts of West Bengal anq IS of the opInIOn that arsemc leachIng IS due to heavy WIthdrawal of groundwater from arselllC nch PYrIte zones occurnng 10 the geologIcal formatIOns As a

pOSSible safety measure, he suggests ram watel harvestmg and use the water harvested for dnnkIng and cookmg which IS bemg pi actlced In Thatland under SImilar

CIrcumstances

The paper by N K Tyagl and S K Gupta maInly hIghlIghts the envIronmental problems ansmg out of the mtroduction of canallfngatlOn hke water loggIng, sahmty and detenoratlOn In the quahty of groundwater Out of 175 millton ha of problematIC SOlIs nearly 85 mdhon ha are occupied by water logged, salme and alkah SOlIs Authors suggest some of the sahmty control measures by aJ tlficlal dramage m the form of honzontal and vertIcal dramage through subsurface drams and shallow tube wells Authors gIve certam examples from Haryana where ImplOvements m gram YIelds have been reported due to these measures over a penod of 2 3 years

SectIOn four has fIve papers wIth the theme 'Water Resources EvaluatIOn Related Problems and Technology' The paper by DC Smghal deals mamly WIth the applIcatIon of Remote Sensmg methods In groundwater exploratIon WIth a case hIstory from the Banda dlstnct of Uttar Pradesh He suggests an 10tegrated approach III locatmg potential zones

In groundwater prospectmg whIch perhaps IS already bemg applIed by several agenCIes In the field The paper by S K Gupta dIscusses about the hydrogeologIcal and engmeenng consIderatIOns In artIfICial recharge of groundwater The source water for artIfICIal recharge, the types of artIfICIal recharge structures, InflItratlOn through ponds, recharge wells, aqUifer storage and recovery and the use of waste water for recharge are also dIscussed WIth an example from a fIeld study In the rrver bed of Sabarmatl near Ahmedabad

The paper by PR Reddy and D P Rao of NRSA presents the applIcatIOn of Space Technology m Water Resources Management The problems m water resources management and the applIcatIon of space technology m the evaluatIon of hydrologIcal charactenstIcs, mappmg of water bodIes, changes 10 storage, locatIon of SItes for artIfICIal recharge StruCtUICS, snowmelt I unoff etc are dealt WIth However,

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the authOl s' claIm that accurate assessment of ground-water resources, draft and balance estImatIOn can be done from the remote sensmg methods cannot be accepted smce they depend upon so many fIeld parameters whIch are very complex and need detaded fIeld mapping and InvestIgations At best space technology can supplement the data collected 10 the fIeld ThIs calls for a debate WIth

more and more field 1 nvestlgatlOns adoptl ng the

methodology The papers by T B V M Rao, V S Arya, B S Chaudhan and A K AbbI and S C Purantk present the applicatIOn of Remote Sensmg Technology In mappmg geology, structures, geomorphology and groundwater prospectIng zones as apphed to Ambala dIstrIct, Haryana and Dharwad dlstnct, Ka] nataka respectIvely WIth the methodology followed they have demarcated potentIal zones for future development

The last sectIOn, that IS SectIon flYe, deals WIth the Water Resources Management 10 Vaned Hydrogeomorphologlcal

Envlfonments There are flYe papers m thIS sectIOns The paper by K C B RaJu presents the broad perspective of the h ydrogeo logIcal envIronment of the groundwater occurrence considermg the country as a whole and WIth partIcular leference to the hard rock areas whIch occupy two thIrds of IndIa A major dISCUSSIon ensues on the fracture systems encountered lTI hard rocks presented lTI the form of results

and dIagrams pertammg to the COlmbatore area of South IndIa He discusses m detaIl the prospectmg techmques, the aVallablhty of groundwater, the status of development, the Ill-effects of overexplOltatlOn and the remedIal measures He also represents the dIfferent methods and scope for artIfIcIal recharge WIth some mterestmg case studIes The paper by D Das and A Kader present the approach adopted by them tn selectmg the sItes

fOl

artIfICIal recharge of groundwater m the upper catchment of Kuman basm of Puruha dlstnct, West Bengal The paper by C L Acharya IS

rather Interestmg sInce It presents the water resources of the SIwalIk foothIll regIOn of northern IndIa whIch receIves heavy ramfall which IS mostly lost as runoff The paper dIscusses the water harvestmg done 10 the regIon whIch could meet the wate] reqUll'ements dunng the non-monsoon penod The author presents a case study from the Palampur

In Himachal PI adesh In ordel to save deep percolation

losses, polyethylene sheet hned tanks were found to be advantageous The paper by K D Sharma of And Zone Research Institute presents the water management of the desert areas of GUJarat, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan The groundwater rel)ources of the and zone, the canal Irngated areas, the water demand and the causes of water 10gglOg, the overexplOltatIon of groundwater 10 certam parts has been discussed As a remedy, water conservation and momtonng

of groundwater development IS suggested The last paper 10

the section by S K Sondhl and S D Khepar presents the problems and Issues Involved 10 the management of the water

resources lIke the poor water use effICIency seen In the canal commands, envIronmental degradation due to the development of the water resources, lIke water loggIng, overexpiOltat1On of groundwater etc They have suggested certam strategtes to overcome these problems ltke con ect assessment of the avaIlable water resources, proper canal water management, and conJunctl vc lise, at tlflcwl recharge of groundwater and control of groundwatel development by legislatIOn, development of deeper aqUlfel Sj recyclmg

of waste water and peoples' partICIpatIon to the development of water resources

All In a1l, the volume Includes the papers whJch COver all the aspects of water resources management It IS apt that we have to look for water conservatlOn, water harvesting and other strategIes to meet the demand Many of the~e Items under S&T and R&D actIVItIes of seve! al State and Cenu al orgamzatlons It]s essentIal that enough funds should be kept apart for the actlV]tles proposed under S&T SImilarly we have the overexplOltatlon of gloundwater for whIch groundwater legIslatIOn has to come mto force The Central Ground Water Authonty (CGWA) whIch has been set up 10

the MInIstry of Water Resources, Government of India 10

January 1997 based on the Judgement by the Supreme Cou rt and whIch has become a permanent body IS still to assume a major role as a regulatory body Several States are yet to mtroduce groundwater leglslatlon Modelltng and Systems Approach In water resource reseal ch, though In vogue for

more than a decade, has not been used to solve the problems m water resources These are to be made more user fnendly and applied more and more to solve the field plOblems Many of the concepts whIch were confIned to the labs and field demonstratIOn plots have been appiled successfully tn thc held WIth number of case studIes presented In the vofume by several authors m the artIficlal recharge of groundwatel, ram water harvestmg and commumty partICipatIon In

water management projects There IS also a need to have a Nat10nal Data Bank, a HydrologIcal InfOl matton System and a NatIOnal Modellmg Center 10 the fIeld of water resources The orgamzatlons WhICh handle the v01umlJ1ous data and dIssemmatlon are the NatIOnal Institute of Hydrology (NIH) and Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) All these have been covered by the papers presented In the volume

The volume has been brought out m an attract! vel y bound volume WIth good IllustratIOns and an attractIve cover and ably edited by B B S Smghal and 0 P Verma of Roorkee and brought out by the IndIan Geological Congress, Roorkee

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on behalf ofNRDMS dIvIsIon ofDST, Government ofIndla for whlch they deserve apprecIatIOn The SIX year lapse of hme between the NatlOnal meet m 1997 and the bnnglOg

out

of thIS publtcatlOn robs some of the topicalIty The volume IS, however, a useful one and needs to be added as a leference volume to the IIbranes of the orgamzatlons and

UnIversIties dealIng wIth groundwatel and water resources management

No 96, Telecom Colony New Tmzber Yard Layout Bangaiore - 560 026

D S S MURTHY

IIISTORY OF MINING IN ORISSA

complled and edIted by B K Mohanty. PublIshed

by

the

Onssa Mlnmg Corporation LImIted, Bhubaneswar, December 2003, 155 pages, Pnce.

RsJ5001-Onssa, lIke Rajasthan and Karnataka IS known for a varIety of mmerals It IS a very mmeral conscIOus state be-109 a lead producer of bauxIte, chromlte, graphite, a major producer of II on are, manganese ore, hmestone, dolomIte, fire clays, pyrophylhte, gem stones, beach sand, tm are, chma clay, coal, dlmenslOn stones etc ExploratIOn IS on, ]ookmg for dIamond, base metals, PGE and gold with excltmg pros-pects The state has a long history of mWlng and has mmeral based mdustnes - steel plant, sponge Iron plants, fel ro-a])oys plants, alummlUm smelters and refrac tory plants etc

The

refore, the state attracts attention of en-trepreneurs and gL(J~Clentists from IndIa and abroad

B K Mohanty, who I .... closely associated with the

mIn-eral exploratIOn and mdustl Y 111 Onssa for nearly fIve

dec-ades, IS emmently ~Ulted for thiS onerous task of compilIng mformatlOn from several sourcc.;; edItmg and presentmg the nch mformatlon He has acqUitted himself qUite well and deserves our appl eClatJOn

•

The book bnefly deals With the early years of mIn10g and covers mmmg hIstory of 16 mInerals There IS a chap-ter on Mmeral Development TI ends 10 India and a chapchap-ter profilIng major orgamzatlOns and departments of Govern ments-Central and State Involved In mmeral Industry There are many eye-catchmg photographs of quarrIes and mmIng activity

ThiS [s a compamon volume to the earlIer publIcatIOn "Geology and MIneral Resources of Onssa" reVIewed m thlS Journal In August 1999 WhIle acknowledgmg the use-fulness of thiS authentic reference volume, I must admIt that when the book IS revIsed and repnnted, It IS hoped that It Will be spIced up WIth a lot more ot anecdotal and beh1l1d the scenes informatIon

114, 5,11 _C_{cross III Mal11}

I Phase, Glrl11agar Bangalore 560 085

B K

DHRUVA RAo